USCA11 Case: 20-13980 Date Filed: 05/24/2021 Page: 1 of 7
[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT ________________________
No. 20-13980 Non-Argument Calendar ________________________
D.C. Docket No. 8:18-cv-02843-VMC-JSS
WADE STEVEN GARDNER, MARY JOYCE STEVENS, RANDY WHITTAKER, In Official Capacity at Southern War Cry, VETERANS MONUMENTS OF AMERICA, INC., Andy Strickland, US Army Ret., President, PHIL WALTERS, In his Official Capacity as 1st Lt. Commander of the Judah P. Benjamin Camp # 2210 Sons of Confederate Veterans, KEN DANIEL, In his Official Capacity as Director of Save Southern Heritage, Inc. Florida, RANDY WHITTAKER, Individually,
Plaintiffs-Appellants,
versus
WILLIAM MUTZ, In his Official Capacity as Mayor of the City of Lakeland, Florida, TONY DELGADO, In his Official Capacity as Administrator of the City of Lakeland, Florida, DON SELVEGE, In his Official Capacity as City of Lakeland, Florida Commissioner, USCA11 Case: 20-13980 Date Filed: 05/24/2021 Page: 2 of 7
JUSTIN TROLLER, In his Official Capacity as City of Lakeland, Florida Commissioner, PHILLIP WALKER, In his Official Capacity as City of Lakeland, Florida Commissioner, et al.,
Defendants-Appellees.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Middle District of Florida ________________________
(May 24, 2021)
Before MARTIN, NEWSOM, and BRANCH, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
The facts of this case are familiar to the parties and were discussed at length
in this Court’s earlier decision, Gardner v. Mutz, 962 F.3d 1329 (11th Cir. 2020).
In short, the City of Lakeland, Florida, decided to relocate a Confederate
monument from one public park to another. Id. at 1334–35. A coalition of people
and groups dedicated to honoring the Confederacy sued the City. Id. at 1334.
They argued, as relevant here, that the relocation violated their First and
Fourteenth Amendment rights. Id. They argued that the City’s action injured them
for Article III standing purposes because of their interests in preserving the history
of the South, expressing their free speech, vindicating the cause of the
Confederacy, and protecting and preserving memorials. Id. at 1341. The district
court dismissed the First Amendment claim on the merits and dismissed the
2 USCA11 Case: 20-13980 Date Filed: 05/24/2021 Page: 3 of 7
Fourteenth Amendment claim for lack of standing. Id. at 1335–36. The plaintiffs
appealed but didn’t seek a stay pending appeal. Id. at 1336. The City then
relocated the monument while the case was on appeal. Id.
We held that the plaintiffs lacked standing to bring either federal claim. Id.
at 1343. We reasoned that the plaintiffs’ alleged injuries were insufficiently
concrete and particularized to establish standing. Id. at 1341–43. We declined to
decide whether the case had also become moot when the City moved the
monument during the course of the appeal. Id. at 1338. We remanded to the
district court with instructions to dismiss the case without prejudice for lack of
jurisdiction. Id. at 1344.
On remand, the plaintiffs moved to amend their complaint to allege more
facts about their injuries. In their proposed amended complaint, they alleged the
following facts:
• Multiple organizational plaintiffs include members who visit the monument
to pay their respects to those it memorializes. The members intend to
continue to gather, and their political speech is rendered less effective by the
removal of the monument.
• Multiple organizational plaintiffs include members who regularly gather at
the monument to engage and educate the public.
3 USCA11 Case: 20-13980 Date Filed: 05/24/2021 Page: 4 of 7
• One plaintiff’s ancestors collected donations for and erected the monument.
She also honors the war dead at the monument and wishes to continue to do
so.
• One plaintiff gathered at the monument when it was at the old park, and
spoke there.
• Multiple plaintiffs publish literature about the monument.
The plaintiffs sought an injunction against the City requiring it to return the
monument to its original location. The district court denied the motion to amend.
The district court explained that amendment was futile because the plaintiffs failed
to allege sufficiently concrete injuries. The district court also held that even if the
plaintiffs did allege sufficiently concrete injuries, it would deny the motion to
amend because the facts that the plaintiffs alleged didn’t amount to a meritorious
First or Fourteenth Amendment claim.
The plaintiffs appealed.1
I
To establish Article III standing, a plaintiff must allege (1) an “injury in
fact,” which means “an invasion of a legally protected interest that is both (a)
concrete and particularized and (b) actual or imminent, not conjectural or
1 We review an order denying a motion to amend for futility de novo. Hollywood Mobile Estates Ltd. v. Seminole Tribe of Fla., 641 F.3d 1259, 1264 (11th Cir. 2011). 4 USCA11 Case: 20-13980 Date Filed: 05/24/2021 Page: 5 of 7
hypothetical”; (2) a “causal connection” between the “injury and the challenged
action of the defendant”; and (3) a likelihood that a favorable judgment will
“redress [the] injury.” Lewis v. Governor of Ala., 944 F.3d 1287, 1296 (11th Cir.
2019) (en banc) (quotation marks omitted); see also Lujan v. Defs. of Wildlife, 504
U.S. 555, 560–61 (1992). Because standing implicates jurisdiction, “a court must
satisfy itself that the plaintiff has standing before proceeding to consider the merits
of her claim, no matter how weighty or interesting.” Lewis, 944 F.3d at 1296.
On appeal, the City argues that the plaintiffs’ injuries remain insufficiently
“concrete” and “particularized.” An injury is “concrete” when it is “de facto” and
“real,” rather than merely “abstract.” Gardner, 962 F.3d at 1341. An injury may
be real even when it injures only the plaintiff’s interest in observing or using
something. See Lujan, 504 U.S. at 562–63. If a plaintiff seeks injunctive relief,
like here, the plaintiff must demonstrate a plan to observe or use that space in the
near future that is obstructed by the challenged action. Id. at 563–64. An injury is
“particularized” when it “affect[s] the plaintiff in a personal and individual way.”
Id. at 560 n.1. It must be distinct to the plaintiff rather than “undifferentiated.”
Gardner, 962 F.3d at 1342.
Here, some of the plaintiffs’ newly alleged injuries are sufficiently
“concrete” and “particularized” to meet Article III’s demands. Namely, multiple
plaintiffs allege that they visit the monument regularly and have concrete plans to
5 USCA11 Case: 20-13980 Date Filed: 05/24/2021 Page: 6 of 7
visit the monument again in the future. They allege that their planned future use
and enjoyment of the monument is obstructed by the City’s relocation of it. These
are the sorts of future injuries that were missing in Lujan and that are concrete for
Article III purposes. The injuries are also particularized because they injure only
those people who regularly visit the monument and plan to do so in the near future,
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USCA11 Case: 20-13980 Date Filed: 05/24/2021 Page: 1 of 7
[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT ________________________
No. 20-13980 Non-Argument Calendar ________________________
D.C. Docket No. 8:18-cv-02843-VMC-JSS
WADE STEVEN GARDNER, MARY JOYCE STEVENS, RANDY WHITTAKER, In Official Capacity at Southern War Cry, VETERANS MONUMENTS OF AMERICA, INC., Andy Strickland, US Army Ret., President, PHIL WALTERS, In his Official Capacity as 1st Lt. Commander of the Judah P. Benjamin Camp # 2210 Sons of Confederate Veterans, KEN DANIEL, In his Official Capacity as Director of Save Southern Heritage, Inc. Florida, RANDY WHITTAKER, Individually,
Plaintiffs-Appellants,
versus
WILLIAM MUTZ, In his Official Capacity as Mayor of the City of Lakeland, Florida, TONY DELGADO, In his Official Capacity as Administrator of the City of Lakeland, Florida, DON SELVEGE, In his Official Capacity as City of Lakeland, Florida Commissioner, USCA11 Case: 20-13980 Date Filed: 05/24/2021 Page: 2 of 7
JUSTIN TROLLER, In his Official Capacity as City of Lakeland, Florida Commissioner, PHILLIP WALKER, In his Official Capacity as City of Lakeland, Florida Commissioner, et al.,
Defendants-Appellees.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Middle District of Florida ________________________
(May 24, 2021)
Before MARTIN, NEWSOM, and BRANCH, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
The facts of this case are familiar to the parties and were discussed at length
in this Court’s earlier decision, Gardner v. Mutz, 962 F.3d 1329 (11th Cir. 2020).
In short, the City of Lakeland, Florida, decided to relocate a Confederate
monument from one public park to another. Id. at 1334–35. A coalition of people
and groups dedicated to honoring the Confederacy sued the City. Id. at 1334.
They argued, as relevant here, that the relocation violated their First and
Fourteenth Amendment rights. Id. They argued that the City’s action injured them
for Article III standing purposes because of their interests in preserving the history
of the South, expressing their free speech, vindicating the cause of the
Confederacy, and protecting and preserving memorials. Id. at 1341. The district
court dismissed the First Amendment claim on the merits and dismissed the
2 USCA11 Case: 20-13980 Date Filed: 05/24/2021 Page: 3 of 7
Fourteenth Amendment claim for lack of standing. Id. at 1335–36. The plaintiffs
appealed but didn’t seek a stay pending appeal. Id. at 1336. The City then
relocated the monument while the case was on appeal. Id.
We held that the plaintiffs lacked standing to bring either federal claim. Id.
at 1343. We reasoned that the plaintiffs’ alleged injuries were insufficiently
concrete and particularized to establish standing. Id. at 1341–43. We declined to
decide whether the case had also become moot when the City moved the
monument during the course of the appeal. Id. at 1338. We remanded to the
district court with instructions to dismiss the case without prejudice for lack of
jurisdiction. Id. at 1344.
On remand, the plaintiffs moved to amend their complaint to allege more
facts about their injuries. In their proposed amended complaint, they alleged the
following facts:
• Multiple organizational plaintiffs include members who visit the monument
to pay their respects to those it memorializes. The members intend to
continue to gather, and their political speech is rendered less effective by the
removal of the monument.
• Multiple organizational plaintiffs include members who regularly gather at
the monument to engage and educate the public.
3 USCA11 Case: 20-13980 Date Filed: 05/24/2021 Page: 4 of 7
• One plaintiff’s ancestors collected donations for and erected the monument.
She also honors the war dead at the monument and wishes to continue to do
so.
• One plaintiff gathered at the monument when it was at the old park, and
spoke there.
• Multiple plaintiffs publish literature about the monument.
The plaintiffs sought an injunction against the City requiring it to return the
monument to its original location. The district court denied the motion to amend.
The district court explained that amendment was futile because the plaintiffs failed
to allege sufficiently concrete injuries. The district court also held that even if the
plaintiffs did allege sufficiently concrete injuries, it would deny the motion to
amend because the facts that the plaintiffs alleged didn’t amount to a meritorious
First or Fourteenth Amendment claim.
The plaintiffs appealed.1
I
To establish Article III standing, a plaintiff must allege (1) an “injury in
fact,” which means “an invasion of a legally protected interest that is both (a)
concrete and particularized and (b) actual or imminent, not conjectural or
1 We review an order denying a motion to amend for futility de novo. Hollywood Mobile Estates Ltd. v. Seminole Tribe of Fla., 641 F.3d 1259, 1264 (11th Cir. 2011). 4 USCA11 Case: 20-13980 Date Filed: 05/24/2021 Page: 5 of 7
hypothetical”; (2) a “causal connection” between the “injury and the challenged
action of the defendant”; and (3) a likelihood that a favorable judgment will
“redress [the] injury.” Lewis v. Governor of Ala., 944 F.3d 1287, 1296 (11th Cir.
2019) (en banc) (quotation marks omitted); see also Lujan v. Defs. of Wildlife, 504
U.S. 555, 560–61 (1992). Because standing implicates jurisdiction, “a court must
satisfy itself that the plaintiff has standing before proceeding to consider the merits
of her claim, no matter how weighty or interesting.” Lewis, 944 F.3d at 1296.
On appeal, the City argues that the plaintiffs’ injuries remain insufficiently
“concrete” and “particularized.” An injury is “concrete” when it is “de facto” and
“real,” rather than merely “abstract.” Gardner, 962 F.3d at 1341. An injury may
be real even when it injures only the plaintiff’s interest in observing or using
something. See Lujan, 504 U.S. at 562–63. If a plaintiff seeks injunctive relief,
like here, the plaintiff must demonstrate a plan to observe or use that space in the
near future that is obstructed by the challenged action. Id. at 563–64. An injury is
“particularized” when it “affect[s] the plaintiff in a personal and individual way.”
Id. at 560 n.1. It must be distinct to the plaintiff rather than “undifferentiated.”
Gardner, 962 F.3d at 1342.
Here, some of the plaintiffs’ newly alleged injuries are sufficiently
“concrete” and “particularized” to meet Article III’s demands. Namely, multiple
plaintiffs allege that they visit the monument regularly and have concrete plans to
5 USCA11 Case: 20-13980 Date Filed: 05/24/2021 Page: 6 of 7
visit the monument again in the future. They allege that their planned future use
and enjoyment of the monument is obstructed by the City’s relocation of it. These
are the sorts of future injuries that were missing in Lujan and that are concrete for
Article III purposes. The injuries are also particularized because they injure only
those people who regularly visit the monument and plan to do so in the near future,
rather than the undifferentiated public. These plaintiffs also satisfy the other two
elements of standing doctrine because they allege that the City caused the injury by
moving the monument and because their injury can be redressed via the requested
injunction to have it returned.
II
But those plaintiffs who have standing must also demonstrate that the district
court erred in holding that they failed to state a claim on the merits. And we think
the district court correctly concluded that they failed to state a claim, as to both
their First and Fourteenth Amendment claims.
The plaintiffs’ First Amendment claim alleges that the City’s relocation of
the monument violated their rights under the Free Speech Clause. Monuments in
public parks, even when funded by private parties, constitute government speech.
Pleasant Grove City v. Summum, 555 U.S. 460, 470–73 (2009). Government
speech doesn’t violate the Free Speech Clause of the First Amendment. Id. at 467.
6 USCA11 Case: 20-13980 Date Filed: 05/24/2021 Page: 7 of 7
On the facts alleged, then, the City’s relocation of the monument didn’t violate the
plaintiffs’ rights under the Free Speech Clause of the First Amendment.2
The plaintiffs’ Fourteenth Amendment claim alleges that the City’s
relocation deprived them of a liberty interest without due process of law. When
the government doesn’t deprive someone of a constitutionally protected liberty or
property interest, it doesn’t violate the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth
Amendment. See AFL-CIO v. City of Miami, 637 F.3d 1178, 1186 (11th Cir.
2011). The plaintiffs here didn’t allege that the City deprived them of any
constitutionally protected liberty or property interest by relocating the monument.
Therefore, on the facts alleged, the City didn’t violate the Due Process Clause of
the Fourteenth Amendment.
III
Because the plaintiffs’ only two federal-law claims would fail on the merits,
we agree with the district court that amendment was futile. Accordingly, we
AFFIRM.
2 The plaintiffs also invoke the First Amendment’s “endorsement” test, a concept borrowed from Justice O’Connor’s concurrence in Lynch v. Donnelly, 465 U.S. 668 (1984). But that test— regardless of its viability after Town of Greece v. Galloway, 572 U.S. 565 (2014), and American Legion v. American Humanist Association, 139 S. Ct. 2067 (2019)—proscribes only government speech that “endorse[s] or disapprov[es] of religion.” Lynch, 465 U.S. at 688 (O’Connor, J., concurring) (emphasis added); see also Cnty. of Allegheny v. ACLU Greater Pittsburgh Chapter, 492 U.S. 573, 592–94 (1989). The plaintiffs haven’t alleged that the City’s relocation of the monument expressed endorsement or disapproval of any religion. 7