Mr. Justice Puterbaugh
delivered the opinion of the court.
This is an action on the case by appellees against appellant. The declaration alleges, in substance, that the defendant was the owner of and operating a railroad between East St. Louis and Sullivan, Illinois; that on October 10, 1902, the defendant received of the plaintiffs at East St. Louis, 200 head of cattle, in good condition, to be safely carried to Sullivan, for reward; that by reason thereof it became bound to furnish and load such cattle in proper cars, free from disease or other infection, and carefully to convey them to said destination; that-defendant failed to regard said duty, but negligently marked, carded and billed said cars as containing “ Southern Cattle,” meaning thereby that the cattle shipped therein were infected or diseased cattle, by means whereof the said cattle became unsalable and greatly depreciated in value, and could not be sold, so that the plaintiffs were obliged to and did lay out the sum of $1;300 in endeavoring to sell said cattle, and incurred expenses in the necessary support and maintenance of the same for the period of four months while prevented from selling them, amounting to the sum of $1,500.
A trial was had resulting in a verdict for the plaintiffs for $760.50. A motion for a new trial was made by the defendant, and overruled. The defendant then moved in arrest of judgment. Pending the disposition of such motion, the plaintiffs asked and were granted leave to file amended counts to their declaration. The matter alleged in such counts was, in substance, that the cards containing the words “ Southern Cattle ” were in general and exclusive use for the purpose of giving notice that the cars on which they were fastened were infected, and liable to spread disease, or that the cattle in them were infected or “ Southern Cattle,” and as such liable to communicate the disease generally called “ Texas fever” to all cattle with which they might come in contact, and that said cars were thus rendered unsuitable for the transportation of said cattle; of all of which the defendant had due knowledge.
The defendant then filed a motion supported by a proper affidavit, to have the verdict set aside and the cause continued, alleging as grounds therefor, that, in consequence of the new issues presented by the additional counts, the defendant was surprised and unprepared to meet and try the same at that term of court. The motion was denied, as was also the motion in arrest of the judgment. Whereupon the defendant appealed to this court.
Both motions were properly overruled. The matter in the additional counts but amplified the averments of the original declaration as to the uses and purposes to which the cards in question were generally devoted, and presented no new issues. Furthermore, no question of variance was specifically raised during the trial.
The material facts involved are substantially as follows: On October 27,1902, appellees shipped- from East St. Louis, over appellant’s road, 120 head of cattle, contained in four cars, and consigned to one J. 0. Beam, appellees’ agent at Sullivan, Illinois, to be by him there sold. At the time of such shipment there were in force certain rules and regulations, promulgated by the Department of Agriculture of the United States, for the purpose of regulating and controlling the shipment from within the limits of a certain quarantine district thereby established, of cattle originating within such district. Such cattle were commonly known as and called “ Southern Cattle,” and were generally infested with what are called “ cattle tick,” by reason of which native cattle coming in contact with them, were liable to contract splenetic or Texas fever. It was provided by said regulations that no cattle should be transported from the quarantine district therein established and otherwise known as the “ scheduled district,” except upon condition that they should be placed in pens or yards set apart for infected cattle, to which no other cattle should be admitted; that all cars used for the transportation of,the same should be cleansed and disinfected as soon as possible after unloading, and before they were again used to transport animals; that all cars carrying cattle from the “ scheduled district” should bear on both sides thereof, printed placards, to be affixed by the carrier, stating that they contained Southern cattle, and further, that each of the waybills accompanying the shipments should have plainly written or stamped upon its face a similar statement. Through the negligence of the servants of appellant, cards of this description were attached to the cars containing appellees5 cattle, although the same were not Southern cattle and did not come from the scheduled district. The evidence tends "to show that upon the arrival of the cattle at Sullivan, the presence of the cards prevented their sale at the market price, by creating a suspicion or impression among possible purchasers that they had been shipped from the scheduled district and for that reason were likely to have and communicate to other cattle the splenetic or Texas fever.
There is no serious conflict as to the foregoing facts, from which the jury was, we think, clearly warranted in finding that appellant was guilty of the negligence charged in the declaration. The controverted issues seem to be, to what extent, if any, were appellees damaged thereby, and as to what is the proper measure of damages. Appellant insists that amr damages sustained by appellees were occasioned by their failure to comply with the well-settled rule of law which makes it the duty of one who is injured by the breach of contract or tort of another, to make reasonable efforts to render the injury as light as possible, and to protect himself from unnecessary injury, and that, if he fails to do so, he cannot recover damages occasioned by such neglect. Hartford Deposit Co. v. Calkins, 186 Ill. 104.
While the cattle were in transit, Perry, the agent of appellees, who was in charge of them, learned of the presence of the cards upon the cars. It is insisted that it became his duty either to.have removed them himself, or requested the trainmen to remove them, or to have obtained authority from appellant’s agent at St. Louis to do so. It is also urged that after the cattle reached Sullivan, it became the duty of Perry and Bean to explain to prospective buyers, that the cards were upon the cars through error, a.nd by the use of letters and telegrams to remove, as far as possible, any doubt as to the character and condition of the cattle; and that the failure of appellees’ skid agents to take any or either of the steps suggested, occasioned any damage suffered by them.
We are satisfied that the jury would not have been warranted in finding that it was the duty of Perry to have removed the cards. They were presumably posted by appellant under directions of the national Government. An unauthorized interference with the same by Perry would have been a trespass, and possibly have subjected him to a penalty. Furthermore, although he was, as he testifies, fully aware that the cattle were not Southern cattle; for aught he knew the cars themselves might have been recently used for carrying cattle from the quarantined district and not thereafter disinfected.
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Mr. Justice Puterbaugh
delivered the opinion of the court.
This is an action on the case by appellees against appellant. The declaration alleges, in substance, that the defendant was the owner of and operating a railroad between East St. Louis and Sullivan, Illinois; that on October 10, 1902, the defendant received of the plaintiffs at East St. Louis, 200 head of cattle, in good condition, to be safely carried to Sullivan, for reward; that by reason thereof it became bound to furnish and load such cattle in proper cars, free from disease or other infection, and carefully to convey them to said destination; that-defendant failed to regard said duty, but negligently marked, carded and billed said cars as containing “ Southern Cattle,” meaning thereby that the cattle shipped therein were infected or diseased cattle, by means whereof the said cattle became unsalable and greatly depreciated in value, and could not be sold, so that the plaintiffs were obliged to and did lay out the sum of $1;300 in endeavoring to sell said cattle, and incurred expenses in the necessary support and maintenance of the same for the period of four months while prevented from selling them, amounting to the sum of $1,500.
A trial was had resulting in a verdict for the plaintiffs for $760.50. A motion for a new trial was made by the defendant, and overruled. The defendant then moved in arrest of judgment. Pending the disposition of such motion, the plaintiffs asked and were granted leave to file amended counts to their declaration. The matter alleged in such counts was, in substance, that the cards containing the words “ Southern Cattle ” were in general and exclusive use for the purpose of giving notice that the cars on which they were fastened were infected, and liable to spread disease, or that the cattle in them were infected or “ Southern Cattle,” and as such liable to communicate the disease generally called “ Texas fever” to all cattle with which they might come in contact, and that said cars were thus rendered unsuitable for the transportation of said cattle; of all of which the defendant had due knowledge.
The defendant then filed a motion supported by a proper affidavit, to have the verdict set aside and the cause continued, alleging as grounds therefor, that, in consequence of the new issues presented by the additional counts, the defendant was surprised and unprepared to meet and try the same at that term of court. The motion was denied, as was also the motion in arrest of the judgment. Whereupon the defendant appealed to this court.
Both motions were properly overruled. The matter in the additional counts but amplified the averments of the original declaration as to the uses and purposes to which the cards in question were generally devoted, and presented no new issues. Furthermore, no question of variance was specifically raised during the trial.
The material facts involved are substantially as follows: On October 27,1902, appellees shipped- from East St. Louis, over appellant’s road, 120 head of cattle, contained in four cars, and consigned to one J. 0. Beam, appellees’ agent at Sullivan, Illinois, to be by him there sold. At the time of such shipment there were in force certain rules and regulations, promulgated by the Department of Agriculture of the United States, for the purpose of regulating and controlling the shipment from within the limits of a certain quarantine district thereby established, of cattle originating within such district. Such cattle were commonly known as and called “ Southern Cattle,” and were generally infested with what are called “ cattle tick,” by reason of which native cattle coming in contact with them, were liable to contract splenetic or Texas fever. It was provided by said regulations that no cattle should be transported from the quarantine district therein established and otherwise known as the “ scheduled district,” except upon condition that they should be placed in pens or yards set apart for infected cattle, to which no other cattle should be admitted; that all cars used for the transportation of,the same should be cleansed and disinfected as soon as possible after unloading, and before they were again used to transport animals; that all cars carrying cattle from the “ scheduled district” should bear on both sides thereof, printed placards, to be affixed by the carrier, stating that they contained Southern cattle, and further, that each of the waybills accompanying the shipments should have plainly written or stamped upon its face a similar statement. Through the negligence of the servants of appellant, cards of this description were attached to the cars containing appellees5 cattle, although the same were not Southern cattle and did not come from the scheduled district. The evidence tends "to show that upon the arrival of the cattle at Sullivan, the presence of the cards prevented their sale at the market price, by creating a suspicion or impression among possible purchasers that they had been shipped from the scheduled district and for that reason were likely to have and communicate to other cattle the splenetic or Texas fever.
There is no serious conflict as to the foregoing facts, from which the jury was, we think, clearly warranted in finding that appellant was guilty of the negligence charged in the declaration. The controverted issues seem to be, to what extent, if any, were appellees damaged thereby, and as to what is the proper measure of damages. Appellant insists that amr damages sustained by appellees were occasioned by their failure to comply with the well-settled rule of law which makes it the duty of one who is injured by the breach of contract or tort of another, to make reasonable efforts to render the injury as light as possible, and to protect himself from unnecessary injury, and that, if he fails to do so, he cannot recover damages occasioned by such neglect. Hartford Deposit Co. v. Calkins, 186 Ill. 104.
While the cattle were in transit, Perry, the agent of appellees, who was in charge of them, learned of the presence of the cards upon the cars. It is insisted that it became his duty either to.have removed them himself, or requested the trainmen to remove them, or to have obtained authority from appellant’s agent at St. Louis to do so. It is also urged that after the cattle reached Sullivan, it became the duty of Perry and Bean to explain to prospective buyers, that the cards were upon the cars through error, a.nd by the use of letters and telegrams to remove, as far as possible, any doubt as to the character and condition of the cattle; and that the failure of appellees’ skid agents to take any or either of the steps suggested, occasioned any damage suffered by them.
We are satisfied that the jury would not have been warranted in finding that it was the duty of Perry to have removed the cards. They were presumably posted by appellant under directions of the national Government. An unauthorized interference with the same by Perry would have been a trespass, and possibly have subjected him to a penalty. Furthermore, although he was, as he testifies, fully aware that the cattle were not Southern cattle; for aught he knew the cars themselves might have been recently used for carrying cattle from the quarantined district and not thereafter disinfected.
“ The rule which requires reasonable conduct on the part of one whose legal rights have been violated, should not be invoked by a defendant as a basis for a critical examination of the conduct of the injured party, or merely for the purpose of showing that the injured person might have taken steps which were wiser or more advantageous to the defendant. Reasonably prudent action only is required; not that action which the defendant, upon afterthought, may be able to - show would have been more advantageous to him.” Sutherland on Damages, section 155.
Whether the other efforts' suggested were reasonable under the circumstances, to what extent they would have availed if made, and whether the failure to make them constituted negligence or occasioned or enhanced the damages, and to what extent, as well as the amount to be awarded as damages, were all questions - of fact for the determination of the jury from the evidence, under the instructions of the court.
The rule of law invoked was not brought to the attention of the jury by any proper instruction offered in behalf of appellant, nor was any evidence adduced by it tending to show that any particular efforts would, if made, have availed, in whole or in part, to remove the suspicion attached to the cattle. The means to that end, suggested by counsel in argument, were equally open to appellant; yet, notwithstanding its live stock agent at St. Louis received notice of the presence of the cards upon the cars and damage likely to' be inflicted upon appellees, on the day following the arrival of the cattle at Sullivan, nothing whatever was done by him or the servants of appellant to prevent or lessen the same. In this state of the record, appellant is not in a position to complain that it did not receive the benefit of such rule.
The evidence tends to show further that when the cattle arrived at Sullivan they were in good condition, free from infection, and weighed about 1,000 pounds each.
At the request of the plaintiffs, the court instructed the jury that the measure of damages was the difference between the market value of the cattle had they been delivered in ordinary cars and their market value when delivered, as they were, in the placarded cars. Appellant offered no ^instructions or evidence upon the question, in the trial court, but now insists in this court, that the damages, if any, should be limited to the cost of preventing or rernov-' ing the injurious effect of the cards, and of maintaining the cattle until such purpose was accomplished.
We are of opinion that the rule laid down by the court correctly stated the measure of damages in this and similar cases. Ry. Co. v. Patton, 203 Ill. 376.
Appellant introduced evidence showing that the market value of the cattle at Sullivan on the day of their arrival there, had they been delivered in ordinary cars, would have been at least $4.25 per hundred, and that when burdened, as they were, with the suspicion created by the use of the cards in question, but $2.50 per hundred. It will be readily" seen that the evidence would have warranted a much larger verdict than that returned.
It is urged that the second, third and fourth instructions given at the request of appellees are erroneous, in that they omit all reference to the question of the alleged negligence of appellees’ agent in failing to prevent or remove the injurious effect of the cards. The objection is not well founded. Neither the second or third instructions pertains to the question of damages. They relate solely to the question of the establishment of the negligence complained of in the declaration. The fourth instruction does not direct either a verdict or finding. It purports to state the measure of damages only, and is not subject to the objection interposed. If appellant had desired to present to the jury the question of the effect of any negligence of appellees upon the damages, it was the duty and privilege of counsel to offer instructions embodying such theory.
Appellant’s seventh instruction was'properly refused. It invades the province of the jury, by telling them, in effect, that the failure of Perry to remove the cards from the cars was negligence.
The objections urged that certain testimony offered by appellant should have been, and was not admitted, we re- ■ gard as so palpably groundless that we will not recite or discuss them in detail. It is contended that the court erred in admitting the testimony of witnesses as to the requirements of the quarantine laws. We have taken judicial notice of the same, as counsel admits we may properly do, and find-that, in so far as they are material to the issues involved, such requirements are substantially as stated by the witnesses.
There being no reversible error in the record the judgment will be affirmed.
Affirmed.