Virginia C. Bryant v. State of Indiana (mem. dec.)

• Court: Indiana Court of Appeals
• Decided: February 9, 2017
• Docket: 17A03-1605-CR-1151
• Status: Published

Opinion

MEMORANDUM DECISION Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D), this Memorandum Decision shall not be FILED regarded as precedent or cited before any Feb 09 2017, 8:10 am court except for the purpose of establishing CLERK the defense of res judicata, collateral Indiana Supreme Court Court of Appeals estoppel, or the law of the case. and Tax Court

ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE Stephen T. Owens Curtis T. Hill, Jr. Public Defender of Indiana Attorney General of Indiana Indianapolis, Indiana J.T. Whitehead Deputy Attorney General Indianapolis, Indiana

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

Virginia C. Bryant, February 9, 2017 Appellant-Defendant, Court of Appeals Case No. 17A03-1605-CR-1151 v. Appeal from the DeKalb Superior Court State of Indiana, The Honorable Appellee-Plaintiff. Kevin P. Wallace, Judge Trial Court Cause No. 17D01-1504-F3-5

Kirsch, Judge.

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 17A03-1605-CR-1151 | February 9, 2017 Page 1 of 10 [1] Virginia C. Bryant (“Bryant”) was convicted after a jury trial of arson 1 as a

Level 3 felony and sentenced to four years executed. She appeals raising the

following restated issue for our review: whether the trial court committed

fundamental error in making certain statements to the jury during voir dire and

in instructing the jury.

[2] We affirm.

Facts and Procedural History [3] On January 22, 2015, Fannie Mast (“Mast”), who lived across the street from

the building that Bryant used for her antiques business and in which Bryant

lived, was working outside her house in Waterloo, DeKalb County, Indiana,

when she saw smoke coming out of the roof area of the building belonging to

Bryant. As the smoke was coming out of the building, Mast observed Bryant

leaving the building “real fast like.” Tr. at 156. Mast saw Bryant drive away in

a van “in a hurry.” Id. Mast had lived across the street from Bryant for about

two years, and Mast believed that Bryant drove off faster than she usually did.

Id. As Bryant left, the smoke was coming out along the eaves of the building in

two different places. Mast saw flames coming from the area where the antiques

shop was located. Mast called the fire department.

1 See Ind. Code § 35-43-1-1(a)(3).

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 17A03-1605-CR-1151 | February 9, 2017 Page 2 of 10 [4] Volunteer firefighter Michael Long (“Long”) was the first firefighter to respond

to the scene. While at his house, which was four blocks away, Long observed

the smoke in the sky from the Bryant fire. Once at the scene, firefighters tried

to enter the building, but after concluding that there were no occupants in the

building, the firefighters decided to treat the fire defensively by fighting it from

the outside. While doing this, the wind shifted, and before Long could put his

mask on, he suffered smoke inhalation. Long’s chest pains from the smoke

inhalation got worse, and he was transported to the hospital, after the

emergency medical team noticed an irregularity in his heartbeat, and had to

spend several hours in the emergency room.

[5] Mike Vogely (“Vogely”), who worked for the State Fire Marshal’s Office,

investigated the fire to determine its origin and cause. Vogely entered the

building and went into the kitchen area, where he “picked up a hint of an

odor,” which he believed smelled like gasoline. Id. at 225. He found a red

gasoline can in a storage closet and a blue kerosene can that smelled of gasoline

near some refrigerators. Based on the evidence that there were multiple areas of

origin, but no communication2 between these points of origin, Vogely

determined that the evidence indicated that the fire had been set intentionally.

Id. at 232.

2 Vogely defined “communication” as the line of travel that a fire takes or the connection between two points of origin. Tr. at 225-26.

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 17A03-1605-CR-1151 | February 9, 2017 Page 3 of 10 [6] The contents of the building included the inventory of the antiques shop. This

inventory was scheduled to be auctioned pursuant to a court order as a result of

the dissolution of the marriage between Bryant and her husband. The

inventory was to be auctioned online over the course of twenty to twenty-five

auctions that were estimated to bring in about $3,000-$5,000 per auction.

[7] During the investigation of the fire by the law enforcement, DeKalb County

Sheriff’s Detective Benjamin Rice (“Detective Rice”) learned that, on February

16, 2015, Bryant was stranded on the side of the road with her van in a ditch.

When Detective Rice met Bryant, she was attempting to get the van out of the

ditch. Detective Rice told Bryant that he knew she was the owner of the

building and wanted to talk to her about the fire. Bryant responded that her

“eye doctor told her not to talk to the police,” which Detective Rice found to be

a bizarre response. Id. at 289. Detective Rice offered to call a tow truck for

Bryant and transport her to a location to get warm after being outside in the

cold, but she declined. About thirty to thirty-five minutes later, Bryant was

finally able to drive her van out of the ditch, and she drove away. On February

23, 2015, Bryant went to the sheriff’s department and spoke with Detective

Rice. On March 11, 2015, Bryant called the auctioneer to inform him that the

building had burned and that he should check on his insurance. Id. at 272. She

also told the auctioneer that she hoped her husband had insurance on his

property within the building because she was not required to do so under the

dissolution decree. Id.

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 17A03-1605-CR-1151 | February 9, 2017 Page 4 of 10 [8] On April 30, 2015, the State charged Bryant with arson as a Level 3 felony. A

jury trial was held on March 23-24, 2016. During voir dire, the trial court made

a statement informing the potential jurors of the State’s allegations against

Bryant. Id. at 52. Bryant did not object to this statement. Id. After a jury was

chosen and before the testimony began, the trial court gave preliminary

instructions to the jury. As part of Preliminary Instruction 4 (“Instruction 4”),

the trial court read the charging information. Id. at 129-30. Bryant did not

object to this instruction. Id. At the conclusion of the trial, the jury found

Bryant guilty as charged, and she was sentenced to four years executed. Bryant

now appeals.

Discussion and Decision [9] Bryant contends that the trial court erred both in statements made during voir

dire and in instructing the jury. Trial courts have broad discretionary power in

regulating the form and substance of voir dire. Gibson v. State, 43 N.E.3d 231,

237 (Ind. 2015), cert. denied, 137 S. Ct. 54 (2016). The manner of instructing a

jury is left to the sound discretion of the trial court. Albores v. State, 987 N.E.2d

98, 99 (Ind. Ct. App. 2013), trans. denied. We review the trial court’s decision

only for an abuse of that discretion. Id.

[10] Generally, a contemporaneous objection is required to preserve an issue for

appeal. McKinley v. State, 45 N.E.3d 25, 28 (Ind. Ct. App. 2015), trans. denied.

However, Bryant did not object to the statements made during voir dire or to

Instruction 4. “Consequently, we ‘will only reverse the trial court if the trial

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 17A03-1605-CR-1151 | February 9, 2017 Page 5 of 10 court committed error that was fundamental.’” Rosales v. State, 23 N.E.3d 8, 11

(Ind. 2015) (quoting Hopkins v. State, 759 N.E.2d 633, 638 (Ind. 2001)). The

fundamental error exception is extremely narrow and applies only when an

error constitutes a blatant violation of basic principles of due process. McKinley,

45 N.E.3d at 28. “The error must be ‘so prejudicial to the rights of a defendant

a fair trial is rendered impossible.’” Id. (quoting White v. State, 846 N.E.2d

1026, 1033 (Ind. Ct. App. 2006), trans. denied). When determining whether an

incorrect jury instruction amounts to fundamental error, we do not look only to

the erroneous instruction in isolation, but in the context of all relevant

information given to the jury, including closing argument and other

instructions. Id. There is no due process violation where all of the information,

considered as a whole, does not mislead the jury as to a correct understanding

of the law. Id. at 28-29.

[11] Bryant initially argues that the trial court committed fundamental error during

voir dire when it made certain statements regarding the nature of the case to the

potential jurors. She asserts that these statements did not just inform the

potential jurors of the general nature of the case; instead, she alleges that the

trial court stated several elements of the crime as established facts. Because the

facts contained in the statements made by the trial court were facts that needed

to be proven beyond a reasonable doubt, Bryant claims that the trial court’s

comments deprived her of due process and invaded the province of the jury.

[12] During voir dire, the trial court made the following statements to the

prospective jurors:

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 17A03-1605-CR-1151 | February 9, 2017 Page 6 of 10 On January 22, 2015, an antique store with attached residence, located in the 100 block of South Wayne Street in Waterloo, Indiana, burned to the ground. The State of Indiana accuses [Bryant], the Defendant, of knowingly or intentionally starting the fire. She denies that allegation. The State believes that [Bryant] owned the building that was destroyed. Inside the building were antiques with an appraised value of over $100,000. According to an order, by Judge Monte Brown in a dissolution of marriage case, the antiques in the building were to be auctioned with one-half of the proceeds going to [Bryant] and one-half of the proceeds going to . . . her ex-husband.

Tr. at 52. Bryant argues that these statements by the trial court stated as

established facts several elements of the crime with which she was charged. We

disagree.

[13] These statements by the trial court merely informed the prospective jurors of

what the State believed had occurred and what the State would need to prove in

order to convict Bryant of arson as a Level 3 felony. Although Bryant argues

that the trial court stated elements of the crime as established facts, it is clear

from the language used that the trial court was only stating what the State

believed were the facts of the case. We do not find that these statements

amounted to fundamental error and rendered a fair trial impossible.

[14] Bryant next argues that the trial court committed fundamental error when it

gave Instruction 4. She contends that language in Instruction 4 that stated that

Detective Rice “verified” the charges deprived her of the due process of law and

her right to be presumed innocent. Appellant’s Br. at 12. Bryant asserts that

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 17A03-1605-CR-1151 | February 9, 2017 Page 7 of 10 such language coming from the trial court caused her to be unable to have a fair

trial because the language essentially told the jury that she was guilty.

[15] In its preliminary instructions to the jury, the trial court read Instruction 4,

which stated:

This is a criminal case brought by the State of Indiana against Virginia C. Bryant. The case was commenced with the filing of an Information charging the Defendant with Arson, a Level 3 Felony.

Omitting the formal parts, the charge reads as follows:

“Detective Ben Rice ‘states and verifies’ that on or about Thursday, January 22, 2015, in DeKalb County, Indiana, Virginia C. Bryant, by means of fire, explosive or destructive device, knowingly or intentionally damaged property of another person, Cedric Bryant, without his or her consent if the pecuniary loss is at least five thousand dollars ($5000.00). Additionally, the offense resulted in bodily injury to any person other than a defendant, who was firefighter Michael Long, and the injury was smoke inhalation. All of which is contrary to the form of the statute in such cases made and provided and against the peace of dignity of the State of Indiana.”

Id. at 129-30; Appellant’s App. at 53. Bryant contends that the “states and

verifies” language invaded the province of the jury and deprived her of a fair

trial because it essentially informed the jury she was guilty. We disagree.

[16] Instruction 4 was a repetition of the charging information. In addition to

Instruction 4, the jury was also instructed that it should not form or express any

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 17A03-1605-CR-1151 | February 9, 2017 Page 8 of 10 conclusion or judgment about the outcome of the case until all of the evidence

had been presented. Tr. at 128. The trial court informed the jury that the case

was commenced with the filing of an information and the charge is “the formal

method of bringing the Defendant to trial.” Id. at 130. Additionally, the jury

was told that “[t]he filing of a charge or the Defendant’s arrest is not to be

considered . . . as any evidence of guilt” and that the Defendant was presumed

to be innocent. Id. The trial court also instructed the jury that the State must

prove each element of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt to overcome the

presumption of innocence. Id. at 131. The jury was further instructed to

consider the instructions as a whole and not to “single out any certain sentence

or any individual point or instruction and ignore the others.” Id. at 129. We,

therefore, conclude that Instruction 4 did not invade the province of the jury

and that the challenged language did not mislead the jury so as to render a fair

trial impossible.3

[17] Neither the statements made by the trial court during voir dire nor Instruction 4

invaded the province of the jury and made a fair trial impossible. We conclude

that the trial court did not commit fundamental error.

3 We note, however, that a recent case from this court disapproved of similar language in a preliminary instruction. In Lynn v. State, 60 N.E.3d 1135 (Ind. Ct. App. 2016), trans. denied, the appellant claimed that language that stated that the affiant in the charging information “does hereby swear or affirm under the penalties of perjury” invaded the province of the jury and deprived him of due process. Id. at 1139. However, although this court stated that such affirmation language had “no place in jury instructions and that the best practice is for trial courts to redact such language,” it concluded, as we do here, that the appellant had failed to demonstrate fundamental error due to the other instructions given to the jury. Id.

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 17A03-1605-CR-1151 | February 9, 2017 Page 9 of 10 [18] Affirmed.

[19] Robb, J., and Barnes, J., concur.

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 17A03-1605-CR-1151 | February 9, 2017 Page 10 of 10