21-2059-cv Villetti v. Guidepoint Glob. LLC
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
SUMMARY ORDER RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007 IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT’S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION “SUMMARY ORDER”). A PARTY CITING TO A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.
At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, held at the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the City of New York, on the 7th day of July, two thousand twenty-two.
PRESENT: GERARD E. LYNCH, JOSEPH F. BIANCO, WILLIAM J. NARDINI, Circuit Judges.
_____________________________________
Valentia Villetti, Faiza Jibril, M.D.,
Plaintiffs-Appellants,
v. 21-2059-cv
Guidepoint Global LLC,
Defendant-Appellee.* _____________________________________
FOR PLAINTIFFS-APPELLANTS: STUART LICHTEN, Lichten & Bright P.C., New York, NY.
FOR DEFENDANT-APPELLEE: BRITTANY L. PRIMAVERA (David J. Grech, on the brief), Gordon Rees Scully Mansukhani, LLP, New York, NY
* The Clerk of Court is respectfully directed to amend the caption as set forth above. Appeal from a judgment of the United States District Court for the Southern District of
New York (Vyskocil, J.).
UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED, AND
DECREED that the judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED in part and VACATED and
REMANDED in part.
Plaintiffs-appellants Valentia Villetti and Faiza Jibril, M.D. (collectively, “plaintiffs”),
appeal from the August 11, 2021 judgment of the United States District Court for the Southern
District of New York (Vyskocil, J.) granting summary judgment pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil
Procedure 56(a) to Guidepoint Global LLC (“Guidepoint”).
Plaintiffs brought multiple causes of action against Guidepoint under the Civil Rights Act
of 1964, 42 U.S.C. § 2000e et seq. (“Title VII”), the New York State Human Rights Law, N.Y.
Exec. Law, § 290 et seq. (“NYSHRL”), and the New York City Human Rights Law,
Administrative Code of the City of New York, § 8-101 et seq. (“NYCHRL”), alleging that
Guidepoint refused to hire Jibril on the basis of her gender, terminated Villetti on the basis of her
gender, and discharged Villetti in retaliation for opposing Guidepoint’s discriminatory practices.
The district court granted summary judgment to Guidepoint on all of plaintiffs’ claims. We
assume the parties’ familiarity with the underlying facts and procedural history of this case, to
which we refer only as necessary to explain our decision.
DISCUSSION
We review de novo an award of summary judgment, “resolv[ing] all ambiguities and
draw[ing] all reasonable inferences in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party.” Summa
v. Hofstra Univ., 708 F.3d 115, 123 (2d Cir. 2013). Summary judgment is appropriate only if
“there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a
matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). A genuine dispute exists “if the evidence is such that a 2 reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving party.”1 Gorzynski v. JetBlue Airways
Corp., 596 F.3d 93, 101 (2d Cir. 2010) (internal quotation marks omitted).
I. Jibril’s Failure-to-Hire Claims
Jibril contends that genuine issues of material fact precluded summary judgment on her
Title VII, NYSHRL, and NYCHRL claims for employment discrimination based on Guidepoint’s
alleged failure to hire her as a Healthcare Content Strategist because of her gender. We disagree.
We treat employment discrimination claims under Title VII and the NYSHRL as
“analytically identical,” Salamon v. Our Lady of Victory Hosp., 514 F.3d 217, 226 n.9 (2d Cir.
2008), and analyze both under the McDonnell Douglas burden-shifting framework, Walsh v.
N.Y.C. Hous. Auth., 828 F.3d 70, 74–75 (2d Cir. 2016) (citing McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green,
411 U.S. 792 (1973)). Pursuant to this framework, the plaintiff must first establish a prima facie
case of discrimination; the employer must then “produc[e] evidence that the adverse employment
actions were taken for a legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason”; and the plaintiff must then
“demonstrate that the proffered reason was not the true reason for the employment decision,” but
rather, was a pretext for discrimination. Bucalo v. Shelter Island Union Free Sch. Dist., 691 F.3d
119, 128–29 (2d Cir. 2012) (internal alterations adopted and quotation marks omitted).
1 As a threshold matter, plaintiffs assert that the district court “invented a new summary judgment procedure” because it failed to consider various of plaintiffs’ declarations and exhibits, instead exclusively relying upon plaintiffs’ admissions in their Local Rule 56.1 statement. Appellants’ Br. at 9. We reject this characterization. We have frequently stated that “[a] district court has the discretion to adopt local rules that are necessary to carry out the conduct of its business,” including Rule 56.1, Monahan v. N.Y.C. Dep’t of Corr., 214 F.3d 275, 292 (2d Cir. 2000), and have previously “affirmed the grant of summary judgment on the basis of uncontested assertions in the moving party’s Local Rule 56.1 statement,” Holtz v. Rockefeller & Co., 258 F.3d 62, 73 (2d Cir. 2001). In any event, the district court did not rely exclusively on the Rule 56.1 statements and, in fact, directly cited and quoted Villetti’s declaration. Moreover, regardless of the scope of the district court’s review of the record below, we review the record de novo in connection with a summary judgment motion. Summa, 708 F.3d at 123.
3 To establish a prima facie case under Title VII and the NYSHRL for a failure-to-hire claim,
Jibril must prove that: “(1) [s]he is a member of a protected class, (2) [s]he was qualified for the
job for which [s]he applied, (3) [s]he was denied the job, and (4) the denial occurred under
circumstances that give rise to an inference of invidious discrimination.” Vivenzio v. City of
Syracuse, 611 F.3d 98, 106 (2d Cir. 2010). It is uncontested that Jibril’s gender places her in a
protected class and that she was not hired for the position. However, even assuming arguendo
that Jibril was also qualified for the position, 2 we agree with the district court that Jibril has failed
to establish the fourth element of a prima facie case.
Most notably, as Jibril concedes, two other women interviewed for the same position that
Jibril was allegedly denied because of her gender, and one of those women was ultimately hired
to fill it. 3 In fact, Guidepoint ended up hiring a total of fifteen individuals—both men and
women—“to perform aspects of the position sought by Jibril.” Joint App’x at 858. Moreover,
Guidepoint later attempted to recruit Jibril for a different position. In light of this context, the
only evidence of discriminatory intent to which Jibril points is insufficient to create a prima facie
case. Jibril cites Villetti’s deposition testimony to the effect that Villetti’s supervisor told her that
Guidepoint CEO Albert Sebag decided not to hire Jibril because she was “not a hedge fund guy.”
Id. at 142, 150. But even taking the phrase “hedge fund guy” in the literal sense most favorable
to Jibril, and even assuming that the hearsay testimony regarding the supervisor’s statement is
2 The parties dispute whether or not Jibril was actually qualified for the position. However, because we conclude that Jibril’s claim fails as a matter of law regardless, this dispute is immaterial. 3 At oral argument, plaintiffs’ counsel disputed this fact, arguing, inter alia, that Guidepoint “told Dr. Jibril that they hired a man” for the position. Oral Arg. Audio at 3:21–3:46. However, in plaintiffs’ Rule 56.1 statement, they specifically admitted that one of the other women that Guidepoint interviewed was “offered and accepted the role.” Joint App’x at 857. In light of that concession, we reject plaintiffs’ counsel’s attempt to assert new facts on appeal.
4 admissible, Villetti never testified that the supervisor was purporting to report Sebag’s exact
words; without more, a reasonable trier of fact could not conclude from that testimony that
Guidepoint denied Jibril the position on the basis of gender. Thus, the district court correctly
granted summary judgment to Guidepoint on Jibril’s claims under Title VII and the NYSHRL.
Jibril also asserts the same claim under the NYCHRL. Because the NYCHRL defines
discrimination more broadly than its federal and state counterparts, “even if the challenged conduct
is not actionable under federal and state law,” we still “must analyze NYCHRL claims separately
and independently.” Mihalik v. Credit Agricole Cheuvreux N. Am., Inc., 715 F.3d 102, 109 (2d
Cir. 2013). “To establish a gender discrimination claim under the NYCHRL, the plaintiff need
only demonstrate ‘by a preponderance of the evidence that she has been treated less well than
other[s] . . . because of her gender.’” Id. at 110 (quoting Williams v. N.Y.C. Hous. Auth., 872
N.Y.S.2d 27, 39 (1st Dep’t 2009)). Summary judgment is warranted “if the record establishes as
a matter of law that discrimination . . . played no role in the defendant’s actions.” Ya-Chen Chen
v. City Univ. of New York, 805 F.3d 59, 76 (2d Cir. 2015) (internal alternations adopted and
quotation marks omitted).
For the same reasons outlined above, we agree with the district court that, even under the
NYCHRL’s more permissive standard, Jibril’s discrimination claim cannot survive summary
judgment. Given plaintiffs’ concession—that Guidepoint hired a woman for the same position
that Jibril sought—no reasonable juror could find that Guidepoint treated Jibril “less well” based
upon her gender. Mihalik, 715 F.3d at 110. Accordingly, the district court also properly granted
summary judgment to Guidepoint on Jibril’s discrimination claim under the NYCHRL.
II. Villetti’s Gender Discrimination and Retaliation Claims
5 Villetti similarly contends that genuine issues of material fact precluded summary
judgment on her Title VII, NYSHRL, and NYCHRL claims for gender discrimination and
retaliation. Although we agree with the district court that summary judgment was warranted for
Guidepoint on Villetti’s gender discrimination claims, we conclude that triable issues of fact
preclude summary judgment on her retaliation claims.
a. Gender Discrimination Claims
Villetti asserts that Guidepoint subjected her to disparate treatment because of her gender
in connection with her termination.4 As with failure-to-hire claims, these claims of gender-based
disparate treatment under Title VII and the NYSHRL are analyzed under the McDonnell Douglas
framework. Weinstock v. Columbia Univ., 224 F.3d 33, 42 (2d Cir. 2000). The district court
determined that Villetti had failed to establish the fourth element of her prima facie case—namely,
whether the circumstances surrounding Villetti’s termination “[gave] rise to an inference of
discrimination.” Id. We agree.
Villetti contends that Guidepoint both “treated women differently from men on a variety
of occasions” and “discharged [her] because of her sex,” Joint App’x at 13–14, pointing to three
other female Guidepoint employees who were allegedly dismissed, demoted, or otherwise
discriminated against on the basis of their gender. However, the record here is devoid of any
evidence apart from Villetti’s conclusory allegations to establish that the other women she
mentions—who are not parties to the action—experienced any gender-based discrimination at
Guidepoint. Although a plaintiff’s burden at the prima facie stage is “not onerous,” Littlejohn v.
4 Although Villetti also describes the treatment she allegedly experienced as a “hostile work environment,” the district court and the parties both appear to analyze this claim as one of disparate treatment, and plaintiffs’ counsel confirmed at oral argument that no hostile work environment claim was asserted.
6 City of New York, 795 F.3d 297, 308 (2d Cir. 2015) (internal quotation marks omitted), a plaintiff
cannot establish a prima facie case with only “purely conclusory allegations of discrimination,
absent any concrete particulars,” Meiri v. Dacon, 759 F.2d 989, 998 (2d Cir. 1985); Jeffreys v. City
of New York, 426 F.3d 549, 555 (2d Cir. 2005) (holding summary judgment was proper where
there was “nothing in the record to support plaintiff’s allegations other than plaintiff’s own
contradictory and incomplete testimony”).
Further, we have repeatedly emphasized that when the firing decisionmaker is also the
hiring decisionmaker, “it is difficult to impute to [him] an invidious motivation that would be
inconsistent with the decision to hire.” Grady v. Affiliated Cent., Inc., 130 F.3d 553, 560 (2d Cir.
1997); see also Jetter v. Knoth Corp., 324 F.3d 73, 76 (2d Cir. 2003). As the district court noted,
the “same actor inference” is particularly apt in this case, Special App’x at 7, as there is no dispute
that Sebag both hired and fired Villetti and that termination “occurred only a short time after
hiring,” Grady, 130 F.3d at 560—namely, after only six months.
Even if a reasonable factfinder were not entitled to rely on the same actor inference in this
case, Villetti offers no evidence affirmatively supporting her claim of gender discrimination. As
for Sebag, although Villetti alleges that she “saw numerous actions taken by Sebag that [she]
believed constituted sex discrimination,” she points to only one specific instance—the call from
Sebag when she was in Boston—as a time when “Sebag was dismissive or belittling of her.”
Joint App’x at 852. Further, although Villetti claims that “Sebag would not have talked to a male
in the same way” as he spoke to her during that call, she also admits that she “never witnessed a
conversation between Sebag and a male employee under [similar] circumstances.” Id.
Moreover, as related to that specific instance, Villetti concedes that Sebag “was angry with”
Villetti’s male supervisor (Bouker Pool) “as well as with her,” and that Sebag terminated Pool on
7 the same day that Villetti was terminated. Id. at 852–53. The fact that Villetti’s male supervisor
simultaneously experienced the same adverse action further undermines Villetti’s conclusory
claim that she was treated differently by Sebag, in connection with her termination, based upon
her gender.
In short, because Villetti proffers no evidence which gives rise to an inference of gender-
based discrimination, we agree with the district court that she did not establish a prima facie case
of gender discrimination and that, accordingly, her Title VII and NYSHRL claims cannot survive
summary judgment.
Villetti’s discrimination claim under the NYCHRL similarly fails. As noted supra, to
establish a gender discrimination claim under the NYCHRL, Villetti must show that she was
treated “less well” because of her gender. Mihalik, 715 F.3d at 110. Even construing the
evidence most favorably to Villetti, no rational jury could conclude that Villetti was treated less
well than her male colleagues in connection with the termination decision. Accordingly, we
conclude that Villetti’s NYCHRL discrimination claim also cannot survive summary judgment.
b. Retaliation Claims
Finally, Villetti contends that genuine issues of material fact preclude summary judgment
on her retaliation claims under Title VII, the NYSHRL, and the NYCHRL. We agree.
Retaliation claims under Title VII and the NYSHRL are similarly governed by the
McDonnell Douglas framework. Summa, 708 F.3d at 125. To establish a prima facie case of
retaliation, the plaintiff must show that: “(1) she engaged in a protected activity; (2) her employer
was aware of this activity; (3) the employer took adverse employment action against her; and (4) a
causal connection exists between the alleged adverse action and the protected activity.” Id.
More specifically, with respect to causation, Villetti must establish that retaliation for her protected
8 activity was a “but-for” cause of her termination, “not simply a ‘substantial’ or ‘motivating’ factor
in the employer’s decision.” Zann Kwan v. Andalex Grp. LLC, 737 F.3d 834, 845 (2d Cir. 2013)
(quoting Univ. of Tex. Sw. Med. Ctr. v. Nassar, 570 U.S. 338, 348 (2013)).
Villetti alleges that Guidepoint terminated her in retaliation for an email that she sent to
the company’s human resources department complaining of Sebag’s and a Guidepoint consultant’s
behavior and a series of what she considered adverse employment actions against female
employees. It is undisputed that Guidepoint was aware of this email and later took adverse
employment action against Villetti. Moreover, construed most favorably to Villetti, her
complaint to HR about Sebag and the Guidepoint consultant’s alleged discrimination constituted
protected activity.5 Additionally, by putting forth evidence that she was terminated within such a
short temporal proximity to making her complaint to HR—approximately one week—Villetti has
adequately established a prima facie case that her termination was attributable to retaliation.
Gorman-Bakos v. Cornell Co-op. Extension of Schenectady Cty., 252 F.3d 545, 554 (2d Cir. 2001)
(“[A] plaintiff can indirectly establish a causal connection to support a discrimination or retaliation
5 Counsel for Guidepoint asserted at oral argument and in briefing before the district court that Villetti’s email did not qualify as a protected activity under Title VII or the NYSHRL because “nowhere in [the email] does Ms. Villetti identify a form of gender discrimination or object to it.” Oral Arg. Audio at 10:47–10:55. We find that argument unpersuasive. A substantial portion of Villetti’s email focused upon her “extreme discomfort” with the treatment of women at Guidepoint, including a reference to the alleged “negative changes” to one employee’s role during her maternity leave and noting that Villetti was “prevented from hiring an extremely qualified female candidate.” Joint App’x at 320 (emphasis added). Although Villetti did not explicitly use the phrase “gender discrimination,” the absence of such phrase is not dispositive. Instead, given the context of Villetti’s email, a reasonable reader could interpret the email as a complaint about gender discrimination. See, e.g., Lenzi v. Systemax, Inc., 944 F.3d 97, 113 (2d Cir. 2019) (holding that an email that “reasonably suggested,” but did not explicitly state, a complaint of gender discrimination was “sufficient to meet [the] minimal burden at the prima facie stage”).
9 claim by showing that the protected activity was closely followed in time by the adverse
employment action.” (internal alterations adopted and quotation marks omitted)).6
As Villetti has established a prima facie case, the burden shifts to Guidepoint to articulate
a legitimate, non-retaliatory reason for the adverse employment action. Summa, 708 F.3d at 125.
Guidepoint points to two non-retaliatory reasons for terminating Villetti: (1) a co-worker’s
“complaints regarding Villetti to both Pool and Guidepoint’s human resources department”; and
(2) “Villetti’s unauthorized trip to Boston and the fact that Pool, her male supervisor, was
terminated, along with Villetti, shortly after that trip.” Appellee’s Br. at 18.
Because of these articulated reasons, the presumption of retaliation arising from the prima
facie case dissipates under McDonnell Douglas, and Villetti must provide evidence that the non-
retaliatory reasons are merely pretexts for retaliation. Weinstock, 224 F.3d at 42. To be sure,
we have emphasized that once an employer has proffered non-retaliatory reasons, temporal
proximity alone is not enough for a plaintiff to survive summary judgment. El Sayed v. Hilton
Hotels Corp., 627 F.3d 931, 933 (2d Cir. 2010). However, we have also held that “[a] plaintiff
may prove that retaliation was a but-for cause of an adverse employment action by demonstrating
weaknesses, implausibilities, inconsistencies, or contradictions in the employer’s proffered
legitimate, nonretaliatory reasons for its action[s].” Zann Kwan, 737 F.3d at 846.
6 The district court concluded that “[b]ecause Guidepoint shows that its decision was related to other causes with respect to Villetti’s work performance . . . Villetti cannot establish that ‘but-for’ her complaint she would not have been terminated” and, accordingly, determined that Villetti failed to establish a prima facie case. Special App’x at 10–11. However, but-for causation does not “require proof that retaliation was the only cause of the employer’s action, but only that the adverse action would not have occurred in the absence of the retaliatory motive.” Vega v. Hempstead Union Free Sch. Dist., 801 F.3d 72, 91 (2d Cir. 2015) (quoting Zann Kwan, 737 F.3d at 846). Further, although a plaintiff must demonstrate but-for causation to ultimately survive a motion for summary judgment, that causation standard “does not alter the plaintiff’s ability to demonstrate causation at the prima facie stage on summary judgment . . . indirectly through temporal proximity.” Zann Kwan, 737 F.3d at 845. Thus, we conclude that Villetti established a prima facie case and proceed with the next step of the McDonnell Douglas analysis.
10 Here, in addition to the temporal proximity between her complaint (March 12, 2018) and
her subsequent termination (March 19, 2018), Villetti has pointed to various inconsistencies in
Guidepoint’s proffered reasons for her termination. For example, in his deposition, Sebag
suggested that Villetti was terminated because she “did not meet [Guidepoint’s] expectations of
performance” by failing to conduct the required number of remote teleconferences, although he
could not recall if “her performance [was] poor in any [other] way.” Joint App’x at 828–29.
Indeed, although Sebag briefly mentioned the reasons articulated by Guidepoint in this lawsuit for
her termination—namely, the co-worker complaint or an unauthorized trip to Boston—he did not
specifically identify those as his reasons for firing Villetti. Moreover, in its motion for summary
judgment before the district court, Guidepoint stated that Sebag’s decision to terminate Villetti
was made after the company conducted “an internal investigation wherein several employees were
interviewed.” Id. at 407. However, Sebag never mentioned this investigation during his
deposition or provided any other details about the decision-making process that led to Villetti’s
termination. 7 Further, Guidepoint provided no documentation detailing the investigation’s
findings or corroborating its existence, citing only to Villetti’s termination letter in its summary
judgment papers, which outlined no reasons for the separation. On appeal, Guidepoint no longer
references the alleged internal investigation at all, instead asserting that because Villetti “was an
at-will employee of Guidepoint . . . Guidepoint was not required to provide any description of why
it discharged Villetti.” Appellee’s Br. at 18.
Additionally, although Pool’s simultaneous termination might dispel any inference of
disparate treatment based on gender (as discussed supra), his termination merely three days after
7 In fact, when asked if he played any role in Villetti’s discharge, Sebag responded, “I don’t recall,” Joint App’x at 831, even though the parties agree that he was the decisionmaker.
11 filing his own complaint could provide a reasonable inference, construing the evidence most
favorably to Villetti, that they were both fired in retaliation for their complaints. Guidepoint
points to no evidence in the record regarding the reasons for Pool’s termination, and Sebag gave
only vague and contradictory answers when asked about Pool. See Joint App’x at 832 (not
recalling when Pool “left” but agreeing he did not “know whether [Pool] was dismissed or whether
he left voluntarily”); id. at 836 (stating he did not recall “receiv[ing] any complaints about . . .
Pool”). Further, even though Guidepoint claims that Villetti’s traveling to Boston without proper
authorization was a reason for her termination, Villetti, as the district court noted, disputed
“whether [she] needed prior approval or authorization to travel.” Special App’x at 2.
Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to Villetti, as we must, we conclude that
“[f]rom such discrepancies[,] a reasonable juror could infer that the explanations given by
[Guidepoint] . . . were pretextual, developed over time to counter the evidence suggesting”
retaliation. E.E.O.C. v. Ethan Allen, Inc., 44 F.3d 116, 120 (2d Cir. 1994). Coupled with Pool’s
termination and “the very close temporal proximity between [Villetti’s] protected conduct and her
termination,” these inconsistencies “are sufficient to create a triable issue of fact with regard to
whether [her] complaint was a but-for cause of her termination.” Zann Kwan, 737 F.3d at 847.
We recognize that these inferences are not the only reasonable inferences to be drawn from the
record, and that Guidepoint may be able to rebut these inferences with other evidence. However,
any such competing reasonable inferences in the record, including any credibility assessments of
the witnesses necessary to evaluate such inferences, cannot be resolved on summary judgment.8
8 For the same reasons, the retaliation claim under the broader provision contained in the NYCHRL also survives summary judgment. See Zann Kwan, 737 F.3d at 843 n.3.
12 See Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 255 (1986) (“Credibility determinations, the
weighing of the evidence, and the drawing of legitimate inferences from the facts are jury
functions, not those of a judge, whether he is ruling on a motion for summary judgment or for a
directed verdict.”). In sum, we conclude there is sufficient evidence to preclude summary
judgment on Villetti’s retaliation claims.
* * *
We have considered all of the parties’ remaining arguments and find them to be without
merit. Accordingly, we AFFIRM in part and VACATE in part the judgment of the district
court and REMAND for proceedings consistent with this order. 9
FOR THE COURT: Catherine O’Hagan Wolfe, Clerk of Court
9 We deny Villetti’s request to reassign the case to a different judge on remand. The sole reason for requesting reassignment is that the same district court judge has granted two other summary judgment motions and three motions to dismiss in employment discrimination cases. The mere existence of prior adverse rulings on presumably similar claims in other cases, without more, does not provide a basis for questioning a judge’s fairness or impartiality. See Chen v. Chen Qualified Settlement Fund, 552 F.3d 218, 227–28 (2d Cir. 2009) (holding that “adverse rulings, without more, will rarely suffice to provide a reasonable basis for questioning a judge’s impartiality”). Accordingly, although “in a few instances there may be unusual circumstances” where “reassignment is appropriate,” Mackler Prods., Inc. v. Cohen, 225 F.3d 136, 146–47 (2d Cir. 2000) (internal quotation marks omitted), Villetti fails to establish that such unusual circumstances are present here.