Villegas v. Ford Motor Company

• Court: District Court, E.D. California
• Decided: April 28, 2023
• Docket: 1:22-cv-01628
• Status: Unknown

Opinion

7 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 8 9 EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 JAVIER NAVARRO VILLEGAS, et al., Case No. 1:22-cv-01628-ADA-SAB 11 Plaintiffs, FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 12 RECOMMENDING DENYING PLAINTIFF’S v. MOTION TO REMAND 13 FORD MOTOR COMPANY, (ECF No. 16) 14 Defendant. OBJECTIONS DUE WITHIN FOURTEEN 15 DAYS

16 17 18 I. 19 INTRODUCTION 20 Javier Navarro Villegas and Luis Navarro Villegas (“Plaintiffs”) bring this action against 21 Defendant Ford Motor Company (“Defendant” or “Ford”), pursuant to California’s Song–Beverly 22 Consumer Warranty Act (“Song–Beverly Act”). Currently before the Court is Plaintiffs’ motion 23 to remand. (ECF No. 16.) The matter was referred to the assigned Magistrate Judge pursuant to 24 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1)(B) and Local Rule 302(c)(7). 25 A hearing on the motion was held on April 26, 2023. Having considered the moving, 26 opposition and reply papers, the declarations and exhibits attached thereto, the arguments 27 presented at the April 26, 2023 hearing, as well as the Court’s file, the Court issues the following 28 findings and recommendations that recommend denying Plaintiffs’ motion to remand. 1 II. 2 BACKGROUND 3 On March 10, 2021, Plaintiffs entered into a warranty contract with Defendant regarding a 4 2021 Ford F-150 (the “Subject Vehicle”), for a total price of $77,396.44. (Compl. ¶ 15, ECF No. 5 1-3 at 4.)1 Plaintiffs allege defects and nonconformities to warranty manifested during the 6 warranty period, including but not limited to, engine, transmission, and electrical. (Compl. ¶¶ 16- 7 17.) Plaintiffs allege they delivered the Subject Vehicle to an authorized repair facility but 8 Defendant was unable to conform the Subject Vehicle to the express warranty after a reasonable 9 number of repair attempts. (Compl. ¶¶ 18-19.) 10 Plaintiffs initiated this action on November 14, 2022, in the Superior Court of California, 11 County of Fresno. (ECF No. 1-3 at 2.) Plaintiffs bring causes of action for: (1) violation of the 12 Song-Beverly Act, breach of express warranty; and (2) violation of the Song-Beverly Act § 13 1793.2.2 (Compl. ¶¶ 14-39.) On December 21, 2022, Defendant removed this action to the 14 United States District Court for the Eastern District of California. (ECF No. 1.) 15 On February 24, 2023, Plaintiffs filed the instant motion for remand. (Pls.’ Mot. Remand 16 (“Mot.”), ECF No. 16.) On March 2, 2023, the District Judge referred the matter to the 17 undersigned for the preparation of findings and recommendations and/or other appropriate action. 18 (ECF No. 17.) On the same date, the Court reset the hearing on the motion for remand to be held 19 before the assigned Magistrate Judge, on April 5, 2023. (ECF No. 18.) 20 Defendant did not file an opposition to the motion by the deadline to do so, and on March 21 22, 2023, Plaintiffs filed a statement indicating such lack of filed opposition. (ECF No. 20.) On 22 March 24, 2023, Defendant filed a motion to extend, nunc pro tunc, the deadline to file the 23 opposition brief due to a calendaring error. (ECF No. 21.) On March 28, 2023, the Court 24 granted the motion for extension of time, continued the hearing on the motion to remand until 25

1 All references to pagination of specific documents pertain to those as indicated on the upper right corners via the 26 CM/ECF electronic court docketing system.

27 2 The second cause of action is erroneously labeled the third cause of action, however, there are only two causes of action present in the complaint. 28 1 April 26, 2023, and extended the deadline for Plaintiff to file a reply brief. (ECF No. 22.) 3 The 2 Defendant’s opposition brief was filed concurrently with the motion for extension of time. 3 (Def.’s Opp’n Mot. Remand (“Opp’n”), ECF No. 21-4 at 2-19.) On April 10, 2023, Plaintiffs 4 filed a reply brief. (Pls.’ Reply (“Reply”), ECF No. 23.) 5 On April 26, 2023, the parties appeared before the Court for a hearing on the motion to 6 remand. (ECF No. 24.) Counsel Maite Colon appeared by videoconference for Plaintiffs. 7 Counsel Sarah Lambert appeared by videoconference for Defendant. 8 III. 9 LEGAL STANDARD 10 A defendant may remove a matter to federal court if the district court would have original 11 jurisdiction. See 28 U.S.C. § 1441(a); Caterpillar, Inc. v. Williams, 482 U.S. 386, 392 (1987). 12 Federal district courts have original jurisdiction over all civil actions between citizens of different 13 states in which the amount in controversy exceeds $75,000, exclusive of costs and interest. 28 14 U.S.C. § 1332(a)(1). A motion to remand is a proper procedure to challenge a removal based on 15 lack of jurisdiction. See 28 U.S.C. § 1447(c). “If at any time before final judgment it appears 16 that the district court lacks subject matter jurisdiction, the case shall be remanded.” Id. 17 Ultimately, “[t]he removal statute is strictly construed against removal jurisdiction, and 18 the burden of establishing federal jurisdiction falls to the party invoking the statute.” California 19 ex rel. Lockyer v. Dynegy, Inc., 375 F.3d 831, 838 (9th Cir. 2004) (citation omitted); see also 20 Provincial Gov’t of Marinduque v. Placer Dome, Inc., 582 F.3d 1083, 1087 (9th Cir. 2009) 21 (same). Thus, if there is any doubt as to the right of removal, a federal court must reject 22 jurisdiction and remand the case to state court. Matheson v. Progressive Specialty Ins. Co., 319 23 F.3d 1089, 1090 (9th Cir. 2003); see also 28 U.S.C. § 1447(c) (“If at any time before final 24 judgment it appears that the district court lacks subject matter jurisdiction, the case shall be 25 remanded.”). 26 / / / 27 3 At the hearing the Court invited any additional argument concerning the granting of the extension of time for 28 Defendant to file the opposition brief, and Plaintiffs declined to present any further objection or challenge. 1 IV. 2 DISCUSSION 3 Plaintiffs argue Defendant has failed to meet its burden to establish by a preponderance of 4 the evidence that Plaintiffs will obtain such damages, penalties and fees at trial thereby exceeding 5 the required $75,000 minimum amount in controversy to establish diversity jurisdiction. 6 Plaintiffs do not present any challenge regarding the citizenship of the parties as satisfying the 7 requirements for diversity jurisdiction. 8 A. Preliminary Issue of Whether the Motion to Remand is Untimely 9 “A motion to remand the case on the basis of any defect other than lack of subject matter 10 jurisdiction must be made within 30 days after the filing of the notice of removal under section 11 1446(a).” 28 U.S.C. § 1447(c). Defendant argues that because Plaintiffs did not file the motion 12 to remand until after the expiration of the thirty (30) day period, the motion should be denied to 13 the extent it is predicated on procedural defects in the removal process. (Opp’n 9.) Plaintiffs 14 respond that Section 1447(c) provides that “[i]f at any time before final judgment it appears that 15 the district court lacks subject matter jurisdiction, the case shall be remanded.” 28 U.S.C. 16 1447(c). 17 To the extent Defendant is only arguing that if Plaintiffs’ motion for removal touches 18 upon procedural defects rather than jurisdictional, the raising of procedural defects would be 19 foreclosed as untimely. See Ceja-Corona, 2013 WL 638293, at *4 n.2 (“The Court finds that, 20 pursuant to section 1447(c), were Plaintiff to raise subsequent issues unrelated to diversity of 21 citizenship and the amount in controversy in its motion for remand such arguments are waived 22 due to its untimely filed motion to remand.”). However, Defendants did not clearly explain in 23 briefing any alleged procedural defects Plaintiffs’ motion may rest on that are separate from the 24 jurisdictional issue, and at the hearing, Defendant conceded the motion to remand is targeted at 25 jurisdictional issues. Accordingly, the Court finds the instant motion to remand is properly 26 presented as to the issue of subject matter jurisdiction. See 28 U.S.C. § 1447(c); Ceja-Corona v. 27 CVS Pharmacy, No. 1:12-CV-01703-AWI, 2013 WL 638293, at *3–4 (E.D. Cal. Feb. 12, 2013) 28 (“Courts routinely refer to the amount in controversy as the required or statutory ‘jurisdictional 1 amount,’ and find it is a jurisdictional requirement that cannot be waived . . . [w]hile Plaintiff has 2 waived any procedural objections to the notice of removal by filing an untimely motion to 3 remand, the text of section 1447(a) specifically excludes a motion to remand based upon lack of 4 subject matter jurisdiction from the thirty day window.”) (footnote omitted), report and 5 recommendation adopted, No. 1:12-CV-01703-AWI, 2013 WL 1281581 (E.D. Cal. Mar. 27, 6 2013); Mehta-Shreve v. TJX Companies, Inc., No. 219CV01086RFBDJA, 2020 WL 1853607, at 7 *2 (D. Nev. Apr. 13, 2020) (“Plaintiff's motion to remand is based on a claim that there is not 8 complete diversity in this case, which is a challenge to the Court's subject matter jurisdiction[,] 9 [a]ccordingly, the motion to remand is timely filed.”). The Court proceeds to the merits of the 10 parties’ arguments. 11 B. Amount in Controversy 12 The amount in controversy is an “simply an estimate of the total amount in dispute, not a 13 prospective assessment of defendant’s liability.” Lewis v. Verizon Commc'ns, Inc., 627 F.3d 14 395, 400 (9th Cir. 2010). Thus, “[i]n determining the amount in controversy, the Court accepts 15 the allegations contained in the complaint as true and assumes the jury will return a verdict in the 16 plaintiff’s favor on every claim.” Henry v. Cent. Freight Lines, Inc., 692 F. App’x 806, 807 (9th 17 Cir. 2017). 18 As inherent in the parties’ framing of legal authorities and arguments in briefing, and as 19 the Court’s review of the relevant authorities, there is some difference in the way courts have 20 explained and applied the standards pertaining to establishing the amount of controversy. 21 For example, Defendant cites to Guglielmino v. McKee Foods Corp., 506 F.3d 696, 698– 22 99 (9th Cir. 2007), and both parties cite to Geographic Expeditions, Inc. v. Est. of Lhotka ex rel. 23 Lhotka, 599 F.3d 1102, 1106 (9th Cir. 2010). 24 In Guglielmino, the Ninth Circuit was presented with the question of what “is defendant’s 25 burden of proof when plaintiffs move to remand pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1447(c) and their state- 26 court complaint specifies that their damages are less than the jurisdictional requirement?” 27 Guglielmino, 506 F.3d at 698–99. The Ninth Circuit explained that caselaw supported the 28 1 existence of three different burdens of proof which may be placed on a removing defendant.4 The 2 first two described are relevant to the issues at hand here: 3 [W]e have identified at least three different burdens of proof which might be placed on a removing defendant under varying 4 circumstances. In Sanchez v. Monumental Life Ins. Co., 102 F.3d 398 (9th Cir.1996), we noted that when a complaint filed in state 5 court alleges on its face an amount in controversy sufficient to meet the federal jurisdictional threshold, such requirement is 6 presumptively satisfied unless it appears to a “legal certainty” that the plaintiff cannot actually recover that amount. Id. at 402 7 (discussing Garza v. Bettcher Indus., Inc., 752 F.Supp. 753, 755–56 (E.D.Mich.1990)); see also St. Paul Mercury Indemnity Co. v. Red 8 Cab Co., 303 U.S. 283, 288–89, 58 S.Ct. 586, 82 L.Ed. 845 (1938) (stating that when a complaint filed pleads more than the 9 jurisdictional amount “the sum claimed by the plaintiff controls if the claim is apparently made in good faith” and that “[i]t must 10 appear to a legal certainty that the claim is really for less than the jurisdictional amount to justify dismissal”). 11 The second situation we have identified is where it is unclear or 12 ambiguous from the face of a state-court complaint whether the requisite amount in controversy is pled. In such a circumstance, we 13 apply a preponderance of the evidence standard. Sanchez, 102 F.3d at 404 (“[T]he removing defendant bears the burden of establishing, 14 by a preponderance of the evidence, that the amount in controversy exceeds[the jurisdictional amount]. Under this burden, the 15 defendant must provide evidence establishing that it is ‘more likely than not’ that the amount in controversy exceeds that amount.”). 16 We have since applied the preponderance holding in Sanchez to complaints filed under the Class Action Fairness Act (“CAFA”) 17 that do not specify a particular amount in controversy. Abrego v. Dow Chemical Co., 443 F.3d 676, 683 (9th Cir.2006) (per curiam). 18 Guglielmino, 506 F.3d at 699–700 (footnote omitted). 19 In Geographic Expeditions, the Ninth Circuit appeared to describe the first “legal 20 certainty” standard as applying to a challenge where the plaintiff chooses to file a complaint in 21 federal court. Thus, the Ninth Circuit described that on one hand, “[w]here the plaintiff originally 22 files in federal court, ‘the amount in controversy is determined from the face of the pleadings.’ ” 23 Geographic Expeditions, 599 F.3d at 1106 (quoting Crum v. Circus Enterprises, 231 F.3d 1129, 24 1131 (9th Cir. 2000)). In such case, “[t]he amount in controversy alleged by the proponent of 25

26 4 The third pertains to class actions that specified a lower amount: “[I]n the CAFA context [] when a state-court complaint affirmatively alleges that the amount in controversy is less than the jurisdictional threshold, the ‘party 27 seeking removal must prove with legal certainty that CAFA’s jurisdictional amount is met.’ ” Guglielmino, 506 F.3d at 700 (quoting Lowdermilk v. U.S. Bank National Ass’n, 479 F.3d 994, 1000 (9th Cir.2007)). 28 1 federal jurisdiction-typically the plaintiff in the substantive dispute—controls so long as the claim 2 is made in good faith,” and “[t]o justify dismissal, it must appear to a legal certainty that the 3 claim is really for less than the jurisdictional amount.” Id. 4 “On the other hand, in a case that has been removed from state court to federal court under 5 28 U.S.C. § 1441 on the basis of diversity jurisdiction, the proponent of federal jurisdiction— 6 typically the defendant in the substantive dispute—has the burden to prove, by a preponderance 7 of the evidence, that removal is proper.” Geographic Expeditions, 599 F.3d at 1106–07 (citing 8 Gaus v. Miles, Inc., 980 F.2d 564, 567 (9th Cir. 1992)). “The preponderance of the evidence 9 standard applies because removal jurisdiction ousts state-court jurisdiction and ‘must be rejected 10 if there is any doubt as to the right of removal in the first instance.’ ” Id. (quoting Gaus, 980 F.2d 11 at 566). 12 Thus, the Ninth Circuit appeared to state that where an action is removed from state court 13 by a defendant, and the removal is challenged, the defendant generally has the burden under the 14 preponderance of evidence standard, and did not aver that the legal certainty test would apply 15 where an action is both removed and the complaint clearly states the amount in controversy as 16 rising above the jurisdictional minimum amount of $75,000.00. Nonetheless, it appears the legal 17 certainty standard could apply in the situation where a complaint clearly alleges a monetary 18 amount in excess of the minimum. See Sanchez v. Monumental Life Ins. Co., 102 F.3d 398, 19 403–04 (9th Cir. 1996) (“Although we did not explicitly hold in Gaus that a removing defendant 20 must prove the existence of the amount in controversy ‘by a preponderance of evidence,’ it is 21 clear from our reliance on McNutt that this was our intent . . . [and] [a]ccordingly, we hold that in 22 cases where a plaintiff’s state court complaint does not specify a particular amount of damages, 23 the removing defendant bears the burden of establishing, by a preponderance of the evidence.”) 24 (citations omitted); Kroske v. U.S. Bank Corp., 432 F.3d 976, 980 (9th Cir. 2005) (“Where, as 25 here, ‘the complaint does not demand a dollar amount, the removing defendant bears the burden 26 of proving by a preponderance of evidence that the amount in controversy exceeds $[75],000.’ ” 27 (quoting Singer v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 116 F.3d 373, 376 (9th Cir.1997))); Huynh v. 28 Nordstrom, Inc., No. 822CV02046DOCJDE, 2023 WL 1992194, at *1 (C.D. Cal. Feb. 14, 2023) 1 (“Generally, a removing defendant must prove by a preponderance of the evidence that the 2 amount in controversy satisfies the jurisdictional threshold . . . [but] [i]f the complaint 3 affirmatively alleges an amount in controversy greater than $75,000, the jurisdictional 4 requirement is ‘presumptively satisfied.’ ” (citing Guglielmino, 506 F.3d at 699)). Nonetheless, 5 as explained below, the Court does not find Plaintiffs have clearly specified a precise amount in 6 controversy in the complaint. Therefore, the Court finds Defendant as the removing party bears 7 the burden of showing by a preponderance of the evidence that the amount in controversy exceeds 8 the jurisdictional threshold. See Guglielmino, 506 F.3d at 699; Geographic Expeditions, 599 F.3d 9 at 1106–07. 10 The preponderance burden requires the defendant to show it is “more likely than not” that 11 the amount in controversy exceeds the jurisdictional amount. Sanchez, 102 F.3d at 404; 12 Rodriguez v. AT & T Mobility Servs. LLC, 728 F.3d 975, 981 (9th Cir. 2013) (same). To 13 determine if the amount in controversy is met, the district court considers the complaint, 14 allegations in the removal petition, “summary-judgment-type evidence relevant to the amount in 15 controversy at the time of removal,” and evidence filed in opposition to the motion to remand. 16 Kroske, 432 F.3d at 980 (citation omitted); Lenau v. Bank of Am., N.A., 131 F. Supp. 3d 1003, 17 1005 (E.D. Cal. 2015); Cohn v. Petsmart, Inc., 281 F.3d 837, 840 n.1 (9th Cir. 2002) (per 18 curiam). 19 1. Actual Damages 20 “In an action brought pursuant to the Song-Beverly Act, a plaintiff may recover ‘an 21 amount equal to the actual price paid or payable by the buyer,’ reduced by ‘that amount directly 22 attributable to use by the buyer.’ ” Cortez Martinez v. Ford Motor Co., No. 23 118CV01607LJOJLT, 2019 WL 1988398, at *3 (E.D. Cal. May 6, 2019) (quoting Cal. Civ. Code 24 § 1793.2(d)(2)(B)-(C)) (emphasis added by quoting source); see also Carla Vega et al., Plaintiff, 25 v. FCA US LLC, et al., Defendants. Additional Party Names: Leonel Torres, No. 26 221CV05128VAPMRWX, 2021 WL 3771795, at *3 (C.D. Cal. Aug. 25, 2021) (defining actual 27 damages in same manner). Such reduction, referred to by courts as the “use offset” is based on 28 the number of miles the buyer has driven prior to the first attempt at repair. Vega, 2021 WL 1 3771795, at *3. 2 The Song-Beverly Act provides a method for calculating the use offset: “The amount 3 directly attributable to use by the buyer shall be determined by multiplying the actual price of the 4 new motor vehicle paid or payable by the buyer, including any charges for transportation and 5 manufacturer-installed options, by a fraction having as its denominator 120,000 and having as its 6 numerator the number of miles traveled by the new motor vehicle prior to the time the buyer first 7 delivered the vehicle to the manufacturer or distributor, or its authorized service and repair 8 facility for correction of the problem that gave rise to the nonconformity.” Cal. Civ. Code § 9 1793.2(d)(2)(C). 10 a. Plaintiffs’ Arguments 11 Plaintiffs argue that while the notice of removal identifies the base figure of its amount-in- 12 controversy analysis as being $77,396.44, which is the total sales price of the Subject Vehicle, 13 Defendant did not provide information regarding the vehicle’s use or condition, which Plaintiffs 14 state is required. See Petropolous v. FCA US, LLC, No. 17-CV-0398 W (KSC), 2017 WL 15 2889303, at *6 (S.D. Cal. July 7, 2017) (recognizing the mileage offset for damages under the 16 Song-Beverly Act); Ferrer v. FCA US LLC, Case No.: 17-CV-0530-AJB-BGS, 2017 WL 17 2875692, at *3 (S.D. Cal. July 6, 2017) (including the full value of the installment contract in the 18 amount in controversy, but applying a mileage offset); Kotulski v. FCA US LLC, Case No.: 17- 19 CV-0527- AJB-BGS, 2017 WL 2705429, at *3 (S.D. Cal. June 23, 2017) (same). 20 Plaintiffs submit that here, the Retail Installment Sales Contract (“RISC”), shows that the 21 purchase price of the vehicle was $77,396.33, and that under the Song-Beverly Act, a mileage 22 offset is taken from the amount paid or payable for usage from the date of purchase to the first 23 repair. Plaintiffs argue this omission alone is enough to invalidate Ford’s “calculation” to 24 establish the amount in controversy as it has failed to show by a preponderance of the evidence 25 what actual damages can amount to in this action. See Vega, No. 2:21-cv-05128-VAP-MRWx, 26 2021 WL 3771795, *3 (C.D. Cal Aug. 25, 2021) (granting remand because the defendants failed 27 to account for the plaintiff’s vehicle’s use offset); Schneider v. Ford Motor Co., 756 F. App’x 28 699, 701 n.3 (9th Cir. 2018) (“Consideration of the Use Offset was appropriate.”); Mullin v. FCA 1 US, LLC, No. CV 20-2061-RSWL-PJW, 2020 WL 2509081, *3 (C.D. Cal. 2020) (“Because 2 Defendants neglected to take the mileage offset into account, they failed to meet their burden of 3 showing the plaintiff’s actual damages based on the purchase price of the vehicle.”); Maciel v. 4 BMW of N. Am., LLC, CV-17-04268-SJO AJWx), 2017 WL 8185859, *2 (C.D. Cal. 2017) 5 (finding amount in controversy not satisfied given the defendant's failure to consider set-off 6 amount); Davidson v. Ford Motor Co., No. EDCV201965FMOSHKX, 2020 WL 6119302, at *2 7 (C.D. Cal. Oct. 16, 2020) (same).

8 b. The Court Finds that Defendant’s Proffered Actual Damages Calculation that Takes into Account the Use Offset is Supported by a Preponderance of the 9 Evidence 10 i. The Court Finds the Alleged Damages Unclear from Face of Complaint 11 Defendant first submits that: 12 As set forth below, the amount in controversy in this case easily exceeds $75,000. This is based on Plaintiffs’ allegations that they 13 (1) purchased the vehicle for $77,396.44, (2) seeks damages that consist of “reimbursement of the price paid for the vehicle., and (3) 14 demand “a civil penalty of up to two times the amount of actual damages.” 15 (Opp’n 10 (footnotes omitted). Of note, there are no ending quotation marks under number (2) 16 excerpted above in Defendant’s quotation from paragraph 23 of Plaintiffs’ complaint. This 17 portion of the complaint reads: “Under the Act, Plaintiffs are entitled to reimbursement of the 18 price paid for the vehicle less that amount directly attributable to use by the Plaintiffs prior to the 19 first presentation to an authorized repair facility for a nonconformity.” (Compl. ¶ 23 (emphasis 20 added).) Defendant states that based on paragraph 23, “[t]here is no uncertainty as to the actual 21 damages claimed by Plaintiff,” and submits that courts find in such cases the legal certainty 22 standard is applicable. Defendant argues Plaintiffs’ claim for the full price paid for their vehicle 23 thus resolves any ambiguity regarding damages since Plaintiffs plead an amount in excess of the 24 required amount in controversy. (Opp’n 7, 12.) 25 However, here, the Court finds it must consider Plaintiffs’ statement in the second clause 26 of paragraph 23 stating “less that amount directly attributable to use by the Plaintiffs prior to the 27 first presentation to an authorized repair facility for a nonconformity.” (Compl. ¶ 23.) Therefore, 28 1 the Court does not accept Defendant’s first line of argument that the complaint’s alleged actual 2 damages are clear from the face of the complaint, and that the legal certainty standard would 3 apply. See Mullin, 2020 WL 2509081, at *3 (“Because removal jurisdiction is strictly construed 4 against removal, the Court is not persuaded by Defendants’ reading of the Complaint.”); Messih 5 v. Mercedes-Benz USA, LLC, No. 21-CV-03032-WHO, 2021 WL 2588977, at *4 (N.D. Cal. 6 June 24, 2021) (“The Prayer for Relief lists various requests for damages without specifying 7 estimated amounts of damages sought . . . [b]ecause the amount in controversy is unclear from the 8 face of the Complaint, MBUSA must show by a preponderance of the evidence that the amount in 9 controversy exceeds $75,000.”). 10 ii. The Court finds Restitution Damages Should not be Utilized without Use Offset 11 Next, Defendant next contends that additional evidence as to Plaintiffs’ actual damages 12 are established by the Retail Installment Sales Contract. Defendant submits that pursuant to the 13 RISC, at the time of purchase, the contract purchase price of the Subject Vehicle was calculated 14 by taking the cash price of the vehicle in the RISC ($52,375.00), adding sales tax ($4,183.69), as 15 well as license and other fees ($728.75), for a total purchase price of $57,287.44. (Decl. Eric D. 16 Sentlinger Supp. Opp’n (“Sentlinger Decl. ¶ 4, ECF No. 21-5 at 2.) Defendant additionally 17 submits that finance charges paid, or to be paid, were not included in calculating the “purchase 18 price,” as required by California law, because of the difficulty of calculating the finance charges 19 paid based on incomplete information, and optional items such as optional service contracts and 20 GAP insurance were also not included in the vehicle price. (Opp’n 12 n.5; Sentlinger Decl. ¶ 4.)5 21 5 In this section of briefing, as for evidence at time of removal, Defendant argues the notice of removal “need not 22 contain evidentiary submissions” to adequately plead the amount in controversy; it need only include a “plausible allegation that the amount in controversy exceeds the jurisdictional threshold.” Dart Cherokee Basin Operating Co., 23 LLC v. Owens, 574 U.S. 81, 84, 135 S. Ct. 547, 551, 190 L. Ed. 2d 495 (2014) (“A statement ‘short and plain’ need not contain evidentiary submissions.”). In reply Plaintiffs argue Defendant’s reliance on Dart is misplaced as that 24 case involved the Class Action Fairness Act (“CAFA”), and there is no anti-removal presumption under CAFA. See Dart, 574 U.S. at 89 (“It suffices to point out that no antiremoval presumption attends cases invoking CAFA, which 25 Congress enacted to facilitate adjudication of certain class actions in federal court.”). Plaintiffs argue Defendant must prove the amount in controversy threshold has been met by a preponderance of the evidence. The Court agrees with Plaintiffs that the appropriate standard is the preponderance of evidence standard, as explained herein, however, 26 the Court does not find Defendant is foreclosed from presenting such evidence at the time of opposition to the motion to remand. See Luna v. FCA US LLC, No. 21-CV-01230-LHK, 2021 WL 4893567, at *8 (N.D. Cal. Oct. 20, 2021) 27 (“Although FCA has not calculated the mileage offset in the Notice of Remand, this is not fatal because FCA provides the calculations in FCA’s opposition to the motion for remand.”); Kroske, 432 F.3d at 980; Lenau, 131 F. 28 Supp. 3d at 1005); Cohn, 281 F.3d at 840 n.1. 1 Defendant argues that given this calculated amount paid or payable by Plaintiffs for the 2 Subject Vehicle (purchase price) of $57,287.44, and Plaintiffs’ demand for “actual” damages plus 3 two times civil penalties ($114,574.88), the result is the total amount in controversy is 4 $171,862.32. (Opp’n 13.) Defendant submits this establishes the requisite amount as under the 5 Song-Beverly Act , a plaintiff can collect restitution “in an amount equal to the actual price paid 6 or payable by the buyer” for the automobile. See Cal. Civ. Code § 1793.2(d)(2)(B) (“In the case 7 of restitution, the manufacturer shall make restitution in an amount equal to the actual price paid 8 or payable by the buyer, including any charges for transportation and manufacturer-installed 9 options, but excluding nonmanufacturer items installed by a dealer or the buyer, and including 10 any collateral charges such as sales or use tax, license fees, registration fees, and other official 11 fees, plus any incidental damages to which the buyer is entitled under Section 1794, including, 12 but not limited to, reasonable repair, towing, and rental car costs actually incurred by the buyer.”). 13 However, while Plaintiffs’ complaint’s prayer for relief does request “rescission of the 14 purchase contract and restitution of all monies expended,” it does not expressly request the price 15 “payable.” Plaintiffs’ reply does not appear to directly mention arguments pertaining to 16 restitution, however, Defendant has not convincingly demonstrate to the Court that the use offset 17 should not be included in the restitution calculation, particularly given the face of Plaintiffs’ 18 complaint at paragraph 23, and the prayer for relief. 19 The Court first acknowledges that the statute uses the word “may” in relation to the use 20 offset: “When restitution is made pursuant to subparagraph (B), the amount to be paid by the 21 manufacturer to the buyer may be reduced by the manufacturer by that amount directly 22 attributable to use by the buyer prior to the time the buyer first delivered the vehicle to the 23 manufacturer or distributor, or its authorized service and repair facility for correction of the 24 problem that gave rise to the nonconformity.” Cal. Civ. Code § 1793.2(d)(2)(C). In Selinger, the 25 court recently explained the differing approaches to the issue of whether evidence must be 26 presented regarding the mileage offset to show, by a preponderance of the evidence, that the 27 amount in controversy requirement is met: 28 The Ninth Circuit has not addressed this precise question. However, 1 Courts in this Circuit have taken several different approaches to address this issue. First, courts have looked to the plaintiff's 2 complaint to determine whether it requests “the entire contract price,” as opposed to the contract price minus deductions. If the 3 complaint has not included deductions, courts have held the defendant did not need to present evidence regarding this mileage 4 offset for purposes of the amount-in-controversy requirement. [citations] 5 As a second approach, other courts have held that the mileage 6 offset, along with other vehicle-value reductions, are simply “not appropriate” for consideration for determining the amount-in- 7 controversy. [citations]

8 Still other courts have held that a plaintiff should present evidence regarding the mileage offset when arguing the requisite amount-in- 9 controversy. [citations]

10 Based on other Ninth Circuit caselaw discussing the amount in controversy requirement, this Court agrees with the courts that have 11 held a removing defendant is not obligated to present evidence regarding the mileage offset to establish the amount-in-controversy 12 requirement for claims arising under the Song Beverly Act.

13 Selinger v. Ford Motor Co., No. 2:22-CV-08883-SPG-KS, 2023 WL 2813510, at *7–8 (C.D. Cal. 14 Apr. 5, 2023). 15 Here, given the allegations in the complaint, including specifically stating Plaintiffs are 16 entitled to “reimbursement of the price paid for the vehicle less that amount directly attributable 17 to use by the Plaintiffs prior to the first presentation to an authorized repair facility,” (Compl. ¶ 18 23), as well as a lack of a specific monetary amount demanded, the Court finds Defendant is 19 required to demonstrate by a preponderance of the evidence that the use offset does not reduce the 20 amount in controversy to a level below the jurisdictional minimum. See Geographic Expeditions, 21 599 F.3d at 1106–07; Petropolous, 2017 WL 2889303, at *6 (“Plaintiffs’ restitution would be 22 $35,678 subtracted by a mileage offset of $7,225.09.”); Ferrer, 2017 WL 2875692, at *2–3 (“As 23 noted above, however, this figure does not end the inquiry [as] the restitution awardable under 24 section 1793.2(d)(2)(B) must be reduced by the amount directly attributable to Ferrer’s use of the 25 Jeep prior to the first repair or attempted repair.”); Nuguid v. Mercedes-Benz USA, LLC, No. 26 321CV00435BENBLM, 2021 WL 5356240, at *8 (S.D. Cal. Nov. 17, 2021) (“[R]estitution in 27 lemon law cases requires calculation of the ‘mileage’ or ‘use’ offset set out by statute.”); Canesco 28 1 v. Ford Motor Co., 570 F. Supp. 3d 872, 898 (S.D. Cal. 2021) (“The restitutionary statutory 2 repurchase of a vehicle awarded under the Song Beverly Act must be ‘reduced by ... that amount 3 directly attributable to use by the buyer prior to the time the buyer first delivered the vehicle to 4 the manufacturer or distributor.’ ”); Luna v. FCA US LLC, No. 21-CV-01230-LHK, 2021 WL 5 4893567, at *8 (N.D. Cal. Oct. 20, 2021) (“[T]he Court first finds that the restitution amount must 6 include the ‘mileage offset.’ ”); Alvarado v. Fca US, LLC, No. EDCV17505JGBDTBX, 2017 7 WL 2495495, at *4 (C.D. Cal. June 8, 2017) (same); Messih v. Mercedes-Benz USA, LLC, No. 8 21-CV-03032-WHO, 2021 WL 2588977, at *5 (N.D. Cal. June 24, 2021) (same). 9 In either regard, whether or not the Plaintiffs’ argued method of calculating, the use offset, 10 must be factored, the evidence pertaining to the use offset and the use offset calculation’s results 11 weigh in favor of Defendant, as the Court now explains.

12 iii. Defendant has Demonstrated by a Preponderance of the Evidence that the Use Offset Calculation Results in Reaching the Jurisdictional Minimum Amount in 13 Controversy 14 Defendant frames Plaintiffs’ position as having submitted no evidence of their own to 15 support what the use or mileage offset may be, but appear to argue it is so substantial that it 16 would reduce Plaintiffs’ actual damages to an amount under $25,000, which in turn, would reduce 17 the amount in controversy (“actual damages” plus an award of two times civil penalties) to under 18 $75,000. While Defendant disputes that a mileage offset must be factored, Defendant assuming 19 arguendo the mileage offset should be considered has provided the Court with a pointed 20 calculation based on evidence of the service records pertaining to the Subject Vehicle. 21 Turning to the calculation, Plaintiffs purchased the Subject Vehicle new, with 8 miles on 22 the odometer. (Sentlinger Decl., Ex. A, ECF No. 21-5 at 5.) Defendant proffers Plaintiffs first 23 delivered the Subject Vehicle to Lithia Ford Lincoln of Fresno on or about August 12, 2021, for a 24 complaint of a ticking sound coming from the engine compartment. (Sentlinger Decl., Ex. B, 25 ECF No. 21-5 at 13.) The August 21, 2021 repair order reflects the mileage at the time of this 26 presentation was 2,356. (Id. at 14.) Thus using that mileage reading, the amount directly 27 attributable to use by Plaintiffs prior to the time they first delivered for correction of the problem 28 that gave rise to the nonconformity was 2,348 miles. 1 Using the Song-Beverly offset calculation, 2,348 miles is divided by 120,000 miles, and 2 then multiplied by the purchase price of the Subject Vehicle ($57,287.44) to obtain the offset 3 figure of $1,120.92. Subtracting the offset amount from the total cost of the Subject vehicle 4 brings the amount of “actual” damages to $56,166.52. Assuming the Court accepts factoring an 5 additional civil penalty of two times the actual damages, this would bring the total amount in 6 controversy to $168,499.56 (i.e., Plaintiffs’ actual damages of $56,166.52 plus a 2x civil penalty 7 of $112,333.04). 8 Defendant additionally submits evidence of the second time the Subject Vehicle was 9 delivered for correction of a problem that gave rise to the nonconformity, March 26, 2022. On 10 that date, Plaintiffs delivered the Subject Vehicle to Lithia Ford Lincoln of Fresno for issues 11 pertaining to the battery and wiper motor. (Sentlinger Decl. Ex. C., ECF No. 21-5 at 16.) The 12 March 22, 2022 repair order reflects that the mileage at the time of this presentation was 9,673. 13 (Id. at 17.) 14 Using the Song-Beverly Act offset calculation, the mileage offset based on this second 15 presentation would be $4,614.02, which would reduce the “actual” damages to $52,673.42. 16 Adding Plaintiffs’ claim for a two times civil penalties would bring the total amount in 17 controversy to $158,020.26. 18 The Court finds these calculations supported by the evidence submitted by Defendants, 19 and finds the calculations correctly computed based on the Song-Beverly Act’s formula. 20 Significantly, as for Defendants’ proffered mileage use offset calculations, Plaintiffs have 21 presented no dispute in reply to Defendant’s evidence concerning the mileage at the initial or 22 second service dates, and instead, appear to only argue that such baseline actual damages 23 calculation is not enough because the civil penalties and attorneys’ fees calculations are not 24 supported by a preponderance of the evidence. Plaintiffs presented no additional challenge at the 25 hearing. Accordingly, the Court finds Defendants’ calculations of the actual damages as offset by 26 the mileage is supported by the preponderance of the evidence. 27 As a final note, While Plaintiffs primarily challenge the lack of evidence in the notice of 28 removal and lack of factoring the use offset therein, as noted above the Court finds it appropriate 1 for a defendant to submit such evidence in support of removal in an opposition to a motion to 2 remand, and is not necessarily required to provide such evidence in the notice of removal. 3 Further, the Court notes that many of the cases that Plaintiff cites to in the initial motion where a 4 court found that a defendant failed to demonstrate the use offset calculation meeting the 5 jurisdictional minimum are distinguishable from the facts here. For example, in Vega, the 6 deficient showing and calculation involved a lease. Vega, 2021 WL 3771795, at *3 (“As a 7 threshold matter, Defendant fails to reduce the actual damages to account for Plaintiffs' use offset 8 [and] [a]dditionally, Defendant's calculation entirely fails to account for the fact that the car was 9 leased, not purchased.”). Further, Plaintiffs cite Mullin, which the Court finds distinguishable as 10 Defendant here provides the two records of dates of service that would start the calculation, 11 whereas in Mullin the defendant failed to provide any such evidence at the time of opposition, 12 instead attempting to only rely on the allegations in the complaint: 13 Here, Defendants failed to take into account the mileage offset in alleging that the amount in controversy exceeds the jurisdictional 14 minimum. In fact, Defendants admit that they “would have needed to determine when and what was the first repair attempt” to 15 calculate the appropriate mileage offset. Opp'n 6:18-24. But, Defendants argue, “that information was not contained in Plaintiff's 16 Complaint.” Id. at 6:24. However, Defendants could have submitted their own evidence in order to calculate the mileage offset; Plaintiff 17 alleges that he “delivered the [ ] Vehicle to Defendant Shaver for substantial repair on at least one occasion.” Compl. ¶ 59. As such, 18 Defendant Shaver could have submitted its own repair records indicating the mileage on the Vehicle when it was delivered for 19 repair, and calculated the appropriate mileage therefrom. See Schneider v. Ford Motor Co., No. 5:19-CV-05545-EJD, 2020 WL 20 991531, at *4 (N.D. Cal. Mar. 2, 2020) (“Plaintiff's Complaint and exhibits do not indicate what the appropriate offset should be in this 21 case. Defendants, however, attached an exhibit that reflects that the most recent repairs to Plaintiff's vehicle occurred at 75,943 miles on 22 October 5, 2017.”); see also Cortez Martinez, 2019 WL 1988398, at *4 (E.D. Cal. May 6, 2019) (allowing the defendant's calculation of 23 the mileage offset for the purposes of establishing the amount in controversy based on an estimate defendant made about a 24 reasonable amount of miles the plaintiff could have driven, absent any knowledge of the actual amount driven). Because Defendants 25 neglected to take the mileage offset into account, they failed to meet their burden of showing Plaintiff's actual damages based on 26 the purchase price of the vehicle. 27 Mullin, 2020 WL 2509081, at *3–4. 28 Because Plaintiffs have not challenged the evidence concerning the use offset, the Court 1 presumes it can accept the earlier date of service as starting the calculation resulting in a higher 2 amount of damages, however, when factoring the civil penalties, the calculation based on either 3 of the service dates yields a sufficient minimum amount of controversy when factoring the civil 4 penalties that the Court now turns to discuss. 5 2. Civil Penalties 6 In addition to actual damages, a buyer who establishes a willful violation of the Song- 7 Beverly Act may also recover a civil penalty of up to “two times the amount of actual damages.” 8 Cal. Civ. Code §§ 1794(c), (e)(1). “District courts in the Ninth Circuit are split on whether to 9 include Song-Beverly Act civil penalties in calculations to assess the amount in controversy, 10 taking into account a plaintiff’s pleadings.” See Ferguson v. KIA Motors Am. Inc., No. 2:20-CV- 11 01192-KJM-DB, 2021 WL 1997550, at *3 (E.D. Cal. May 19, 2021) (collecting and comparing 12 cases in Southern and Central Districts and finding “inclusion of civil penalties in calculating the 13 amount in controversy in this case is appropriate [as] plaintiffs allege defendant ‘willfully 14 violated the provisions of this act [Song-Beverly] by knowing of its obligations to refund or 15 replace Plaintiffs’ vehicle,’ . . . and request a civil penalty based on California Civil Code section 16 1794(c).”). Some courts do not require a defendant to provide evidence beyond pointing to 17 claims arising under the Song-Beverly Act in the complaint; others require a defendant to point to 18 specific allegations in the complaint that support an award of punitive damages. See id.; see also 19 Lopez v. Ford Motor Co., No. 820CV00186JLSJDE, 2020 WL 1922588, at *2 (C.D. Cal. Apr. 20 21, 2020) (“Courts as a matter of law, calculate the amount in controversy based upon the 21 maximum amount of civil penalties available to plaintiff.”) (quoting Saulic v. Symantec Corp., 22 No. SA CV 07-610 AHS (PLAx), 2007 WL 5074883, at *4 (C.D. Cal. Dec. 26, 2007) (collecting 23 cases)). Based on Plaintiff’s allegations, the Court finds that inclusion of civil penalties in 24 calculating the amount in controversy is appropriate in this case. 25 Plaintiffs argue Defendant has not offered any evidence whatsoever to support an award 26 for civil penalties, and thus, it is unable to establish in its notice of removal what civil penalties 27 might be imposed, and merely points to Plaintiffs’ civil penalties claim in their complaint and 28 asserts that this alone is sufficient to establish that the maximum amount of civil penalties should 1 be included in the amount in controversy. Plaintiffs rely on the holding in Zawaideh and a 2 number of Central District cases that have followed that or similar holdings in finding civil 3 penalties under the Song-Beverly Act to be speculative for determining the amount in 4 controversy. Zawaideh v. BMW of North America, LLC, No. 17-CV-2151 W (KSC), 2018 WL 5 1805103, at *2 (S.D. Cal. Apr. 17, 2018); Vega, 2021 WL 3771795, *4; Ronquillo v. BMW of 6 North America, LLC, No. 3:20-cv-1413-W-WVG, 2020 WL 6741317 (S.D. Cal. Nov. 17, 2020); 7 D’Amico v. Ford Motor Company, No. CV 20-2985-CJC (JCx), 2020 WL 2614610 (C.D. Cal. 8 May 21, 2020); Sood v. FCA US, LLC, NO. CV 21-4287- RSWL-SKx, 2021 WL 4786451 (C.D. 9 Cal. Oct. 14, 2021); Esparza v. FCA US LLC, No. 2:21-cv- 01856-RGK-MRW, 2021 WL 10 949600, at *1 (C.D. Cal. Mar. 12, 2021); Garcia v. FCA US LLC, 2:20-cv-04779-VAP-MRWx, 11 2020 WL 4219614, *3 (C.D. Cal. July 22, 2020); Chavez v. FCA US LLC, No. 2:19-cv-06003- 12 ODW (GJSx), 2020 WL 468909, *2 (C.D. Cal. 2020); Lopez v. FCA US LLC, No. 2:19-cv- 13 07577-RGK-MRW, 2019 WL 4450427, *2 (C.D. Cal. Sep. 16, 2019); Eberle v. Jaguar Land 14 Rover N. Am., LLC, No. 2:18-cv-06650-VAP (PLAx), 2018 WL 4674598, at *2 (C.D. Cal. Sept. 15 26, 2018) (collecting cases). 16 As an initial matter, the Court finds the discussion in Cortez appropriately addresses this 17 issue, and the Court finds it can factor the Plaintiffs’ request in the complaint for two times 18 damages as a civil penalty to determine the amount in controversy: 19 Plaintiffs argue Defendant has made no showing the civil penalty is more likely than not to be awarded in this case and cite Zawaideh v. 20 BMW of N.Am., LLC, No. 17-cv-2151 (KSC), 2018 WL 1805103 (S.D. Cal. Apr. 17, 2018) for the proposition that a defendant must 21 justify its assumption that an award of civil penalties would be appropriate in calculating the amount in controversy. In Zawaideh, 22 the court determined that because the civil penalty under the Act is analogous to an award of punitive damages, calculating the amount 23 in controversy with respect to those civil penalties should be performed in the same manner as punitive damages: introducing 24 evidence of jury verdicts in cases involving analogous facts to establish the entitlement to and a reasonable amount of a civil 25 penalty. Id. at 2. 26 From the amount-in-controversy perspective, however, punitive damages are different from the award of Song-Beverly-Act civil 27 penalties in an important aspect. While there is some logical appeal to treating the two alike for purposes of calculating the amount in 28 controversy, calculating civil penalties in the same manner as 1 punitive damages results in placing more emphasis on an assessment of the amount defendant will be potentially liable rather 2 than determining what has been put at issue by the plaintiff. 3 An award of punitive damages is bounded by constitutional due process limits, but there is no “bright-line ratio which a punitive 4 damages award cannot exceed.” State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co. v. Campbell, 538 U.S. 408, 425 (2003). Constitutional due process 5 under the Fourteenth Amendment requires that the measure of punishment to the defendant is “both reasonable and proportionate 6 to the amount of harm to the plaintiff and to the general damages recovered.” Id. The upper limit of punitive damages must be 7 assessed against (1) the degree of reprehensibility of the defendant's misconduct; (2) the disparity between the actual or potential harm 8 suffered by the plaintiff and the punitive damages award; and (3) the difference between the punitive damages awarded by the jury 9 and the civil penalties authorized or imposed in comparable cases. Id. at 418 (citing BMW of North America, Inc. v. Gore, 517 U.S. 10 559, 575 (1996) ). When a plaintiff seeks punitive damages, determining what the upper limits of a punitive damage award 11 could possibly be under those particular circumstances requires a comparison of analogous fact scenarios and awards in other cases. 12 With the Song-Beverly Act's civil penalty, the upper limit of the awardable civil penalties is a bright line: no more than two times 13 the actual damages – there is no question what the upper range of an award could be, and it is not necessary to compare other cases to 14 determine how much has been put at issue. Once the upper limit of the civil penalty is established, there is no question how much could 15 potentially be awarded by a jury. Requiring a defendant to show what award of civil penalties are likely to be awarded when the 16 maximum award of civil penalties is already a known ratio shifts the amount-in-controversy inquiry to an assessment of how much a 17 defendant is likely to be held liable – not how much the plaintiff has put at issue. Where a plaintiff properly alleges entitlement to the 18 Act's civil penalty, which includes allegations of the requisite willfulness by the defendant, up to two times the amount of actual 19 damages is put at issue whether or not that amount is ultimately awarded. Rippee v. Boston Market Corp., 408 F. Supp. 2d 982, 986 20 (S.D. Cal. 2005); see also Scherer v. Equitable Life assurance Society of the United States, 347 F.3d 394, 399 (2d Cir. 2003) 21 (recognizing that the ultimate or provable amount of damages is not what is considered when determining the amount in controversy; 22 rather, it is the amount put in controversy by the plaintiff's complaint). Because the maximum amount of the civil penalty is set 23 by a known and calculable bright line, requiring the defendant to establish the likely amount of the civil penalty that is likely to be 24 awarded shifts the focus, impermissibly in this Court's view, to an assessment of defendant's liability rather than what the plaintiff has 25 placed into controversy. Chavez v. JPMorgan Chase & Co., 888 F.3d 413, 417 (9th Cir. 2018) (restating basic principle that amount 26 in controversy is “not a prospective assessment of [a] defendant's liability” but what is at stake in the underlying litigation). 27 Moreover, unlike punitive damages where a plaintiff does not 28 typically seek a specific amount or ratio of punitive damages, 1 Plaintiffs allege here that Defendant's conduct in failing to comply with the Song-Beverly Act was willful, and Plaintiffs specifically 2 pray for a civil penalty “in the amount of two times Plaintiffs’ actual damages.” (Cmplt., p. 7, ¶ 5 (prayer for relief).) Because that 3 is the amount of the civil penalty Plaintiff seeks, that amount has been expressly placed into controversy by the complaint. The 4 reasonable amount of alleged actual damages is $25,115.40; two times that amount is $50,230.80 ($25,115.40 * 2). 5 6 Cortez Martinez v. Ford Motor Co., No. 118CV01607LJOJLT, 2019 WL 1988398, at *5–7 (E.D. 7 Cal. May 6, 2019). In addition this Court has included Song-Beverly Act civil penalties where a 8 plaintiff’s complaint references willful behavior and requests two times civil penalties based on 9 such alleged willful behavior. See Mpock v. FCA US LLC, No. 121CV00330NONESAB, 2021 10 WL 5356472, at *12 (E.D. Cal. Nov. 17, 2021) (“Indeed, the Court finds the allegations in the 11 complaint plainly support Defendant’s assumption that double penalties (the statutory maximum) 12 should be included in the amount in controversy calculations [as] Plaintiff requests, multiple 13 times and in no uncertain terms, ‘a civil penalty of two times Plaintiff's actual damages’ arising 14 from Defendant’s purported Song-Beverly violations.”), report and recommendation adopted, No. 15 121CV00330NONESAB, 2021 WL 5966833 (E.D. Cal. Dec. 16, 2021). 16 The Court finds inclusion of civil penalties is, contrary to Plaintiffs’ argument, warranted. 17 As noted above, in determining the amount in controversy, the court must accept the allegations 18 in the complaint as true and assume the jury will return a verdict in Plaintiff’s favor on every 19 claim. Henry, 692 F. App’x at 807. Here, the complaint plainly and repeatedly requests statutory 20 penalties for the alleged violations of the Song-Beverly Act, and specifically alleges that such two 21 times penalties are appropriate because of Defendant’s willful failure. Plaintiffs’ first cause of 22 action for breach of express warranty under the Song-Beverly Act, states, “Plaintiffs are entitled 23 in addition to the amounts recovered, a civil penalty of up to two times the amount of actual 24 damages for FORD’s willful failure to comply with its responsibilities under the Act.” (Compl. ¶ 25 26.) Plaintiffs’ second cause of action (erroneously labelled the third cause of action), for 26 violation of the Song-Beverly Act § 1793.2, states “Plaintiffs are entitled in addition to the 27 amounts recovered, a civil penalty of up to two times the amount of actual damages in that FORD 28 has willfully failed to comply with its responsibilities under the Act.” (Compl. ¶ 39 (emphasis 1 added).) Plaintiffs’ prayer for relief requests a “civil penalty in the amount of two times 2 Plaintiffs’ actual damages.” (Compl. at p. 5, ECF No. 1-3 at 6.) Accordingly, the Court finds 3 inclusion of statutory penalties in the amount in controversy calculations is reasonably supported 4 by the language in the complaint; the allegations in the complaint plainly support Defendant’s 5 assumption that double penalties (the statutory maximum) should be included in the amount in 6 controversy calculations. As the Court previously noted, the amount in controversy is not “a 7 prospective assessment of defendant’s liability,” but an “estimate of the total amount in dispute.” 8 Lewis, 627 F.3d at 400. Further, in evaluating the amount in controversy, the Court must accept 9 Plaintiff’s allegations as true and assume Plaintiff will be successful on all of his claims. Henry, 10 692 F. App’x at 807. Here, a plain reading of the complaint reveals Plaintiffs have put up to the 11 maximum statutory penalty for Song-Beverly Act violations at issue in this action. 12 To the extent Plaintiffs argue the penalty calculations are impermissibly speculative 13 because they are derived from an unsupported actual damages valuation, the Court has 14 determined that Defendant sufficiently met its preponderance burden to establish actual damages 15 based on summary-judgment-style evidence and the language of the complaint. Thus in this 16 regard, in addition to finding generally it to be appropriate to consider requests for civil penalties 17 to put such amount at issue, the Court finds many of the cases cited by Plaintiffs to be 18 distinguishable, in that the finding that civil penalties were speculative was often grounded at 19 least in part in the failure to establish the actual damages that form the basis for the calculation of 20 the civil penalty. See Vega, 2021 WL 3771795, at *3 (“Defendant has not pointed to any specific 21 allegations in the complaint or notice of removal suggesting that the civil penalty would be 22 awarded, or how much it might be if it were.” (citing Zawaideh, 2018 WL 1805103, at *2)); 23 Chavez v. FCA US LLC, No. 219CV06003ODWGJSX, 2020 WL 468909, at *2 (C.D. Cal. Jan. 24 27, 2020) (“Foremost, the Sale Contract does not necessarily reflect the amount-in-controversy 25 [as] [h]ere, Chavez requests restitution for all money paid to FCA; yet, FCA fails to indicate an 26 amount of payments made[;]. . . . [a]dditionally, FCA attempts to offset the Vehicle mileage 27 using a dated repair order that occurred a month after Chavez purchased the Vehicle and almost 28 three years before Chavez brought suit in state court . . . [thus] [i]f the amount of actual damages 1 is speculative, however, an attempt to determine the civil penalty is equally uncertain . . . FCA 2 has not offered any evidence to support such an award, and thus, the Court is unable to determine 3 what civil penalties might be imposed.”); Garcia, 2020 WL 4219614, at *3 (“Plaintiff contends 4 that Defendant has not even attempted to ascertain the mileage offset or acknowledge that such a 5 calculation exists in determining Plaintiff's damages [and] [w]ithout more information, the Court 6 cannot give weight to Defendant's allegations of actual damages . . . [thus] [i]f the amount of 7 actual damages is speculative, however, an attempt to determine the civil penalty is equally 8 uncertain [and] [m]oreover, Defendant has not pointed to any specific allegations in the action 9 suggesting that the civil penalty would be awarded, or how much it might be if it were.”); Eberle, 10 2018 WL 4674598, at *2 (“While the car's purchase price is considerable, the Act's statutory 11 offset could significantly lessen Plaintiff's actual damages[;] Defendant has offered no 12 maintenance record or any other facts to assist the Court in determining what the actual damages 13 might be without resorting to speculation . . . [and] [i]f the amount of actual damages is 14 speculative, however, an attempt to determine the civil penalty is equally uncertain . . . [and] 15 Defendant, however, has not pointed to any specific allegations in the action suggest that the civil 16 penalty would be awarded, or how much it might be if it were.”); Sood, 2021 WL 4786451, at *5 17 (“First, Plaintiffs are entitled to a civil penalty only if Defendant's violations were willful, and 18 Defendant has not provided any evidence, nor pointed to any allegations in the Complaint, to 19 support Plaintiffs' entitlement to civil penalties . . . [a]dditionally, given that Defendant has not 20 met its burden in establishing the amount of actual damages, it follows that determining the 21 amount of civil penalties likely to be awarded is also uncertain . . . Defendant provides no support 22 that any civil penalty would be awarded or what the amount of any civil penalty would be in this 23 case.”); D’Amico, 2020 WL 2614610, at *3 (declining to assume civil penalties after previously 24 holding that “[g]iven Defendant’s failure to account for both the fact that the car was leased and 25 for the use offset, Defendant has failed to carry its burden as to Plaintiff's actual damages.”). 26 Accordingly, based on the allegations in the complaint putting the two times civil 27 penalties at issue, and based on the two use offset calculations provided by Defendant that were 28 not disputed as to the accuracy of the service records or the method of such calculation, the Court 1 finds Defendant has established by a preponderance of the evidence that the jurisdictional 2 minimum amount in controversy has been met with the inclusion of two times civil penalties 3 which put the amount in controversy at either $158,020.26, or $168,499.56.6 In sum, the Court 4 concludes that Defendant has established complete diversity and an amount in controversy in this 5 action exceeding $75,000. Thus, Defendant has shown that, if Plaintiffs are successful in the 6 action, it is likely that Plaintiff will recover well in excess of $75,000. On this record, the Court 7 recommends Plaintiff’s motion be denied. 8 3. The Court need not Factor Attorneys’ Fees 9 “[A] court must include future attorneys’ fees recoverable by statute or contract when 10 assessing whether the amount-in-controversy requirement is met[,] [though] [t]he defendant 11 retains the burden, however, of proving the amount of future attorneys’ fees by a preponderance 12 of the evidence.” Arias v. Residence Inn by Marriott, 936 F.3d 920, 927 (9th Cir. 2019) (internal 13 quotation marks and citations omitted). If the plaintiff is legally entitled to future attorneys’ fees 14 if successful, “then there is no question that future [attorneys’ fees] are ‘at stake’ in the 15 litigation.” Fritsch v. Swift Transp. Co. of Arizona, LLC, 899 F.3d 785, 794 (9th Cir. 2018) 16 (quoting Chavez v. JPMorgan Chase & Co., 888 F.3d 413, 417 (9th Cir. 2018)). “A district court 17 may reject the defendant’s attempts to include future attorneys’ fees in the amount in controversy 18 if the defendant fails to satisfy [its] burden of proof.” Id. at 795. 19 The Song-Beverly Act provides for an award of attorneys’ fees. Cal. Civ. Code. §§ 20 1794(d), (e)(1). Plaintiff seeks general attorneys’ fees in the complaint. (Compl. at Prayer (“[f]or 21 reasonable attorney’s fees and costs of suit”).) Therefore, attorneys’ fees may be included in the 22 amount in the amount in controversy estimate, provided Defendant meets its preponderance 23 burden with respect to its proffered calculations. 24 Here, Plaintiffs argue that Defendant has not met its burden here, comparing the lack of 25 information here to, for example in Brady v. Mercedes Benz USA, Inc., 243 F.Supp.2d 1004, 26 6 The Court finds the two times civil penalties has been put “at issue” by Plaintiffs’ complaint. However, even if the 27 Court were to take the lower calculation of actual damages based on the use offset calculation above, $52,673.42, and assumed only a one half civil penalty (0.5 x $52,673.42 = $26,336.71), the total amount at issue, not even factoring 28 potential attorneys’ fees, would result in a total of $79,010.13. 1 1011 (N.D. Cal. 2002), where the court included an estimate of future attorneys’ fees in the 2 amount in controversy, but only because the parties had included both a declaration from 3 plaintiff’s counsel stating his hourly rate and an estimate of fees incurred to date, and a 4 declaration from defendant’s counsel detailing fee awards (not requests) in similar lemon law 5 cases to calculate the amount in controversy. 6 Nevertheless, the court need not calculate or otherwise address the amount of attorneys’ 7 fees potentially at issue in this case since an amount in controversy exceeding $75,000 has 8 already been established based upon the actual damages and civil penalties available under the 9 Song-Beverly Act in this case should Plaintiffs prevail. 10 C. Alternative Request For Jurisdictional Discovery 11 If the Court were inclined to grant Plaintiffs’ motion to remand based on a finding of lack 12 of evidence, Defendant would request the Court grant leave to conduct jurisdictional discovery 13 rather than proceeding to directly remand the action. See Harris Rutsky & Co. Ins. Servs. v. Bell 14 & Clements Ltd., 328 F.3d 1122, 1136 (9th Cir. 2003). Plaintiffs respond that the request should 15 be denied because the “vague request is ‘based on little more than a hunch that it might yield 16 jurisdictionally relevant facts.’ ” Young v. FCA US LLC, No. 521CV00622JLSSHK, 2021 WL 17 5578723, at *3 (C.D. Cal. Nov. 30, 2021) (quoting Boschetto v. Hansing, 539 F.3d 1011, 1020 18 (9th Cir. 2008)). 19 Here, if the recommendation to deny the motion to remand is accepted, Defendant’s 20 request would be unnecessary and moot, and therefore the Court recommends denying the request 21 for jurisdictional discovery. 22 V. 23 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 24 Based on the foregoing, IT IS HEREBY RECOMMENDED that Plaintiffs’ motion to 25 remand (ECF No. 16) be DENIED. 26 These findings and recommendations are submitted to the district judge assigned to this 27 action, pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1)(B) and this Court’s Local Rule 304. Within fourteen 28 (14) days of service of this recommendation, any party may file written objections to these 1 | findings and recommendations with the Court and serve a copy on all parties. Such a document 2 | should be captioned “Objections to Magistrate Judge’s Findings and Recommendations.” The 3 | district judge will review the magistrate judge’s findings and recommendations pursuant to 28 4 | US.C. § 636(b)(1)(C). The parties are advised that failure to file objections within the specified 5 | time may result in the waiver of rights on appeal. Wilkerson v. Wheeler, 772 F.3d 834, 839 (9th 6 | Cir. 2014) (citing Baxter v. Sullivan, 923 F.2d 1391, 1394 (9th Cir. 1991)). 7 g IT IS SO ORDERED. □□ (Se 9 | Dated: _April 28, 2023 _ 0 UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE

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