Village of Lombard v. Expedia, Inc.

CourtCourt of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit
DecidedNovember 22, 2017
Docket16-3944
StatusPublished

This text of Village of Lombard v. Expedia, Inc. (Village of Lombard v. Expedia, Inc.) is published on Counsel Stack Legal Research, covering Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit primary law. Counsel Stack provides free access to over 12 million legal documents including statutes, case law, regulations, and constitutions.

Bluebook
Village of Lombard v. Expedia, Inc., (7th Cir. 2017).

Opinion

In the

United States Court of Appeals For the Seventh Circuit ____________________ Nos. 16‐3932 & 16‐3944 VILLAGE OF BEDFORD PARK, et al., Plaintiffs‐Appellants, and

VILLAGE OF LOMBARD, Plaintiff‐Cross‐Appellee,

v.

EXPEDIA, INC., et al., Defendants‐Appellees, Cross‐Appellants. ____________________

Appeals from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois, Eastern Division. No. 13‐05633 — Matthew F. Kennelly, Judge. ____________________

ARGUED OCTOBER 23, 2017 — DECIDED NOVEMBER 22, 2017 ____________________

Before BAUER and HAMILTON, Circuit Judges, and DARROW, District Judge.

 Of the Central District of Illinois, sitting by designation. 2 Nos. 16‐3932 & 16‐3944

DARROW, District Judge. Thirteen Illinois municipalities (“the municipalities”) assert that the Appellees‐Cross‐Appel‐ lants, which are online travel agencies (“OTAs”), have with‐ held money owed to them under their local hotel tax ordi‐ nances. The OTAs operate their online travel websites under the “merchant model”; customers pay an OTA directly to re‐ serve rooms at hotels the OTA has contracted with. The par‐ ticipating hotels set a room rental rate. The OTA charges the customer a price that includes that rate, the estimated tax owed to the municipality, and additional charges for the OTA’s services. After the customer’s stay, the hotel invoices the OTA for the room rate and taxes, and remits the taxes col‐ lected to the municipality. The municipalities argue that they have been shorted tax revenue over the years because the OTAs do not remit taxes on the full price that customers pay. To illustrate, assume a 5 percent tax. If a customer books a room directly with a hotel for $100 a night, the hotel collects $5 for taxes and remits that to the municipality. But if a cus‐ tomer books a room through an OTA for $100 and the hotel’s room rental rate is only $60, the OTA pays the hotel $63 and the hotel remits $3 to the municipality. The municipalities seek to collect the additional $2 from the OTAs. But none of the municipal ordinances place a duty on the OTAs to collect or remit the taxes, so the municipalities have no recourse against the OTAs. The OTAs are entitled to summary judg‐ ment against all of the municipalities.

Nos. 16‐3932 & 16‐3944 3

I. Factual Background The facts of this case are not highly disputed, but their le‐ gal significance is. At issue is how the OTAs in this case—Ex‐ pedia, Priceline, Travelocity, and Orbitz1—function and the thirteen municipal tax ordinances. a. Online Travel Agencies’ Practices The OTAs enter into contracts with hotels, under which the hotels agree to make rooms available for the OTAs. The OTAs then market those rooms and allow customers to re‐ serve them through their websites. The OTAs do not pre‐pay for rooms and re‐rent them to customers and they do not bear any loss if the rooms are not reserved. And the hotels can cease offering rooms through the OTAs at any time. When a customer reserves a room through an OTA, he pays the OTA directly—the OTA serves as the merchant of record on the customer’s credit card bill. The OTAs present the price in two line items: first, a charge for the room and second, a charge for taxes and fees. The charge for the room includes the room rate as set by the hotel, plus additional charges set by the OTAs. The customer never sees the hotel’s room rate, but must agree to the OTA’s terms and conditions,

1 For ease, the Court uses these four OTAs specifically to refer to the

four groups of Appellees‐Cross‐Appellants: the Expedia group (including Hotels.com, L.P., Hotwire, Inc., Expedia, Inc., and Egencia, LLC); the Priceline group (including priceline.com Inc. (n/k/a The Priceline Group Inc.), priceline.com LLC, and Travelweb LLC); the Travelocity group (in‐ cluding TVL LP (f/k/a Travelocity.com LP) and Site59.com LLC); and the Orbitz group (including Orbitz, LLC, Trip Network, Inc., and Internet‐ work Publishing Corp. (d/b/a Lodging.com)). 4 Nos. 16‐3932 & 16‐3944

which state that the price charged includes the cost of the ho‐ tel plus consideration for the OTA’s services. The taxes and fees charge includes the estimated taxes the hotel will owe on the rental plus additional fees as set by the OTA. If the cus‐ tomer incurs additional charges during his stay, he pays those to the hotel directly. After the customer checks out, the hotel invoices the OTA—or charges a virtual credit card provided by the OTA—for the room rate plus applicable taxes. Although representatives from the OTAs, and statements made to the Securities and Exchange Commission, indicate that the OTAs “sell” hotel rooms to customers, the OTAs as‐ sert that this is merely industry jargon. See, e.g., Priceline Rep. Dep. 231:3–9, Pls.’s Statement of Undisputed Facts Ex. 19, ECF No. 256‐52 (“I want to be careful to point out that [the terms purchase and sale are] commonly used in the context of cus‐ tomers making reservations with hotels whose rates and in‐ ventory were made available to us … . We are not in the busi‐ ness of buying and selling hotel rooms.”). Contracts between hotels and the OTAs confirm that the OTAs do not actually buy, and never acquire the right to enter or grant possession of, hotel rooms. Instead, the OTAs take reservation requests from customers and transmit those to the hotels. The contracts require the hotels to honor those requests, but the customer does not obtain the right to occupy the room until he checks in at the hotel. The OTAs do provide additional services to customers be‐ tween payment and check in at the hotel. In fact, a customer will likely only deal with the OTA prior to checking in because

2 This ECF number refers to the district court’s docket. Nos. 16‐3932 & 16‐3944 5

OTAs handle reservation modifications, cancellations, and re‐ funds. The OTAs generally enforce a hotel’s cancellation poli‐ cies, but sometimes set their own policies and charge their own cancellation fees. The OTAs also often provide customer service support, but some contracts specify that the OTAs will refer hotel‐specific questions to the hotels. b. Municipal Ordinances Though each of the thirteen ordinances has unique as‐ pects, all fall into one of three general categories: those that place the duty to collect and remit the tax on owners, opera‐ tors, and managers of hotels or hotel rooms; those that apply to all persons engaged in the business of renting hotel rooms; and those that incorporate elements of both.3 i. Owners, Operators, and Managers Seven municipalities—Arlington Heights, Bedford Park, Oak Lawn, Orland Park, Orland Hills, Schaumburg, and Tin‐ ley Park—have ordinances that impose a tax on the use and privilege of renting, leasing, or letting hotel and motel rooms. While a hotel guest ultimately bears responsibility for the tax, the ordinances generally place the duty of collecting the tax from the renter and paying it to the municipality on the owner, operator, or manager of hotels. Some of the ordinances place the duty on owners, operators, and managers of hotel accommodations, which are defined as “[a] room or rooms in any building or structure kept, used or maintained as or ad‐ vertised or held out to the public to be an inn, motel, hotel” or

3 Most of the ordinances have been amended over time—for example,

the tax rates have been increased or enforcement mechanisms have been altered—but, unless otherwise noted, the amendments have not changed the ordinances in aspects relevant to this case. 6 Nos. 16‐3932 & 16‐3944

a similar facility. Orland Hills Ordinance, Br. Appellants Sep. App. 170; Orland Park Ordinance, id. at 355–56 (same); Tinley Park Ordinance, id. at 369 (same). ii.

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Village of Lombard v. Expedia, Inc., Counsel Stack Legal Research, https://law.counselstack.com/opinion/village-of-lombard-v-expedia-inc-ca7-2017.