BiRdzell, J.
This is an action to foreclose a mechanic’s lien. The lien claimed is for a balance due on account of work done in the construction of a house upon certain land in circumstances to be hereinafter described. The defendants denied the existence of the lien and prayed judgment that the pretended lien filed by the plaintiff be de-
dared null and void. From a judgment in favor of tbe plaintiff tbe defendants bave appealed and demand a trial de novo. Tbe facts necessary to an understanding of tbe questions presented on tbe record are as follows: Edwin Boggs and W. S. Williams, being tbe owners ■of section 5, township 144, north of range 52, west of the 5th p. M., entered into a contract with John Frank and Mary Frank for tbe sale bv tbe former and purchase by the latter of an undivided one-half interest in tbe land for tbe sum of $17,052. Tbe contract recited a cash payment of $2,000 and provided for deferring tbe remainder for a period of six years. It further provided that tbe purchaser, John Frank, was to farm tbe land and deliver to tbe legal owners one fourth of the grain, tbe latter to pay a certain portion of tbe expenses and for one-half of tbe seed. It likewise contained an option for tbe purchase of tbe remaining undivided one-half interest by Frank at tbe end of six years “at whatever land is worth at that time.” (For tbe purpose of this opinion this option will be considered as void for indefiniteness.) Frank went into possession under this contract in tlie winter of 1914 and continued to farm tbe land until 1923. Up until 1921 there, apparently, bad been no break in his relations with tbe vendors. Edwin Beggs, a resident of Illinois and the record owner of tbe land, bad died in 1916, and bis estate was being bandied by three executors. There were proceedings for tbe probate of bis will in North Dakota in 1920 and in tbe inventory tbe land in question was listed. It appears that Frank made payments by grain and otherwise to Beggs and to bis executors from time to time as bis circumstances and tbe results of bis farming operations justified, but that be was unable to reduce bis indebtedness. On the contrary tbe indebtedness bad grown larger, as be bad not been able to pay taxes, keep up bis interest payments and repay advances that Beggs bad made to enable him to continue bis farming operations. However, in tbe spring of 1921, be was still hopeful of being able to pay out on bis contract and was likewise desirous of improving tbe living quarters for himself and family. Tbe bouse upon the land bad become scarcely habitable, though it was rather large in size. It seems that about May 1, 1921 Frank wrote to one Sinclair, one of tbe executors of tbe Beggs estate, of bis desire to rebuild tbe house, stating that it would cost
around $2,000. To tbis letter Sinclair replied on May 16th that the figures seemed low and suggested that it would surely not include equipment for heating and plumbing and painting, saying, furthermore, that he did not think it right for the executors to keep Frank’s family in the old house in its then present condition; but he expressed disappointment at not having received a larger payment on the contract the year before, stating that they had only received $1,000 for interest and crop share during the last two years, further stating a willingness to accept part payment on the account, but that they desired a definite statement as to how much Frank would pay before starting on the house. He then expressed these conditions: “In case you do rebuild that house, we would want it distinctly understood and agreed that you would pay for the same in full. Also, we would want a release from the contractor of all mechanics’ liens against the same. We would want this so that he would not come back on us for any payment on the house. We want to be just as fair with you as possible but considering the shape you are in with us it is mighty hard to figure out just what is the right thing to do. . . It looks like with all of the acres you have in crop this year that you surely will be able to come out in good shape. We are still willing to stand behind you and want you to help us out all possible.”
This letter was acknowledged by Frank on June 2d, who then wrote: “Evidently I did not make my letter plain as to contractor’s figures on rebuilding. His figure was for all labor except hauling, that includes wrecking the old house, clean the lumber, concrete work including 500 barrel cistern in basement, plastering and painting and everything in labor line. I figured it would be safer to furnish the material as it would be very easy to get something pulled over if they furnished as there is so much material in this old house. The mill work and shingles and cement will be practically all will have to buy. As to the builder lien I could get them to release that, but if I can’t get started this month I will be afraid to start as the harvest will be here around the middle of July and if nothing happens the crop will be something to handle. If I build I won’t be able to pay you anything as it would have to be cash as they would have no comeback on the farm but I
would make yon an assignment of this crop if yon desire it or tnrn it over to you at tbresbing time as yon like. I am working the public to build for me, or in other words I am building $3,000 roads to get the money to build with.”
On June 20th Sinclair answered this letter, stating “there is one thing very certain that we would want understood and that is that you would pay for this house yourself. Furthermore we would want it understood that we want the house to belong to the farm and could not be moved away in ease you should vacate the farm. Also as I have written you before we want release of lien by the contractor and also from the parties from whom you buy the material. ... It is not really good business paying out a lot of money for a new house but there is no question but what you need it. Please let me know what you intend to do as soon as possible.”
On June 30th Frank wrote: “We got started last Friday wrecking and clearing lumber. . . . As to the releases, if you will draw them up I will get them signed or I will get someone to draw them up as it is out of my line.”
Sinclair advised his eoexecutors of the desire of Frank to rebuild the house and apparently they were apprised of the contents of the letters above referred to and partially quoted. No release of the lien was ever taken from the contractor, the plaintiff in this action, but he was advised that the land belonged to the Beggs estate and of Frank’s interest under the contract of purchase. He contracted to do the work upon the house for $1,800 and he and Frank entered into a separate contract for the moving of a portion of the old house and constructing a leanto and for building a tank, it being necessary to remove the old house entirely that the new building might be on the same location and temporary living quarters provided. It was agreed that his compensation for this should be $200. At the completion of the contract' a mechanic’s lien statement was filed showing that Viker had performed the labor under a contract with Frank in erecting a house on the land described, of which the said “J. A. Frank was then and is now the owner,” and claiming a lien “in favor of the said dwelling house,” and including the land upon which it is situated, the attached statement being as follows:
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BiRdzell, J.
This is an action to foreclose a mechanic’s lien. The lien claimed is for a balance due on account of work done in the construction of a house upon certain land in circumstances to be hereinafter described. The defendants denied the existence of the lien and prayed judgment that the pretended lien filed by the plaintiff be de-
dared null and void. From a judgment in favor of tbe plaintiff tbe defendants bave appealed and demand a trial de novo. Tbe facts necessary to an understanding of tbe questions presented on tbe record are as follows: Edwin Boggs and W. S. Williams, being tbe owners ■of section 5, township 144, north of range 52, west of the 5th p. M., entered into a contract with John Frank and Mary Frank for tbe sale bv tbe former and purchase by the latter of an undivided one-half interest in tbe land for tbe sum of $17,052. Tbe contract recited a cash payment of $2,000 and provided for deferring tbe remainder for a period of six years. It further provided that tbe purchaser, John Frank, was to farm tbe land and deliver to tbe legal owners one fourth of the grain, tbe latter to pay a certain portion of tbe expenses and for one-half of tbe seed. It likewise contained an option for tbe purchase of tbe remaining undivided one-half interest by Frank at tbe end of six years “at whatever land is worth at that time.” (For tbe purpose of this opinion this option will be considered as void for indefiniteness.) Frank went into possession under this contract in tlie winter of 1914 and continued to farm tbe land until 1923. Up until 1921 there, apparently, bad been no break in his relations with tbe vendors. Edwin Beggs, a resident of Illinois and the record owner of tbe land, bad died in 1916, and bis estate was being bandied by three executors. There were proceedings for tbe probate of bis will in North Dakota in 1920 and in tbe inventory tbe land in question was listed. It appears that Frank made payments by grain and otherwise to Beggs and to bis executors from time to time as bis circumstances and tbe results of bis farming operations justified, but that be was unable to reduce bis indebtedness. On the contrary tbe indebtedness bad grown larger, as be bad not been able to pay taxes, keep up bis interest payments and repay advances that Beggs bad made to enable him to continue bis farming operations. However, in tbe spring of 1921, be was still hopeful of being able to pay out on bis contract and was likewise desirous of improving tbe living quarters for himself and family. Tbe bouse upon the land bad become scarcely habitable, though it was rather large in size. It seems that about May 1, 1921 Frank wrote to one Sinclair, one of tbe executors of tbe Beggs estate, of bis desire to rebuild tbe house, stating that it would cost
around $2,000. To tbis letter Sinclair replied on May 16th that the figures seemed low and suggested that it would surely not include equipment for heating and plumbing and painting, saying, furthermore, that he did not think it right for the executors to keep Frank’s family in the old house in its then present condition; but he expressed disappointment at not having received a larger payment on the contract the year before, stating that they had only received $1,000 for interest and crop share during the last two years, further stating a willingness to accept part payment on the account, but that they desired a definite statement as to how much Frank would pay before starting on the house. He then expressed these conditions: “In case you do rebuild that house, we would want it distinctly understood and agreed that you would pay for the same in full. Also, we would want a release from the contractor of all mechanics’ liens against the same. We would want this so that he would not come back on us for any payment on the house. We want to be just as fair with you as possible but considering the shape you are in with us it is mighty hard to figure out just what is the right thing to do. . . It looks like with all of the acres you have in crop this year that you surely will be able to come out in good shape. We are still willing to stand behind you and want you to help us out all possible.”
This letter was acknowledged by Frank on June 2d, who then wrote: “Evidently I did not make my letter plain as to contractor’s figures on rebuilding. His figure was for all labor except hauling, that includes wrecking the old house, clean the lumber, concrete work including 500 barrel cistern in basement, plastering and painting and everything in labor line. I figured it would be safer to furnish the material as it would be very easy to get something pulled over if they furnished as there is so much material in this old house. The mill work and shingles and cement will be practically all will have to buy. As to the builder lien I could get them to release that, but if I can’t get started this month I will be afraid to start as the harvest will be here around the middle of July and if nothing happens the crop will be something to handle. If I build I won’t be able to pay you anything as it would have to be cash as they would have no comeback on the farm but I
would make yon an assignment of this crop if yon desire it or tnrn it over to you at tbresbing time as yon like. I am working the public to build for me, or in other words I am building $3,000 roads to get the money to build with.”
On June 20th Sinclair answered this letter, stating “there is one thing very certain that we would want understood and that is that you would pay for this house yourself. Furthermore we would want it understood that we want the house to belong to the farm and could not be moved away in ease you should vacate the farm. Also as I have written you before we want release of lien by the contractor and also from the parties from whom you buy the material. ... It is not really good business paying out a lot of money for a new house but there is no question but what you need it. Please let me know what you intend to do as soon as possible.”
On June 30th Frank wrote: “We got started last Friday wrecking and clearing lumber. . . . As to the releases, if you will draw them up I will get them signed or I will get someone to draw them up as it is out of my line.”
Sinclair advised his eoexecutors of the desire of Frank to rebuild the house and apparently they were apprised of the contents of the letters above referred to and partially quoted. No release of the lien was ever taken from the contractor, the plaintiff in this action, but he was advised that the land belonged to the Beggs estate and of Frank’s interest under the contract of purchase. He contracted to do the work upon the house for $1,800 and he and Frank entered into a separate contract for the moving of a portion of the old house and constructing a leanto and for building a tank, it being necessary to remove the old house entirely that the new building might be on the same location and temporary living quarters provided. It was agreed that his compensation for this should be $200. At the completion of the contract' a mechanic’s lien statement was filed showing that Viker had performed the labor under a contract with Frank in erecting a house on the land described, of which the said “J. A. Frank was then and is now the owner,” and claiming a lien “in favor of the said dwelling house,” and including the land upon which it is situated, the attached statement being as follows:
Hillsboro, North Dakota. Jan. 3rd, 1922.
J. A. Frank, Blanchard, N. Dak.
To E. A. Viker, Dr.
Contractor and Builder
1921
May 16 To contract price agreed upon for doing the work in erecting a dwelling house on section 5, township 144, range 52, which work was completed on Nov. 9th, 1921 . $2,000.00
By cash received at different times, to apply on said contract for work, between May 16, 1921 and Dec. 15th, 1921 ... 834.98
Balance due on contract for said work. $1,165.02
In 1923 Frank, finding himself unable to keep up the payments on the land and perform his contract, gave a quitclaim deed to the vendors. At that time he was owing them upwards of $22,000, and had discharged no part of the principal indebtedness for the land.
The judgment in the court below decrees that the plaintiff’s lien is valid as against the land and it decrees a sale thereof. The contentions of the appellants are (1) that the plaintiff’s lien is invalid because the statement is not a just and true account of the demand due the plaintiff. (2) That the contract’.for the work was not acquiesced in or consented to by the executors, except upon the conditions stated in Sinclair’s letters. (3) That the executors, or the heirs and legatees of the Beggs’ estate are not owners within the mechanics’ lien law and that the house was built by the respondent for the sole use and benefit of J. A. Frank who is the owner, within the lien statute, of an undivided half interest in the land to which only the lien attaches.
We are of the opinion that there is no merit to the first contention. If it be assumed that, after the making of the contract to build a house for $1,800, it was found necessary to* have certain additional work done in order to facilitate the building operations, and if it be further assumed that such work was not protected by the lien, it does not follow, in our opinion, that the lien filed is invalid on account of includ
ing sucb items. It appears that no prejudice whatever could have resulted from the inclusion of these items, for the reason that the statement filed shows a cash payment by Frank much in excess of the. amount of such disputed items. Of course, it would not be argued that Frank could not have first discharged his obligation to pay for the items which might not properly have been embraced within the lien and then applied the balance of his payment upon the contract, which would have resulted in exactly the same balance. There is no evidence that Frank directed the application of his payment or payments to that part of the work covered by the original contract calling for $1,800. In the absence of such evidence the contractor had a clear right to first discharge the unsecured claim. We think the statement filed shows a just and true account of the demand due the plaintiff after allowing all credits within § 6820 of the Compiled Laws for 1913.
As to the contention that the work was not acquiesced in or consented to by the executors, except upon the conditions stated, we are •of the opinion that this contention does not go far enough to reach the validity of the lien. There is an implied concession that the executors knew that the work was being done — and this concession is clearly required by the evidence of Beggs, one of the executors of his father’s estate and by the letters of Sinclair. The statute says:
“The owner shall be presumed to have consented to the furnishing of such labor or material or machinery or fixtures if at the time, he had knowledge thereof and did not give.notice of his objections thereto to the person entitled to such lien.” Comp. Laws 1913, § 6814.
It does not appear that the executors ever brought home to the contractor knowledge of the conditions upon which they were willing that the house should be built. If the executors are owners, therefore, within that portion of the statute last quoted, it is clear on this record that they had knowledge of the furnishing of labor for which the lien is claimed and that they did not give notice of any objections thereto to the person entitled to the lien.
This brings us to the contention which we regard as the most vital, namely, that the lien is not good as to the Beggs’ estate or its beneficiaries, because the executors are not owners within the mechanics’ lien law and that the house was built by the respondent for the sole use
and benefit of Frank wbo was the owner of an undivided balf interest, to wbicb only tbe lien could attach.
In his will Edwin Beggs disposed of certain real property situated in Illinois, specifically describing it. He then devised the balance of his property, both real and personal, to his wife and children in equal shares subject to certain trusts. He directed his executors to retain the shares of his children and manage and control the same. He appointed his sons, Frank E. and John Y. Beggs, together with his nephew, Sinclair, executors, authorizing them
“to
sell, dispose and execute deeds for any of my real estate, not hereinbefore expressly devised, also to borrow money and execute mortgages on any of” his real estate, and it was provided that the signatures of any two executors should be sufficient for any instrument. The real estate in question was not specifically devised. John Y. Beggs, an executor and a beneficiary, testified with respect to his knowledge of the negotiations for the rebuilding of the house, as follows:
Q. What was said and done with reference to building on section 5, town. 144, range 52, Traill county, North Dakota?
A. Mr. Frank wrote down there and wanted to remodel the old house and we objected to that, but finally we told him that if he would send us $1,000 on his indebtedness to us, to the estate, and pay for the remodeling of the old house at his own expense and furnish us with releases it would be all right. . . .
0. And did you, Mr. Beggs, or did any of the executors, as far as you know, consent to the building of a new house on section 5, town. 144, range 52 in Traill county, North Dakota ?
A. No, sir.
Q. Did you at any time consent to the building of a house or the remodeling of an old house without a release from Mr. Yiker or from Mr. Frank or from the contractor?
A. No, sir.
Q. —of all mechanics’ liens against said premises ?
A. No, sir.
On cross-examination he testified:
Q. Which one of the executors, Mr. Beggs, was it that was looking after the farm and corresponding with Mr. Frank with reference to this farm?
A. Mr. Sinclair had most of the correspondence.
Q. And the other two of yon left it to him to handle that part of it ?
A. I have been handling it for the last two years, two or three years myself. He has always consulted me.
Q. Up to and including the summer of 1921, I mean ?
A. He always consulted me and Mr. Williams down there.
Q. Did you see the letters he got from Mr. Frank introduced in evidence here?
A. Yes, sir.
Q. And did you have knowledge of the responses he made to those letters ?
A. Yes, sir; read everyone of them.
Q. And also the copy of the letter that Sinclair sent to Mr. Frank that was introduced in evidence here?
A. Yes, sir.
Q. You knew the contents of those letters ?
A. Yes, sir.
Q. You talked the house deal over with Sinclair at that time?
A. Yes, sir.
Q. So you and Sinclair had a mutual understanding and knowledge of what Frank was doing?
A. No, sir.
Q. You knew about as much about that as Sinclair did?
A. Yes, I knew as much as he did.
Q. Was it not also understood that Mr. Frank would build the' house in question and pay your share by applying or using money that he owed you people, that is correct, is it not ?
A. No, sir. ...
Q. Your brother is the third executor, is he not?
A. Yes, sir.
Q. Did he also talk over with you and Sinclair about this farm ?
A. Yes, sir.
Q. He knew as much about the transaction as you and Sinclair did ?
A. I suppose he read Frank’s letter, yes sir.
Section 6823, Comp. Laws 1913 provides that tbe entire land upon which any building, erection or other improvement is situated, or to improve which the labor was done or things furnished, including that portion of the same not covered therewith, “shall be subject to all liens created by this chapter to the extent of all the right, title and interest owned therein by the owner thereof for whose immediate use and benefit such labor was done or things furnished. . . .” Section C828, Comp. Laws 1913 defines an owner, within the mechanics’ lien law to be “every person for whose immediate use and benefit any building, erection or improvement is made, having the capacity to contract, including guardians of minors or other persons.”
It is argued by the appellants that Frank, being in possession under a contract of purchase, was the person for whose immediate use and benefit the work in question was performed within the meaning of §§ ■6823 and 6828, supra, and, consequently, was the “owner” for the purpose of applying the lien statute, and they cite, among other cases, Johnson v. Soliday, 19 N. D. 463, 126 N. W. 99, in support of this contention. In that case the question presented was whether or not the lien would attach to the interest of a vendor under aii executory contract of sale whose vendee was in possession, for improvements made by the latter, and it was held that the vendor was not an owner or the person for whose immediate use and benefit the improvement was made within the statutes hereinabove referred to. However, in the instant case Frank was the beneficial or equitable owner of only an undivided one-half interest in the land, the Beggs estate and Williams concededly owning the other undivided half. The opinion in Johnson v. Soliday, supra, proceeds upon the basic reasoning that a vendor holding title merely as security should not be in a worse position with respect to mechanics’ liens than he would occupy had he taken a mortgage to secure the purchase price, as appears from the following at page 465 of the opinion".
“The vendor holds the legal title, and in relation to mechanics’ liens is the holder of the legal title as security for the payment of the purchase price, and the vendee is the equitable owner. Their relations are analogous to those of a mortgagor and mortgagee, where the material or work is contracted for the mortgagor after the recording of the mortgage. In such case the lien of the mortgagee is not affected
by tbe mechanic’s lien, and. we see no reason why the person holding ■the legal title as security should be placed in a less secure position than if he held only a mortgage.” Citing Salzer Lumber Co. v. Claflin, 16 N.
D.
601, 113 N. W. 1036.
In the case at bar the Beggs estate and Williams continued to be absolute owners of an undivided one-half interest; they do not occupy the position of mere mortgagees, and it is apparent from the correspondence that they desired the work done upon terms that would make it inure to their benefit, free and clear of lien — doubtless contemplating at the time that the lien, unless released, would attach to their beneficial or equitable interest. It may well be doubted whether a stipulation between tenants in common or between a vendor and a vendee, to the effect that the interest of one tenant in common or of a vendor is to be protected from a mechanic’s lien for improvements to be made under the direction of a cotenant or a vendee, is binding upon the one entitled to the lien who acts in ignorance of the limitation. See Henderson v. Connelly, 123 Ill. 98, 5 Am. St. Rep. 490, 14 N. E. 1; Malmgren v. Phinney, 50 Minn. 451, 18 L.R.A. 753, 52 N. W. 915; Miller v. Mead, 121 N. Y. 544, 13 L.R.A. 701, 28 N. E. 387. We think it can not be said that a beneficial owner of an undivided interest in land, as a tenant in common, is not a person for whose immediate use and benefit an improvement is made or labor performed, within §§ 6823 and 6828, supra. Section 6168, Comp. Laws 1913, if given the literal interpretation contended for by the appellants, would doubtless exclude from the class of owners persons holding legal title to property in trust for beneficiaries or cestuis que trust with full powers of management and control. Yet included in the definition are “guardians of minors or other persons.” We are of the opinion that it is the evident purpose of the statute to consider every person an owner who has capacity to contract respecting the subject matter and that, by expressly including guardians as owners, the legislature gave concrete evidence of intention that the term should have a broad meaning. That the term “owner” is here used in a broad sense has been previously remarked. See Morgan, Ch. J., in Salzer Lumber Co. v. Claflin, supra. Ordinarily, trustees or executors with powers of management, sale and disposition have more capacity to contract with respect to improvements than guardians, and as the
statute makes contractual capacity, rather than actual enjoyment, the test of ownership for this purpose, we hold that trustees or executors with the powers contained in the will in question are “owners” within § 6828, Comp. Laws 1913. On the general question of ownership, within the mechanics’ lien statute, and authority to contract so as to bind the interest of a person not directly consenting, see Rockcl on Mechanics’ Liens, §§ 26 to 31, inclusive.
From the foregoing it follows that the judgment, appealed from is right and it is affirmed.
Ci-miSTiANSON, Oh. J., and Johnson, Nuessle, and Bobee, JJ., concur.