Bockes, J.:
This action was brought by the plaintiff, commissioner of highways of the town of Florida, Montgomery county, to recover against the defendant, his predecessor in office, for moneys alleged to have been received by the latter in his official capacity, and not accounted for nor paid over to the plaintiff, his successor in office.
[516]*516The case comes before the court on an appeal by the defendant from an interlocutory judgment, whereby it was decided and adjudged by the justice who tried the cause without a jury — a jury trial having been duly waived — first, that the action was maintainable by the plaintiff in his official capacity for the cause alleged; and, second, that a demand for an accounting and for payment of money remaining unexpended in his hands had been made by the plaintiff of the defendant prior to the commencement of the action, and that he had omitted to comply with such demapd.
It was stipulated on the trial, as the record states, that these questions, one of law the other of fact, should be tried and determined by the judge; and if found in favor of the plaintiff, then that a reference should be ordered to take and state the defendant’s account as late commissioner. Of course, if either of these quéstions should be found against the plaintiff, a dismissal of the complaint would follow; but the learned justice found both of the propositions in his favor, as above stated, and these findings are now challenged on this appeal.
The leading and important question in this case undoubtedly is, whether the action can be maintained by the plaintiff in his official capacity; whether a commissioner of highways can maintain an action against his predecessor in office for moneys received by the latter as commissioner, and remaining unexpended in his hands on the expiration of his official term. It is proposed first to examine this question.
It stands undisputed that commissioners of highways are authorized by various provisions of law to obtain and receive moneys to be held, expended and disbursed by them as such officers in their official capacity. Their rights, duties and obligations in the obtaining and expending of such moneys are prescribed by statute. Those moneys, when received, constitute a fund in the hands of such officers, to be by them disbursed in the maintenance of roads and bridges. These moneys pertain to and must follow the officer. They belong to the officer or officers, if more than one, for the purpose of meeting expenses and outlays in the necessary and proper exercise of the duties of the office. No other officer or body has any control over their disbursement, save perhaps in some instances of express direction as to particular object and amount, [517]*517and then the disbursement must be made by the commissioner or commissioners. The money on hand unexpended at all times belongs to the officer, and the incumbent of the office is at all times entitled to its possession and control. It must follow, as was laid down in The Overseers of Pittstown v. The Overseers of Plattsburgh (18 Johns., 407, 418), that in such case those officers will possess a power to vindicate their rights in regard to such moneys by action in the courts, even without any express authority by a legislative enactment. It is stated in the case cited that public officers must necessarily possess a capacity to sue, commensurate with their public trusts and duties. This doctrine of the law is recognized and has been acted on in many other cases. {Todd, overeeer, v. Birdsall, 1 Cowen, 260; Supervisors v. Stimson, 4 Hill, 136 ; Clarissy v. Met. Fire Dep., 7 Abb. [N. S.], 352; Hathaway, supervisor, v. Town of Homer, 5 Lans., 273; Looney v. Hughes, 26 N. Y., 514, 516; People v. Supervisors of New York, 32 id , 477.) As was said in effect in Hathaway, supervisor, v. Town of Homer {supra), it is enough that money belonging to the plaintiff, as commissioner, is in the hands of the defendant to entitle the plaintiff to demand and have it, and if its payment be omitted and refused the former may maintain an action for its recovery. Indeed it is the legal duty of the party in such case to pay over to his successor in office all moneys in his hands unexpended, without demand, within reasonable time after the expiration of his term of office.
But we are of the opinion that there is express authority conferred by statute to maintain this action on the facts stated in the complaint. Section 112 (3 Rev. Stat. [6th ed.], 758,) provides that actions may be brought by “ commissioners of highways of the several towns * * * to enforce any liability or any duty enjoined by law, to such officers or the body which they represent.” The present Code of Civil Procedure differs somewhat from the statute cited in its language, but it is somewhat more comprehensive in its terms and meaning. (Code of Civil Pro. § 1926.) It is there provided that an action may be maintained by “ the commissioner or commissioners of highways of a town * * * to enforce a liability created, or a duty enjoined by law upon those, officers, * * * ' or to recover damages for an injury to the property or [518]*518rights of those officers or the body represented by them.” Now it is the duty of an outgoing commissioner, on the expiration of his term of office, to account to the town authorities and to pay over to his successor in office all moneys remaining in his hands as such commissioner. (1 Rev. Stat. [6th ed.], 850, § 11; Id., 846, § 73 ; Id., 834, § 48.) An omission and refusal so to account and to pay over moneys remaining in his hands is an injury to the rights of his successor in office, and creates a liability against him in favor of the latter. So an action by the latter is expressly given against him by the laws above cited. It is urged that section 11 of the Revised Statutes, above referred to, only requires the outgoing officer to pay over to his successor the balance of moneys remaining in his hands “ as ascertained by the auditors of town accounts.” Undoubtedly he might and should account to the board of town auditors, and the certificate of the board with payment to his successor of the amount found in his hands unexpended, would be a discharge of further liability to his successor. But this statutory duty in no way relieves him from his common law obligation to pay over to his successor the moneys to which the latter may be entitled. This provision of law does not create a condition precedent on which the right of the incumbent of the office to demand and have the money is made to depend. Its principal object is to secure an itemized statement from the outgoing officer, to the end that it may be seen that the money received by that officer has been fairly and fully disbursed or accounted for. His first and paramount duty is to pay over to his successor the moneys in his hands unexpended. He is presumed to know the exact amount so held by him and belonging to his successor, and payment to the latter at once is often and indeed generally important and necessary to meet the requirements of public convenience and needs. Retaining it an unnecessary and unreasonable length of time, and especially to refuse to account and pay over what may remain in his hands, is a breach of public trust and duty. No wrong is inflicted upon the outgoing officer by requiring such payment. The statute, which requires payment of the balance in his hands on an accounting before the board of audit, in no way restricts the rights of the incumbent to demand and have such balance.
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Bockes, J.:
This action was brought by the plaintiff, commissioner of highways of the town of Florida, Montgomery county, to recover against the defendant, his predecessor in office, for moneys alleged to have been received by the latter in his official capacity, and not accounted for nor paid over to the plaintiff, his successor in office.
[516]*516The case comes before the court on an appeal by the defendant from an interlocutory judgment, whereby it was decided and adjudged by the justice who tried the cause without a jury — a jury trial having been duly waived — first, that the action was maintainable by the plaintiff in his official capacity for the cause alleged; and, second, that a demand for an accounting and for payment of money remaining unexpended in his hands had been made by the plaintiff of the defendant prior to the commencement of the action, and that he had omitted to comply with such demapd.
It was stipulated on the trial, as the record states, that these questions, one of law the other of fact, should be tried and determined by the judge; and if found in favor of the plaintiff, then that a reference should be ordered to take and state the defendant’s account as late commissioner. Of course, if either of these quéstions should be found against the plaintiff, a dismissal of the complaint would follow; but the learned justice found both of the propositions in his favor, as above stated, and these findings are now challenged on this appeal.
The leading and important question in this case undoubtedly is, whether the action can be maintained by the plaintiff in his official capacity; whether a commissioner of highways can maintain an action against his predecessor in office for moneys received by the latter as commissioner, and remaining unexpended in his hands on the expiration of his official term. It is proposed first to examine this question.
It stands undisputed that commissioners of highways are authorized by various provisions of law to obtain and receive moneys to be held, expended and disbursed by them as such officers in their official capacity. Their rights, duties and obligations in the obtaining and expending of such moneys are prescribed by statute. Those moneys, when received, constitute a fund in the hands of such officers, to be by them disbursed in the maintenance of roads and bridges. These moneys pertain to and must follow the officer. They belong to the officer or officers, if more than one, for the purpose of meeting expenses and outlays in the necessary and proper exercise of the duties of the office. No other officer or body has any control over their disbursement, save perhaps in some instances of express direction as to particular object and amount, [517]*517and then the disbursement must be made by the commissioner or commissioners. The money on hand unexpended at all times belongs to the officer, and the incumbent of the office is at all times entitled to its possession and control. It must follow, as was laid down in The Overseers of Pittstown v. The Overseers of Plattsburgh (18 Johns., 407, 418), that in such case those officers will possess a power to vindicate their rights in regard to such moneys by action in the courts, even without any express authority by a legislative enactment. It is stated in the case cited that public officers must necessarily possess a capacity to sue, commensurate with their public trusts and duties. This doctrine of the law is recognized and has been acted on in many other cases. {Todd, overeeer, v. Birdsall, 1 Cowen, 260; Supervisors v. Stimson, 4 Hill, 136 ; Clarissy v. Met. Fire Dep., 7 Abb. [N. S.], 352; Hathaway, supervisor, v. Town of Homer, 5 Lans., 273; Looney v. Hughes, 26 N. Y., 514, 516; People v. Supervisors of New York, 32 id , 477.) As was said in effect in Hathaway, supervisor, v. Town of Homer {supra), it is enough that money belonging to the plaintiff, as commissioner, is in the hands of the defendant to entitle the plaintiff to demand and have it, and if its payment be omitted and refused the former may maintain an action for its recovery. Indeed it is the legal duty of the party in such case to pay over to his successor in office all moneys in his hands unexpended, without demand, within reasonable time after the expiration of his term of office.
But we are of the opinion that there is express authority conferred by statute to maintain this action on the facts stated in the complaint. Section 112 (3 Rev. Stat. [6th ed.], 758,) provides that actions may be brought by “ commissioners of highways of the several towns * * * to enforce any liability or any duty enjoined by law, to such officers or the body which they represent.” The present Code of Civil Procedure differs somewhat from the statute cited in its language, but it is somewhat more comprehensive in its terms and meaning. (Code of Civil Pro. § 1926.) It is there provided that an action may be maintained by “ the commissioner or commissioners of highways of a town * * * to enforce a liability created, or a duty enjoined by law upon those, officers, * * * ' or to recover damages for an injury to the property or [518]*518rights of those officers or the body represented by them.” Now it is the duty of an outgoing commissioner, on the expiration of his term of office, to account to the town authorities and to pay over to his successor in office all moneys remaining in his hands as such commissioner. (1 Rev. Stat. [6th ed.], 850, § 11; Id., 846, § 73 ; Id., 834, § 48.) An omission and refusal so to account and to pay over moneys remaining in his hands is an injury to the rights of his successor in office, and creates a liability against him in favor of the latter. So an action by the latter is expressly given against him by the laws above cited. It is urged that section 11 of the Revised Statutes, above referred to, only requires the outgoing officer to pay over to his successor the balance of moneys remaining in his hands “ as ascertained by the auditors of town accounts.” Undoubtedly he might and should account to the board of town auditors, and the certificate of the board with payment to his successor of the amount found in his hands unexpended, would be a discharge of further liability to his successor. But this statutory duty in no way relieves him from his common law obligation to pay over to his successor the moneys to which the latter may be entitled. This provision of law does not create a condition precedent on which the right of the incumbent of the office to demand and have the money is made to depend. Its principal object is to secure an itemized statement from the outgoing officer, to the end that it may be seen that the money received by that officer has been fairly and fully disbursed or accounted for. His first and paramount duty is to pay over to his successor the moneys in his hands unexpended. He is presumed to know the exact amount so held by him and belonging to his successor, and payment to the latter at once is often and indeed generally important and necessary to meet the requirements of public convenience and needs. Retaining it an unnecessary and unreasonable length of time, and especially to refuse to account and pay over what may remain in his hands, is a breach of public trust and duty. No wrong is inflicted upon the outgoing officer by requiring such payment. The statute, which requires payment of the balance in his hands on an accounting before the board of audit, in no way restricts the rights of the incumbent to demand and have such balance. The right to demand and have such balance exists without that statute. So far as this [519]*519law has effect on the rights of the incumbent of the office, it is but cumulative. It is further urged that the commissioner cannot maintain the suit, because an action is given to the supervisor of the town on the defendant’s official bond. (Sec. 18, above cited.) But such action by the supervisor would be for the benefit of the commissioner and cumulative to the right of the latter to bring suit himself for money held and detained by another to which he was entitled. (See remarks of Davis, J., in Looney v. Hughes, 30 Barb., 611, 612.) The case of Hagadorn v. Raux (72 N. Y., 583) is not in conflict with this conclusion. We must hold, as we think, that the defendant was bound to pay over to his successor all moneys in his hands unexpended, at the expiration of his official term; and that an omission and refusal on his part to make such payment would give his successor in office a right of action therefor. Such is our conclusion on the question of law presented on this appeal.
The record shows that the parties stipulated on the trial that the judge should take evidence as to the demand, alleged in the complaint to have been made of the defendant, for an accounting and for payment to the plaintiff of any moneys remaining in his hands at the expiration of his official term. Evidence was. submitted on this question of fact, and the learned judge found thereon in favor of the plaintiff.
It is now urged that such finding is erroneous, because unsupported by the proof; and it is further urged that evidence tendered by the defendant bearing on this question was erroneously excluded. On looking into the case we are of the opinion that the finding is supported by the proof. There is evidence tending to show, and as we think showing, that the plaintiff was full and broad in his demand upon the defendant as well for an accounting (although this was not, perhaps, necessary to the action) as also for the moneys claimed as remaining unexpended in his hands. The defendant very manifestly denied, and intended to be understood as denying, to the plaintiff all right and claim upon him by the latter for any and all causes whatsoever. Such is the fair and just import of the evidence. Nor do we think any material evidence offered by the defendant- bearing on the question of the demand was excluded. The excluded evidence did not bear at all on that question. It would, perhaps, be competent on the taking of the account before [520]*520tlie referee, but that subject need not be here considered. We do not see that any evidence bearing on the question of demand was improperly excluded.
The interlocutory judgment appealed from must be affirmed, with costs of appeal against the appellant.
These costs should be included in the general recovery by the plaintiff, when final judgment shall be awarded in case the plaintiff shall have the costs of the action awarded to him, otherwise to be deducted from the defendant’s recovery in case he shall succeed in the action. It should be noted that by the interlocutory judgment the question of general costs was reserved until the coming in of the referee’s report on the accounting, which accounting should now be proceeded with.
Judgment affirmed, with costs as above suggested.
Boakdman, J., concurred.