NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court." Although it is posted on the internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.
SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY APPELLATE DIVISION DOCKET NO. A-0513-18T2
VICTORIA GOETHALS,
Plaintiff-Respondent/ Cross-Appellant,
v.
JEFFREY J. GOETHALS,
Defendant-Appellant/ Cross-Respondent. __________________________
Argued September 18, 2019 – Decided January 7, 2020
Before Judges Whipple, Gooden Brown and Mawla.
On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey, Chancery Division, Family Part, Morris County, Docket No. FM-14-0109-15.
Joseph M. Freda, III, argued the cause for appellant/cross-respondent (Wilentz Goldman & Spitzer, and Gomperts Penza McDermott & Von Ellen, LLC, attorneys; Marisa Lepore Hovanec and Joseph M. Freda, III, of counsel and on the briefs).
Paul H. Townsend argued the cause for respondent/cross-appellant (Townsend Tomaio & Newmark LLC, attorneys; Paul H. Townsend, of counsel and on the brief; Jessica S. Swenson, Kevin Wei-Kwan Ku, and Jennifer M. Cornelius, on the briefs).
PER CURIAM
In this post-judgment matrimonial matter, defendant ex-husband moved
to modify his alimony obligation based on plaintiff ex-wife's purported
cohabitation and salary increase. Plaintiff cross-moved for counsel fees and an
increase in child support based on defendant's alleged significant salary increase
since the divorce. In a September 14, 2018 Family Part order, the judge denied
both motions. Defendant appeals and plaintiff cross-appeals, each arguing the
judge erred in determining each failed to establish a prima facie case of changed
circumstances. Plaintiff also argues the judge erred in denying her counsel fees.
We affirm the denial of counsel fees, but reverse in all other respects.
I.
We present an expansive recitation of the procedural and factual
background to lend context to the issues subject to these appeals. The parties
divorced in 2016 after a fifteen-year marriage that produced two sons, J.G.,1
born April 2004, and N.G., born May 2007. The Marital Settlement Agreement
1 We use initials to protect privacy. A-0513-18T2 2 (MSA) incorporated into the Final Judgment of Divorce (FJOD) required
defendant to pay child support in the amount of $650 per month "[b]ased on an
equal shared custody arrangement, the incomes reflected on the child support
guidelines [guidelines]" and "the alimony obligation." The guidelines reflected
total annual income of $789,048 for defendant and $157,976 for plaintiff. As to
the alimony obligation, "[b]ased on the length of the parties' marriage,"
defendant's "base income of $439,000," plaintiff's base "income of $142,533,"
plaintiff's "needs," and "consideration of other statutory factors," defendant was
obligated to pay plaintiff $103,992 per year or $8666 per month for six years,
commencing upon the entry of the FJOD.
The MSA also provided:
32. As additional alimony, [defendant] shall directly provide [plaintiff] with [twenty-five percent] of his gross bonus received by him, . . . subject to a cap of $215,000. [Plaintiff's] gross annual bonus shall be subtracted from the amount of [defendant's] gross bonus or from $215,000, whichever is lesser and then multiplied by [twenty-five percent], to arrive at a fixed lump sum payment to [plaintiff] that shall fully satisfy this additional alimony award. . . .
33. Also as additional alimony, if [defendant] is paid any stock, stock options, [restricted stock units (RSUs)], or any form of additional compensation not otherwise subject to equitable distribution, including deferred compensation, other than his base salary and
A-0513-18T2 3 bonus . . . , [plaintiff] shall receive [fifteen percent] of same, subject to a cap of $16,320 net.
Pursuant to the MSA, "[t]he parties acknowledge[d] that the alimony
terms . . . [would] not permit them to live at a standard of living reasonably
comparable to that enjoyed by them during the marriage[,]" but agreed to "be
bound by the terms" of the MSA "in consideration of all of the financial terms
set forth in [the] [a]greement[.]" The MSA also provided for the premature
termination of alimony upon either party's death or upon plaintiff's "remarriage."
Additionally, the MSA provided that "[plaintiff's] cohabitation in a mutually
supportive, intimate, personal relationship shall be considered a change of
circumstances warranting a review of alimony." Further, the MSA specified that
plaintiff had "an affirmative obligation to advise [defendant] of said
cohabitation."
In the MSA, the parties acknowledged that they were represented by
independent counsel, that they entered into the MSA "freely and voluntarily
without coercion or duress[,]" and that they believed the agreement was
"reasonable and fair." The parties also agreed to "pay their own counsel fees
with regard to the preparation of the [MSA] and obtaining the [FJOD]."
However, "if either party [brought] an application to enforce any term of th[e]
[MSA], the party who failed to comply with th[e] [MSA] [would] be responsible
A-0513-18T2 4 for paying any and all reasonable legal fees and costs[,] and other expenses
awarded to the other party in successfully bringing an application to enforce th[e
MSA]."
On May 16, 2017, plaintiff filed her third enforcement motion, 2 seeking
an order finding defendant in violation of litigant's rights based upon defendant's
failure to timely pay plaintiff her share of various stocks, stock options, bonuses,
and income tax refunds in connection with the alimony and equitable
distribution provisions of the MSA. Under the equitable distribution provisions
of the MSA, plaintiff was entitled to specified portions of defendant's employee
stock purchase plan shares and stock options that had vested. Additionally, any
income tax refund for the parties' joint 2015 tax return was to "be allocated
between the parties in proportion to his or her share of income in 2015." Plaintiff
also sought counsel fees and costs associated with the enforcement motion.
Defendant opposed the motion, and cross-moved for other relief,
including terminating, suspending, or modifying his alimony obligation based
upon plaintiff's cohabitation with A.G. In responding to plaintiff's enforcement
motion, defendant certified the court had previously addressed some of
2 Plaintiff had partially prevailed in her prior motions.
A-0513-18T2 5 plaintiff's requests "in its most recent [o]rder," and other requests were
submitted to an upcoming early settlement panel (ESP). Further, defendant
certified plaintiff failed to cooperate with his earlier attempt "to settle up the
bonus payments," and that he previously provided plaintiff checks totaling
$135,790, representing her share of the vested stocks, as well as "all of the
information . . . including detailed transaction information and associated tax[-
]impact information" related to "the sale of the stock."
To support his cohabitation claim, defendant certified that "[p]laintiff and
[A.G.] have been involved in an exclusive, enduring and committed relationship
for the past three . . . years," which "began prior to" the finalization of their
divorce and "has now resulted in . . . [p]laintiff and [A.G.] becoming engaged."
In his certification, relying on Instagram and Facebook activity, personal
observations, and a surveillance report prepared by a private investigation firm
he retained, defendant asserted that "at a bare minimum[,]" plaintiff and A.G.:
(1) are engaged; (2) spent consistent/regular overnights together from August 1, 2014 through the present; (3) moved together from . . . Birch Drive to . . . Berta Place in Basking Ridge; (4) blended their families together; (5) transported each other's children; (6) performed household chores together; (7) [ate] out together with their families; (8) attended parties, barbeques, and gatherings of friends/family; (9) performed crossfit training/competitions together; and (10) held
A-0513-18T2 6 themselves out to the public, family, and friends as a couple.
Defendant provided screenshots of Instagram and Facebook comments, as
well as photos and videos, showing, among other things, "[A.G.] and his [two]
daughters . . . at . . . [p]laintiff's beach house and on her boat in the Barnegat
Bay[,]" plaintiff donating $100 to a "fundraising page" on behalf of A.G.'s
family member, and the couple's dogs spending time together. Additionally, the
surveillance report revealed that A.G. spent approximately eighteen overnights
at plaintiff's home between September 5, 2016 and April 1, 2017, and plaintiff
and the parties' children stayed with A.G. at his Virginia property from April 21
through 23, 2017. The surveillance report also noted that A.G. was observed
clearing snow from plaintiff's car, and "re-stack[ing] items in the
recycling/garbage pile at the end of [plaintiff's] driveway." In addition, on
October 15, 2016, "a POD[S] [c]ontainer, with [A.G.]'s belongings" was
observed in "[p]laintiff's driveway," and "[o]n October 28, 2016, . . . a large
moving truck" moved "[p]laintiff, [A.G.], and [the parties'] children . . . from
. . . Birch Drive to . . . Berta Place."
In response, plaintiff acknowledged her engagement to A.G. as of April
1, 2017. However, plaintiff denied any intertwined finances, denied sharing
household chores, denied making any enforceable promises to support each
A-0513-18T2 7 other, and denied living with A.G. According to plaintiff, A.G. resided in his
own home in Virginia and visited mainly on weekends. Plaintiff denied that
A.G. moved with her to Berta Place, and denied that A.G.'s belongings were
ever in the PODS container, which she obtained to move her belongings to Berta
Place. Plaintiff denied being in a relationship akin to the supportive, intimate,
and personal or marriage-like relationship that would warrant review of
defendant's alimony obligation, and refuted defendant's contention that his
social media exhibits proved otherwise.
In an August 1, 2017 order, the judge denied the parties' motions. As to
plaintiff's enforcement motion, the judge ordered the parties to "agree on a
forensic accountant to determine whether defendant owe[d] plaintiff additional
money" in relation to the stock payment dispute. Regarding the bonus payments,
the judge ordered the parties "to divulge to each other their 2016 additional
compensation" as required under the MSA, and to make any outstanding
payment "within [thirty] days of their respective receipts." As to counsel fees,
the judge denied plaintiff's request pursuant to the MSA because her "motion
was not successful." However, the judge granted plaintiff "leave to file" for
counsel fees "regarding the stock payment issue only[,]" if the forensic
A-0513-18T2 8 accountant's "report leads the court to [conclude] that defendant breached the
MSA's provision regarding stock payment[.]" 3
Turning to defendant's cohabitation claim, applying governing case law
and the applicable statutory factors contained in N.J.S.A. 2A:34-23(n), the judge
concluded "[d]efendant has fallen short . . . in making a prima facie case of
cohabitation to shift the burden of proof to plaintiff." The judge explained that
while A.G. and plaintiff were "engaged, plaintiff's relationship with [A.G.] is
the romantic relationship characterized by regular meetings, participation in
mutually appreciated activities, and some overnight stays," all of which were
insufficient to establish cohabitation "considering the absence of economic
impact." Specifically, the judge found defendant failed to produce any evidence
of "intertwined finances[,] such as joint bank accounts and other joint holdings
or liabilities," and failed to produce any evidence of "joint responsibility for
living expenses[.]" The judge noted that "[e]ating out, vacationing, and visits
to plaintiff's shore house do not suggest that plaintiff or [A.G.] are paying each
other's living expenses."
3 Plaintiff withdrew her request for her proportionate share of the joint income tax refund and reimbursement for the amounts defendant previously charged against plaintiff's share of equitable distribution payments. A-0513-18T2 9 Additionally, the judge found no evidence of "sharing household chores,"
or caring "for each other's children." The judge also rejected defendant's claim
that "[twenty-eight] family Facebook photographs over the course of about two
years which either plaintiff or [A.G.] liked or commented on" constituted
"recognition of the relationship in the couple's social and family circle," or
evidence "of a relationship tantamount to marriage." According to the judge,
instead, "[t]his [was] evidence of casual contact between friends on the
[i]nternet; not two families effectively merging by virtue of the relationship
between a couple." The judge pointed out that "[e]ven if defendant had better
evidence, recognition of the couple would not be dispositive of a prima facie
case of cohabitation."
The judge continued:
As for living together, the frequency of contact, the duration of the relationship, and other indicia of a mutually supportive intimate personal relationship, defendant's photographs of moving trucks and POD[S] containers confirm only one thing – that plaintiff moved and [A.G.] helped the movers. There is no evidence [A.G.'s] belonging[s] were inside the POD[S]. There is no evidence that [A.G] moved to New Jersey whatsoever, let alone back in October 2016, the time of the POD[S's] invoice and purported move. . . . All of the activity reported by the private investigator is nothing short of sporadic. The pattern of the time periods in the report reflect temporary visiting. The private investigator could not "string together" any
A-0513-18T2 10 significant length of time suggesting anything more than regular visits and overnight stays. Same is said for the defendant's own photographs offered as evidence . . . . Defendant's evidence certainly suggests an intimate and enjoyable relationship, albeit one mutually supportive emotionally, not economically. Intimacy does not pay the bills or maintain the standard of living memorialized in a [MSA].
On August 22, 2017, defendant moved for reconsideration, arguing that
under the MSA, there was no requirement that there be economic impact or
intertwined finances when determining cohabitation. Defendant stressed that
based on the court's own findings, he made the requisite showing of changed
circumstances as defined by the MSA. Plaintiff opposed the motion and cross-
moved for an order finding defendant in violation of litigant's rights for failing
to comply with an earlier court order directing defendant to reimburse plaintiff
for real estate taxes, failing to cooperate with the forensic accountant retained
pursuant to the August 1, 2017 order, and failing to resolve the outstanding
bonus payment dispute. Plaintiff also sought counsel fees in connection with
her motion. In a December 19, 2017 order, the judge denied defendant's motion.
As to plaintiff's enforcement motion, the judge ordered defendant to reimburse
plaintiff the real estate taxes addressed in the earlier court order, and ordered the
parties to comply with the court ordered forensic accountant to resolve the
A-0513-18T2 11 remaining issues.4 The judge also determined that in the absence of "bad faith"
by either party, "neither party [was] entitled to [c]ounsel fees."
On July 27, 2018, defendant filed another motion to review his alimony
obligation, asserting changed circumstances based upon "[p]laintiff's
cohabitation and/or [p]laintiff's substantial increase in income" from the time
the MSA was entered.5 In a supporting certification, defendant reiterated that
"the court erred when it determined that intertwined finances were necessary"
to establish cohabitation where the parties' MSA only required "a 'mutually
supportive', 'intimate' and 'personal relationship[,]'" which defendant showed
"[b]ased on the court's own findings[.]" Defendant added that plaintiff and A.G.
"continue[d] to spend significant time" together "on a regular basis," and
"function[ed] effectively as a blended family unit," sharing "a family [i]Cloud
4 The judge determined that the stock payment dispute was moot based on defendant's concession and plaintiff's withdrawal of her request. 5 Defendant had attempted to appeal the prior adverse cohabitation ruling, but withdrew his appeal because the outstanding forensic accountant's report precluded a determination of finality. Appeals as of right are limited to final judgment. See R. 2:2-3. "To be considered a final judgment appealable as of right, the order must generally dispose of all issues as to all parties." CPC Int'l, Inc. v. Hartford Accident & Indem. Co., 316 N.J. Super. 351, 365 (App. Div. 1998). A-0513-18T2 12 account where they chronicle[d] important events with themselves and their
children."
Once again, defendant provided photos of the families "spend[ing]
holidays, vacations and the summer together," including "Christmas [c]ard
photographs," "their new family dog," and "cooking" photos "in [p]laintiff's
kitchen." Defendant certified that A.G. "assist[ed] with parental responsibility
for [the parties'] children," as evidenced by him "dropping [them] off" for
parenting time with defendant, and by the parties' "son regularly refer[ring] to
[A.G.] as his 'step-dad'." To support the latter allegation, defendant provided
his girlfriend's affidavit, certifying that the parties' children often called A.G.
their stepfather, and that A.G.'s children had a room at plaintiff's shore home,
which they decorated.
While stressing that intertwined finances were "absolutely unnecessary"
to establish cohabitation, defendant noted it was "readily apparent" from
plaintiff and A.G. "spend[ing] time together at [p]laintiff's residence, her shore
house, on vacations, and holidays" that "[b]oth parties [were] certainly
economically benefit[t]ing from same." Additionally, defendant provided a
spending summary from the parties' "pre-divorce joint [bank] account," which
A-0513-18T2 13 defendant asserted was used by plaintiff to make purchases for A.G.'s Virginia
home and to pay for A.G.'s travel expenses "while they vacationed together."
To support his claim of changed circumstances based upon plaintiff's
change in income, defendant certified that "[p]laintiff's total income increased
to $181,870.31," representing "an almost [thirty percent] increase" since "the
time of [their] divorce." Further, according to defendant, plaintiff was
"promoted as of March 2018 to the Director of Sales Compensation and Health
Systems Analytics[,]" which defendant "surmise[d]" would result in an even
greater increase in plaintiff's income and "an even greater ability to meet the
marital standard of living." In compliance with court rules, see R. 5:5-4(a),
defendant submitted his prior Case Information Statement (CIS) and an updated
CIS, dated July 27, 2018, showing that defendant earned an annual salary of
$461,600, plus $396,630 in bonuses, and had a current lifestyle of $33,435 per
month.
Plaintiff opposed defendant's motion and cross-moved for an order
"[r]ecalculating [c]hild [s]upport based on the substantial change of
circumstances in [d]efendant's significantly increased income;" "[f]inding
[d]efendant in contempt of the [c]ourt's [August 1 and December 19, 2017]
[o]rders . . . for failure to cooperate with the [c]ourt[] [appointed forensic
A-0513-18T2 14 accountant;]" "[f]or counsel fees and costs related to th[e] application;" and
other relief not pertinent to these appeals. In support, plaintiff certified there
was "no merit to [d]efendant's third application seeking to terminate alimony
based on cohabitation" when the court had previously determined "that all
[d]efendant can show is that [she] was dating and . . . [was] now engaged to
someone who live[d] far away and visit[ed] from time to time." Plaintiff
reiterated that she and A.G. "do not share expenses, chores[,] or any other factors
the [c]ourt considers." Plaintiff denied "own[ing] any part of" A.G.'s Virginia
home or "purchas[ing]" any furniture for his home. Plaintiff also denied that the
parties' children "call[ed] [A.G.] their step-father" and denied "hav[ing]
'blended' [their] families," asserting that the parties' children had only met A.G.'s
children on "a few occasions."
Regarding their income, plaintiff acknowledged "[she] did receive a raise
and promotion" in 2017, but asserted it was her "base salary and bonus"
combined that totaled $181,000, whereas the MSA "specifically used only . . .
base salaries and not bonus income for purposes of determining alimony."
Plaintiff noted that "[a]limony related to bonus[es] and 'other' income was dealt
with separately" in the MSA. Plaintiff further certified that "even with [her]
recent [eight percent] raise[,]" she was "still living below the marital lifestyle
A-0513-18T2 15 and [her] earnings [were] not sufficient to cover [her] expenses without
alimony." In contrast, relying on defendant's updated CIS, plaintiff pointed out
that defendant's "expected annual income" for 2018 was "$2.8 million[,]"
representing "a 350 [percent] increase from his earnings at the time of [the]
divorce." Plaintiff asserted further that since the divorce, "in addition to more
than tripling his earnings[,]" defendant was promoted from "Group Vice
President of Business Information" to "Senior Vice President of Merchant
Support."
According to plaintiff, because "[d]efendant's lifestyle has also grown
exponentially" to "well more than [the parties'] marital lifestyle and significantly
more than [her] own current lifestyle[,]" "any change of circumstances caused
by [her] . . . raise [was] far out[-]shadowed by his." Additionally, to support her
request for an increase in child support to $1204 per month, plaintiff submitted
an updated guidelines calculation, using current income figures for both parties.
Plaintiff also sought counsel fees, asserting defendant had "intentionally
[misled] the [c]ourt with frivolous and repetitive application[s] while refusing
to comply with the terms of [the] MSA and [c]ourt [o]rders."
In reply, defendant denied earning $2.8 million, denied being promoted
since they finalized the divorce, and certified "[his] income has remained
A-0513-18T2 16 virtually unchanged since [their] divorce[.]" Defendant averred his annual base
salary remained $461,600, and he received a gross bonus of $396,630, "of which
[p]laintiff will receive a share as additional alimony upon finalization of the
accountant's figures[.]"6 Further, to reinforce his assertion that plaintiff and
A.G. "are recognized as a couple in the [family] and social circles," defendant
provided a surveillance report and photos, documenting that A.G. and his
extended family attended an eighth grade graduation party for the parties' son at
plaintiff's shore home on July 28, 2018.
On September 14, 2018, a different judge denied the portions of the
motions pertinent to these cross appeals.7 In an accompanying statement of
reasons, addressing the cohabitation issue, which the judge described as
defendant's "third bite at the apple," the judge refused to "disturb a well-
reasoned decision that has been decided twice before," with no "change" of
circumstances "since the time of those decisions[.]" Relying on the statutory
factors enumerated in N.J.S.A. 2A:34-23(n), the judge explained:
6 Contrary to plaintiff's claim, defendant also certified that he had provided all required documentation to the forensic accountant, and that his counsel was "in constant contact" with the accountant to expedite the final report. 7 Unrelated to the issues raised in these appeals, the judge granted plaintiff's requests for the appointment of a parent coordinator, and the use of the My Family Wizard program for communication. A-0513-18T2 17 While [p]laintiff is now engaged, [d]efendant has only been able to prove that the fiancé has overnight visits on multiple occasions, especially when the [p]laintiff is hosting a party. The fact that the [p]laintiff openly shows her family and friends that she is in a relationship is not a deciding factor. Neither is the fact that the couple's children have met and spent time together. Even more significantly, [p]laintiff's fiancé lives in Virginia and the couple does not have intertwined finances.
Rejecting defendant's contention that he made the requisite showing of
cohabitation as defined in their MSA, the judge disagreed that "[p]laintiff 's
relationship [with A.G. was] truly . . . one that [was] 'mutually supportive,' as
stated in the parties' definition of cohabitation." In that regard, the judge agreed
with the prior judge that while "plaintiff and [A.G.'s] engagement [was]
certain[l]y relevant," it was "not dispositive considering the absence of
economic support[,]" and the fact that the couple "live[d] and maintain[ed]
homes in two different states[.]"
Addressing the parties' respective salary increases since the time of the
divorce to establish the requisite changed circumstances, as to defendant's
contention, the judge acknowledged the conflicting certifications, but
determined that "[e]ven assuming the facts alleged by the [d]efendant," the
"percentage of permanent increase" between the parties was "not significant"
"under the circumstances" to warrant "a recalculation" of alimony. Relying on
A-0513-18T2 18 Glass v. Glass, 366 N.J. Super. 357 (App. Div. 2004), the judge explained that
"a supported spouse's increase in income does not, in and of itself, constitute a
substantial change in circumstances warranting a reduction or termination of
support, even when such an increase enables the supported spouse to maintain
the standard of living enjoyed during the marriage, without the need for
Turning to plaintiff's request to recalculate child support based on
defendant's "significantly" increased income, the judge found that, based on
defendant's statements, "his expected earnings will be $1.4 million, including
stock gains subject to additional distributions[,]" rather than $2.8 million as
alleged by plaintiff. As to plaintiff, the judge determined "[p]laintiff's income
has increased by [thirteen percent.]" Despite finding "that both parties['] salaries
have increased, as well as the parties['] stock gains and required distributions
pursuant to the MSA[,]" the judge found no "change in circumstances to warrant
a modification of child support."
Finally, the judge denied plaintiff's request to hold "[d]efendant in
contempt of court," ordered "[d]efendant to comply with all outstanding [o]rders
as well as any requirements left uncompleted from the MSA[,]" and denied both
parties' requests "for counsel fees." Considering Rule 4:42-9 as well as the Rule
A-0513-18T2 19 5:3-5(c) factors, the judge relied on the "ongoing issues between the parties,"
"their inability to communicate," as well as the fact that "[b]oth parties are
financially sound, and able to pay their respective fees" to support his decision
denying counsel fees. These appeals followed.
II.
Our scope of review of Family Part orders is limited. Cesare v. Cesare,
154 N.J. 394, 411 (1998). "[R]ecognizing the special expertise of judges hearing
matters in the Family Part, we accept the trial judge's conclusion when
evidentially supported." Parish v. Parish, 412 N.J. Super. 39, 48 (App. Div.
2010) (citing Cesare, 154 N.J. at 412). We will only intervene "to 'ensure that
there is not a denial of justice'" when the trial court's conclusions are "'clearly
mistaken' or 'wide of the mark[,]'" ibid. (quoting N.J. Div. of Youth & Family
Servs. v. E.P., 196 N.J. 88, 104 (2008)), "or when we determine the court has
palpably abused its discretion." Id. at 47 (citing Cesare, 154 N.J. at 412).
"However, when reviewing legal conclusions, our obligation is different; '[t]o
the extent that the trial court's decision constitutes a legal determination, we
review it de novo.'" Landers v. Landers, 444 N.J. Super. 315, 319 (App. Div.
2016) (alteration in original) (quoting D'Agostino v. Maldonado, 216 N.J. 168,
182 (2013)).
A-0513-18T2 20 Guided by these standards, we turn to the parties' specific arguments.
Defendant argues that "[n]otwithstanding the abundance of proofs
demonstrating a strong likelihood that [p]laintiff and [A.G.] were engaged in the
type of mutually supportive, intimate personal relationship contemplated by the
parties as justifying a review of alimony in their MSA, the [t]rial [c]ourt denied
[his] request for any relief on the issue." Defendant asserts the court's
"determination that [d]efendant had not met his prima facie burden of
demonstrating cohabitation went against the weight of the evidence[,]" and "[a]s
such, . . . must be reversed, and the matter remanded for discovery and a plenary
hearing." We agree.
It is well established that cohabitation by a dependent ex-spouse
constitutes a changed circumstance that could justify a modification of the
supporting ex-spouse's alimony obligation. Gayet v. Gayet, 92 N.J. 149, 154-
55 (1983). In Landau v. Landau, ___ N.J. Super. ___ (App. Div. Sep. 12, 2019),
we recently held that "the changed circumstances standard of Lepis v. Lepis, 83
N.J. 139, 157 (1980), continues to apply to a motion to suspend or terminate
alimony based on cohabitation following the 2014 amendments to the alimony
statute, N.J.S.A. 2A:34-23(n)." Landau, slip op. at 1-2. Those amendments
defined cohabitation as "involv[ing] a mutually supportive, intimate personal
A-0513-18T2 21 relationship in which a couple has undertaken duties and privileges that are
commonly associated with marriage or civil union but does not necessarily
maintain a single common household." N.J.S.A. 2A:34-23(n). Under the
statute, "[a] court may not find an absence of cohabitation solely on grounds that
the couple does not live together on a full-time basis." Ibid.
Instead, courts "shall consider" the following factors "[w]hen assessing
whether cohabitation is occurring[:]"
(1) Intertwined finances such as joint bank accounts and other joint holdings or liabilities;
(2) Sharing or joint responsibility for living expenses;
(3) Recognition of the relationship in the couple's social and family circle;
(4) Living together, the frequency of contact, the duration of the relationship, and other indicia of a mutually supportive intimate personal relationship;
(5) Sharing household chores;
(6) Whether the recipient of alimony has received an enforceable promise of support from another person . . . ; and
(7) All other relevant evidence.
[Ibid. ]
A-0513-18T2 22 In Landau, after carefully reviewing the amendments, "we [saw] no
indication the Legislature evinced any intention to alter the Lepis changed
circumstances paradigm when it defined cohabitation and enumerated the
factors a court is to consider in determining 'whether cohabitation is occurring'
. . . ." Landau, slip op. at 13 (quoting N.J.S.A. 2A:34-23(n)). We determined
the party seeking modification still bears the burden of establishing "[a] prima
facie showing of changed circumstances . . . before a court will order discovery
of an ex-spouse's financial status[.]" Id. at 17 (alteration in original) (quoting
Lepis, 83 N.J. at 157).
In Gayet, the Court held that cohabitation of the dependent ex-spouse
constitutes a change of circumstances to justify the reduction or termination of
alimony by the supporting ex-spouse only if the economic benefit inuring to
either cohabitor is sufficiently material to justify relief. 92 N.J. at 154-55.
"Under this economic needs test, the reduction in alimony is granted in
proportion to the contribution of the cohabitor to the dependent spouse's needs."
Konzelman v. Konzelman, 158 N.J. 185, 196 (1999) (citing Gayet, 92 N.J. at
154-55).
However, in Konzelman, after recognizing the enforceability of
cohabitation provisions in property settlement agreements, the Court held that
A-0513-18T2 23 "an agreement between the parties to allow cohabitation to terminate alimony
obligations can be a valid basis for discontinuing alimony, without regard to the
economic consequences of that relationship" provided that both parties have
agreed to this contingency. Id. at 196. According to the Court,
a specific consensual agreement between the parties to terminate or reduce alimony based on a predetermined change of circumstances does not require an inquiry into the financial circumstances or economic status of the dependent spouse so long as the provision itself is fair. Thus, where the parties have agreed that cohabitation will constitute a material changed circumstance, and that [the] agreement has been judged fair and equitable, the court should defer to the arrangements undertaken by the parties.
[Id. at 197.]
Here, the MSA specified "cohabitation in a mutually supportive, intimate,
personal relationship shall be considered a change of circumstances warranting
a review of alimony." Indeed, the prior judge's decision, upon which this judge
relied, found defendant's evidence established "an intimate and enjoyable
relationship, albeit one mutually supportive emotionally[.]" However, by
dismissing the substantial evidence amassed by defendant, and requiring
evidence of intertwined finances and the couple living together on a full -time
basis to establish prima facie evidence of changed circumstances, the judge
A-0513-18T2 24 misapprehended the express provision of the MSA and the factors enumerated
in N.J.S.A. 2A:34-23(n).
Thus, we agree with defendant that the judge committed reversible error.
Consistent with the procedure outlined in Lepis, the judge should have ordered
discovery, and held a hearing to address the material facts that were in genuine
dispute. 83 N.J. at 159-60. We therefore reverse and remand on this issue.
Based on our decision, we will not address defendant's alternate contention that
the judge misapplied Glass, 366 N.J. Super. at 361-62, in determining that
"[p]laintiff's substantial increase in income was not a change in circumstances
warranting a review of alimony." However, we do not limit the remand to the
cohabitation issue and direct instead that "[a]ll relevant considerations should
[be] addressed[.]" Id. at 376.
In her cross-appeal, plaintiff argues the judge erred in denying her motion
for modification of child support based solely on the fact that both parties, rather
than defendant alone, had increased earnings since the divorce. According to
plaintiff, her "modest raise . . . only provide[d] further basis for the [c]ourt to
recalculate child support in light of [d]efendant's considerable increase in
earnings."
A-0513-18T2 25 Like alimony, child support orders are subject to review and modification
"from time to time," N.J.S.A. 2A:34-23, "on a showing of 'changed
circumstances.'" Lepis, 83 N.J. at 146 (quoting Chalmers v. Chalmers, 65 N.J.
186, 192 (1974)). Child support may be revised when the party seeking
modification satisfies the burden of showing a change of circumstances from
those defined in an existing order. See N.J.S.A. 2A:34-23; Lepis, 83 N.J. at 157;
Beck v. Beck, 239 N.J. Super. 183, 190 (App. Div. 1990). Significant changes
in income or earning capacity of either parent may result in a finding of changed
circumstances as "[c]hildren are entitled to have their 'needs' accord with the
current standard of living of both parents, which may reflect an increase in
parental good fortune." Zazzo v. Zazzo, 245 N.J. Super. 124, 130 (App. Div.
1990).
Applying this standard, we are satisfied plaintiff made the requisite
showing based on the increased income and earning capacity of both parties.
Further, given the significant disputed facts surrounding defendant's income and
earning capacity, plaintiff has demonstrated her entitlement to reciprocal
discovery to test defendant's representations regarding his earned income,
earning ability, and discretionary bonuses. Indeed, the "complete financial
information of both parents [is] necessary for any order of child support." Id. at
A-0513-18T2 26 129. If necessary, a plenary hearing should be conducted to resolve any material
facts in dispute. See Lepis, 83 N.J. at 159 (holding that a plenary hearing must
be conducted on a motion to modify support when there are genuine issues of
material fact that bear on a critical question).
In her cross-appeal, plaintiff also challenges the judge's denial of counsel
fees. Plaintiff argues she was entitled to an award of counsel fees under the
MSA because defendant "failed to comply with prior [c]ourt [o]rders as well as
the[] MSA." Plaintiff also asserts counsel fees are appropriate because
defendant acted "in the utmost bad faith" by "fil[ing] motion after motion
without the required new, substantial[,] and credible evidence."
Rule 4:42-9(a)(1) authorizes the award of counsel fees in a family action.
In making the determination, pursuant to Rule 5:3-5(c), the court should
consider the following factors:
(1) the financial circumstances of the parties; (2) the ability of the parties to pay their own fees or to contribute to the fees of the other party; (3) the reasonableness and good faith of the positions advanced by the parties . . . ; (4) the extent of the fees incurred by both parties; (5) any fees previously awarded; (6) the amount of fees previously paid to counsel by each party; (7) the results obtained; (8) the degree to which fees were incurred to enforce existing orders or to compel discovery; and (9) any other factor bearing on the fairness of an award.
A-0513-18T2 27 See also N.J.S.A. 2A:34-23.
"The application of these factors and the ultimate decision to award
counsel fees rests within the sound discretion of the trial judge." Gotlib v.
Gotlib, 399 N.J. Super. 295, 314-15 (App. Div. 2008) (quoting Loro v. Colliano,
354 N.J. Super. 212, 227 (App. Div. 2002)). "We will disturb a trial court's
determination on counsel fees only on the 'rarest occasion,' and then only
because of clear abuse of discretion." Strahan v. Strahan, 402 N.J. Super. 298,
317 (App. Div. 2008) (quoting Rendine v. Pantzer, 141 N.J. 292, 317 (1995)).
Here, under the MSA, the parties agreed that the party who brought a
successful enforcement motion for non-compliance with the MSA would be
entitled to counsel fees from the non-compliant party. However, plaintiff did
not prevail on her enforcement motion and does not challenge that determination
in her cross-appeal. Thus, plaintiff was not entitled to counsel fees under the
MSA provision. Additionally, the judge considered the financial circumstances
of the parties, determined both parties were able to pay their respective fees,
assessed the disputed issues and results obtained, and found no bad faith on the
part of defendant. Therefore, in denying counsel fees, the judge considered the
requisite factors.
A-0513-18T2 28 We are satisfied the judge's decision reflects no clear abuse of discretion
to warrant reversal. In so concluding, we acknowledge plaintiff's frustration and
belief that "[d]efendant's actions are clearly retaliatory" and designed "to abuse
[p]laintiff through the legal system." We also "recognize the potential for abuse
of the judicial process and waste of personal and judicial resources implicit in
the making of repeated 'incremental' motions, and we vigorously disapprove
such a course of conduct." Beck, 239 N.J. Super. at 191. However, we also
recognize that a litigant "should not . . . ordinarily be penalized by the
deprivation of a remedy to which he would otherwise be entitled." Ibid.
In sum, we affirm the judge's denial of counsel fees, but reverse the judge's
determination that both parties failed to establish a prima facie case of changed
circumstances to justify discovery and, if necessary, a plenary hearing.
Accordingly, we remand for the judge to permit the parties to engage in
reciprocal discovery, and conduct a plenary hearing, if warranted. To the extent
we have not addressed a particular argument, it is because either our disposition
makes it unnecessary or the argument was without sufficient merit to warrant
discussion in a written opinion. R. 2:11-3(e)(1)(E).
Affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded for further proceedings
consistent with this opinion. We do not retain jurisdiction.
A-0513-18T2 29