Opinion issued September 29, 2015
In The
Court of Appeals For The
First District of Texas ———————————— NO. 01-14-00575-CR ——————————— VIBHA HARISH PATEL, Appellant V. THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee
On Appeal from the County Criminal Court at Law No. 13 Harris County, Texas Trial Court Case No. 1909929
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Appellant, Vibha Harish Patel, was charged by information and found guilty
by a jury of driving while intoxicated. The trial court sentenced her to five days’
confinement in the Harris County Jail. In her sole issue on appeal, Patel contends that the trial court erred by admitting the results of a breath-alcohol test obtained in
violation of the Texas Administrative Code. Finding no error, we affirm.
Background
At trial, Officer J. Sampson of the Tomball Police Department (“TPD”),
testified that at approximately 4:00 a.m. on July 27, 2013, he responded to a
distress call from a car stranded in a ditch in Harris County. Sampson testified that
when he arrived at the scene, Patel showed signs of intoxication, including “a
strong odor of an alcoholic beverage,” “red, bloodshot glassy eyes,” and “slurred
speech.” Sampson therefore administered field sobriety tests. He testified that
Patel’s performance on them indicated that she was intoxicated.
Corporal B. Patin of the TPD testified that he arrived at the scene and
administered an additional field sobriety test. Patin transported Patel to the TPD
station after her performance on the test indicated that she was intoxicated.
Patin testified that, according to the time stamp of his patrol car’s video
camera, he and Patel left the scene at 4:29 a.m. Patin then described his best
“estimates” of how long it took him to perform several other tasks that night. Patin
estimated that he spent “[p]robably less than ten minutes” driving Patel to the TPD
station, around five minutes securing his guns, and “[close] to 20 [minutes]”
waiting for Officer Sampson to arrive. Patin testified that about another five
2 minutes elapsed while Sampson read Patel her statutory rights and Patin used the
restroom.
But Patin testified clearly that he observed Patel for 15 minutes before the
breath test was administered. Specifically, Patin remembered using “the stopwatch
on [his] watch” to perform the “15 minute observation period” required by then-
effective Texas Administrative Code section 19.4(c)(1).1 37 TEX. ADMIN. CODE
§ 19.4(c)(1) (2014) (Tex. Dep’t of Pub. Safety, Approval of Techniques, Methods,
and Programs), repealed by 40 Tex. Reg. 129, 255 (2015).
Outside the presence of the jury, Patel moved to suppress the breath test
results. According to the Intoxilyzer time stamp, the breath test was administered
at 4:57 a.m. Patel argued that the results should be suppressed because the 15-
minute observation period required by the Texas Administrative Code could not
have been observed given the evidence that Patin left the scene at 4:29 a.m. and
spent 40 minutes performing various tasks before the test was administered at 4:57
a.m.
1 While Patel’s appeal was pending, the Department of Public Safety reorganized and revised the Breath Alcohol Testing Regulations. See 40 Tex. Reg. 129, 250– 55 (2015). The 15-minute observation period is now governed by section 19.3 of the Texas Administrative Code. See 37 TEX. ADMIN. CODE § 19.3 (2015) (Dep’t of Pub. Safety, Techniques and Methods), adopted by 40 Tex. Reg. 129, 252 (2015). For purposes of this opinion, our analysis is confined to the former section 19.4 which governed the procedures to be followed at the time Patel was arrested.
3 After a hearing, the trial court denied the motion and admitted the breath test
results, which showed that Patel had a blood-alcohol concentration level of 0.179.
The jury found Patel guilty.
Discussion
In her sole issue, Patel contends that the trial court abused its discretion in
admitting her breath test results because the evidence shows that the breath test
operator failed to perform the 15-minute observation period required by the
Department of Public Safety and then-effective section 19.4(c)(1) of the Texas
Administrative Code.
A. Standard of Review
When reviewing a trial court’s ruling on a motion to suppress evidence, we
apply a bifurcated standard of review. Carmouche v. State, 10 S.W.3d 323, 327
(Tex. Crim. App. 2000); Wiley v. State, 388 S.W.3d 807, 815 (Tex. App.—
Houston [1st Dist.] 2012, pet. ref’d). We conduct a de novo review of the trial
court’s application of the law to historical facts. Carmouche, 10 S.W.3d at 327.
But we give almost total deference to the trial court’s determination of those facts
that depend on the credibility of the evidence. Id.
Unless a trial court abuses its discretion by making a finding unsupported by
the record or rendering a decision “outside the zone of reasonable disagreement,”
we defer to its findings and will not disturb them on appeal. Flores v. State, 177
4 S.W.3d 8, 14 (Tex. App—Houston [1st Dist.] 2015, pet ref’d); Higginbotham v.
State, 416 S.W.3d 921, 924 (Tex. App—Houston [1st Dist.] 2013, no pet.). If the
trial court does not enter findings of fact, we must “view the evidence in the light
most favorable to the trial court’s ruling” and “assume that the trial court made
implicit findings of fact that support its ruling as long as those findings are
supported by the record.” Wiede v. State, 214 S.W.3d 17, 24–25 (Tex. Crim. App.
2007).
B. Applicable Law
“A breath specimen taken at the request or order of a peace officer must be
taken and analyzed under the rules of the [D]epartment [of Public Safety] . . . .”
TEX. TRANSP. CODE ANN. § 724.016 (West 2011). The rules for breath-alcohol-
testing procedures are set forth in the Texas Administrative Code. See 37 TEX.
ADMIN. CODE ch. 19 (2015). A presumption of admissibility applies when the
procedures prescribed by the Department of Public Safety are followed. See
Reynolds v. State, 204 S.W.3d 386, 390 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006); Stevenson v.
State, 895 S.W.2d 694, 696 (Tex. Crim. App. 1995). Here, Patel contends that the
State did not comply with one such rule. It stated in relevant part that
[a]n operator shall remain in the presence of the subject at least 15 minutes before the [breath-alcohol] test and should exercise reasonable care to ensure that the subject does not place any substances in the mouth. Direct observation is not necessary to ensure the validity or accuracy of the test result . . . .”
5 See 37 TEX. ADMIN. CODE § 19.4(c)(1) (2014) (Tex. Dep’t of Pub. Safety,
Approval of Techniques, Methods, and Programs), repealed by 40 Tex. Reg. 129,
255 (2015).
C. Analysis
Patel contends that the trial court erred in admitting her breath test results
because the evidence demonstrates that Patin did not comply with the mandatory
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Opinion issued September 29, 2015
In The
Court of Appeals For The
First District of Texas ———————————— NO. 01-14-00575-CR ——————————— VIBHA HARISH PATEL, Appellant V. THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee
On Appeal from the County Criminal Court at Law No. 13 Harris County, Texas Trial Court Case No. 1909929
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Appellant, Vibha Harish Patel, was charged by information and found guilty
by a jury of driving while intoxicated. The trial court sentenced her to five days’
confinement in the Harris County Jail. In her sole issue on appeal, Patel contends that the trial court erred by admitting the results of a breath-alcohol test obtained in
violation of the Texas Administrative Code. Finding no error, we affirm.
Background
At trial, Officer J. Sampson of the Tomball Police Department (“TPD”),
testified that at approximately 4:00 a.m. on July 27, 2013, he responded to a
distress call from a car stranded in a ditch in Harris County. Sampson testified that
when he arrived at the scene, Patel showed signs of intoxication, including “a
strong odor of an alcoholic beverage,” “red, bloodshot glassy eyes,” and “slurred
speech.” Sampson therefore administered field sobriety tests. He testified that
Patel’s performance on them indicated that she was intoxicated.
Corporal B. Patin of the TPD testified that he arrived at the scene and
administered an additional field sobriety test. Patin transported Patel to the TPD
station after her performance on the test indicated that she was intoxicated.
Patin testified that, according to the time stamp of his patrol car’s video
camera, he and Patel left the scene at 4:29 a.m. Patin then described his best
“estimates” of how long it took him to perform several other tasks that night. Patin
estimated that he spent “[p]robably less than ten minutes” driving Patel to the TPD
station, around five minutes securing his guns, and “[close] to 20 [minutes]”
waiting for Officer Sampson to arrive. Patin testified that about another five
2 minutes elapsed while Sampson read Patel her statutory rights and Patin used the
restroom.
But Patin testified clearly that he observed Patel for 15 minutes before the
breath test was administered. Specifically, Patin remembered using “the stopwatch
on [his] watch” to perform the “15 minute observation period” required by then-
effective Texas Administrative Code section 19.4(c)(1).1 37 TEX. ADMIN. CODE
§ 19.4(c)(1) (2014) (Tex. Dep’t of Pub. Safety, Approval of Techniques, Methods,
and Programs), repealed by 40 Tex. Reg. 129, 255 (2015).
Outside the presence of the jury, Patel moved to suppress the breath test
results. According to the Intoxilyzer time stamp, the breath test was administered
at 4:57 a.m. Patel argued that the results should be suppressed because the 15-
minute observation period required by the Texas Administrative Code could not
have been observed given the evidence that Patin left the scene at 4:29 a.m. and
spent 40 minutes performing various tasks before the test was administered at 4:57
a.m.
1 While Patel’s appeal was pending, the Department of Public Safety reorganized and revised the Breath Alcohol Testing Regulations. See 40 Tex. Reg. 129, 250– 55 (2015). The 15-minute observation period is now governed by section 19.3 of the Texas Administrative Code. See 37 TEX. ADMIN. CODE § 19.3 (2015) (Dep’t of Pub. Safety, Techniques and Methods), adopted by 40 Tex. Reg. 129, 252 (2015). For purposes of this opinion, our analysis is confined to the former section 19.4 which governed the procedures to be followed at the time Patel was arrested.
3 After a hearing, the trial court denied the motion and admitted the breath test
results, which showed that Patel had a blood-alcohol concentration level of 0.179.
The jury found Patel guilty.
Discussion
In her sole issue, Patel contends that the trial court abused its discretion in
admitting her breath test results because the evidence shows that the breath test
operator failed to perform the 15-minute observation period required by the
Department of Public Safety and then-effective section 19.4(c)(1) of the Texas
Administrative Code.
A. Standard of Review
When reviewing a trial court’s ruling on a motion to suppress evidence, we
apply a bifurcated standard of review. Carmouche v. State, 10 S.W.3d 323, 327
(Tex. Crim. App. 2000); Wiley v. State, 388 S.W.3d 807, 815 (Tex. App.—
Houston [1st Dist.] 2012, pet. ref’d). We conduct a de novo review of the trial
court’s application of the law to historical facts. Carmouche, 10 S.W.3d at 327.
But we give almost total deference to the trial court’s determination of those facts
that depend on the credibility of the evidence. Id.
Unless a trial court abuses its discretion by making a finding unsupported by
the record or rendering a decision “outside the zone of reasonable disagreement,”
we defer to its findings and will not disturb them on appeal. Flores v. State, 177
4 S.W.3d 8, 14 (Tex. App—Houston [1st Dist.] 2015, pet ref’d); Higginbotham v.
State, 416 S.W.3d 921, 924 (Tex. App—Houston [1st Dist.] 2013, no pet.). If the
trial court does not enter findings of fact, we must “view the evidence in the light
most favorable to the trial court’s ruling” and “assume that the trial court made
implicit findings of fact that support its ruling as long as those findings are
supported by the record.” Wiede v. State, 214 S.W.3d 17, 24–25 (Tex. Crim. App.
2007).
B. Applicable Law
“A breath specimen taken at the request or order of a peace officer must be
taken and analyzed under the rules of the [D]epartment [of Public Safety] . . . .”
TEX. TRANSP. CODE ANN. § 724.016 (West 2011). The rules for breath-alcohol-
testing procedures are set forth in the Texas Administrative Code. See 37 TEX.
ADMIN. CODE ch. 19 (2015). A presumption of admissibility applies when the
procedures prescribed by the Department of Public Safety are followed. See
Reynolds v. State, 204 S.W.3d 386, 390 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006); Stevenson v.
State, 895 S.W.2d 694, 696 (Tex. Crim. App. 1995). Here, Patel contends that the
State did not comply with one such rule. It stated in relevant part that
[a]n operator shall remain in the presence of the subject at least 15 minutes before the [breath-alcohol] test and should exercise reasonable care to ensure that the subject does not place any substances in the mouth. Direct observation is not necessary to ensure the validity or accuracy of the test result . . . .”
5 See 37 TEX. ADMIN. CODE § 19.4(c)(1) (2014) (Tex. Dep’t of Pub. Safety,
Approval of Techniques, Methods, and Programs), repealed by 40 Tex. Reg. 129,
255 (2015).
C. Analysis
Patel contends that the trial court erred in admitting her breath test results
because the evidence demonstrates that Patin did not comply with the mandatory
15-minute waiting period required by then-effective section 19.4(c)(1) of the Texas
Administrative Code. Patel argues that Patin could not have finished every task he
claims he accomplished after leaving the scene that morning—driving to the
station, checking in weapons, waiting for Officer Sampson, using the restroom—
and observed the mandatory 15-minute waiting period because the video time
stamp and Intoxilyzer time stamp indicated that only 28 minutes elapsed between
the time he left the scene (4:29) and the time the test was administered (4:57).
We conclude that the trial court did not err in denying Patel’s motion to
suppress. Patin unequivocally testified that he knew he complied with the 15-
minute observation period because he used the stopwatch on his watch to ensure
that 15 minutes elapsed before he administered Patel’s breath test. Patin’s time
estimates in response to cross-examination discredited his timeline—there was not
enough time to perform each of the tasks he described if they indeed took as long
as he estimated, observe the 15-minute waiting period, and administer the test by
6 4:57 a.m. However, there was no evidence that the car’s time stamp was
synchronized with the Intoxilyzer time stamp. See Gutierrez v. State, 221 S.W.3d
680, 687 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007) (conflicting evidence should be resolved in favor
of trial court’s ruling on motion to suppress); Howes v. State, 120 S.W.3d 903, 907
(Tex. App.—Texarkana 2003, pet. ref’d) (stating that unless “the time stamp
generated by the video camera [of the officer’s patrol car] was synchronized with
the internal clock in the intoxilyzer machine . . . [a reviewing court] cannot find
that the trial court abused its discretion by denying a motion to suppress”). It was
the trial court’s province to resolve this conflict in the evidence, and we afford
almost total deference to the trial court to determine the credibility of the evidence.
See Walker v. State, 588 S.W.2d 920, 924 (Tex. Crim. App. 1979) (trial court
determines whether officer’s or appellant’s version of events is true).
Giving the required deference to the trial court’s credibility determination,
we conclude that the trial court could have credited Patin’s testimony that he
observed the mandatory 15-minute waiting period using his stopwatch and
reasonably concluded that Patin complied with section 19.4(c)(1) of the Texas
Administrative Code. See Serrano v. State, 464 S.W.3d 1, 8 (Tex. App.—Houston
[1st Dist.] 2015, pet. ref’d) (holding trial court did not abuse its discretion in
denying motion to suppress where breath test operator testified that she knew she
7 performed mandatory 15-minute waiting period even though she could not
specifically recall observing appellant).
We overrule Patel’s sole issue.
Conclusion
We affirm the judgment of the trial court.
Rebeca Huddle Justice
Panel consists of Chief Justice Radack and Justices Bland and Huddle.
Do not publish. TEX. R. APP. P. 47.2(b).