TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN
NO. 03-20-00574-CV
Vertex Industrial, Inc., Appellant
v.
State Farm Lloyds as Subrogee of Jarom Heaton and Kristy Heaton, Appellee
FROM THE COUNTY COURT AT LAW NO. 4 OF WILLIAMSON COUNTY NO. 18-1697-CC4, THE HONORABLE JOHN MCMASTER, JUDGE PRESIDING
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Vertex Industrial Inc., a California corporation, appeals the denial of its special
appearance. See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code § 51.014(a)(7). State Farm Lloyds, as subrogee of
Jarom and Kristy Heaton, sued Vertex and others, alleging causes of action arising out of a
reverse-osmosis filtration system installed in the Heatons’ home in Texas. In four issues on appeal,
Vertex argues that the trial court erred by denying its special appearance because, in its view, its
contacts with Texas are insufficient to confer general or specific personal jurisdiction. Because
the trial court did not err by concluding that Vertex has sufficient contacts with Texas to establish
specific jurisdiction and that exercising jurisdiction over it would not be unfair, we affirm.
BACKGROUND
The Heatons bought a reverse-osmosis filtration system from a Texas-based
distributor, and the system was installed under the kitchen sink in their home in Williamson
County. In 2017, the Heatons discovered water damage allegedly caused by a failure of the system or its parts. State Farm was the Heatons’ insurer; paid them for repairs, property damage, cleaning
expenses, and alternative living expenses; and became subrogated to their claims arising out of the
system’s alleged failure. State Farm sued the Texas distributor, two other parties, and Vertex to
recover the roughly $33,600 that it spent reimbursing the Heatons.
In its live petition, State Farm alleged that the defendants designed, manufactured,
or distributed the Heatons’ system, bringing it from Vertex’s California place of business into
Texas. It also alleged that Vertex has contacts with Texas by, for example, doing business and
operating here; placing the Heatons’ system into the stream of commerce, knowing that it would
end up in Texas; and not warning the Heatons of the system’s dangers or defects.
In response to State Farm’s petition, Vertex filed a Special Appearance and Motion
to Dismiss, contending that the trial court could not exercise either general or specific personal
jurisdiction. It attached to the special appearance a declaration by one of its officers, who provided
facts showing why Vertex had insufficient contacts with Texas. State Farm responded to the
special appearance and attached evidence of its own. The trial court held a hearing on the special
appearance but heard only attorney argument and no more evidence. In an order reciting that it
considered the special appearance, “the briefing and exhibits, and the argument of counsel,” the
court denied the special appearance, concluding that “it does maintain personal jurisdiction over
Defendant Vertex in this matter.” Vertex now appeals that order.
APPLICABLE LAW AND STANDARD OF REVIEW
A special appearance allows a nonresident to appear in a Texas court for the limited
purpose of challenging the court’s exercise of personal jurisdiction. See Tex. R. Civ. P. 120a(1).
When personal jurisdiction is challenged, the plaintiff bears the initial burden of pleading
allegations sufficient to confer jurisdiction. See Luciano v. SprayFoamPolymers.com, LLC,
2 625 S.W.3d 1, 8 (Tex. 2021); Old Republic Nat’l Title Ins. Co. v. Bell, 549 S.W.3d 550, 559 (Tex.
2018). If the plaintiff meets this burden, the burden shifts to the defendant to negate all bases
for jurisdiction in the allegations. See Luciano, 625 S.W.3d at 8; Old Republic Nat’l Title Ins.,
549 S.W.3d at 559.
“A defendant can negate jurisdiction either legally or factually.” TV Azteca, S.A.B.
de C.V. v. Trevino Ruiz, 490 S.W.3d 29, 36 n.4 (Tex. 2016). “Legally, the defendant can show
that the plaintiff’s alleged jurisdictional facts, even if true, do not meet the personal jurisdiction
requirements.” Id. “Factually, the defendant can present evidence that negates one or more of
the requirements, controverting the plaintiff’s contrary allegations”—for example, evidence that
the defendant has no contacts with Texas. See id.; Kelly v. General Interior Constr., Inc.,
301 S.W.3d 653, 659 (Tex. 2010). “The plaintiff can then respond with evidence supporting the
allegations.” TV Azteca, 490 S.W.3d at 36 n.4; accord Kelly, 301 S.W.3d at 658–59. Thus, a
ruling on a special appearance often requires the trial court to resolve questions of fact. Luciano,
625 S.W.3d at 8; see also Tex. R. Civ. P. 120a(3) (listing evidence that court should consider when
deciding special appearance).
When, as here, the court does not issue findings of fact for its special-appearance
decision, we presume that all fact disputes were resolved in favor of the decision, and imply all
relevant facts necessary to support the judgment that are supported by the evidence, unless they
are challenged on appeal. See Luciano, 625 S.W.3d at 8; M & F Worldwide Corp. v. Pepsi–Cola
Metro. Bottling Co., 512 S.W.3d 878, 885 (Tex. 2017). If the appellate record includes a reporter’s
record and a clerk’s record, as it does in this case, the trial court’s implied findings are not
conclusive but may be reviewed for legal and factual sufficiency of the evidence. BMC Software
Belg., N.V. v. Marchand, 83 S.W.3d 789, 795 (Tex. 2002). However, the ultimate determination
3 of whether a court has personal jurisdiction over a defendant is a question of law, which we review
de novo. See Luciano, 625 S.W.3d at 8.
Texas’s courts may exercise personal jurisdiction over a nonresident if (1) the
Texas long-arm statute authorizes the exercise of jurisdiction and (2) the exercise is consistent with
federal due-process guarantees. Id. The long-arm statute broadly permits jurisdiction over a
nonresident if it “commits a tort in whole or in part in this state,” Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code
§ 17.042(2); Luciano, 625 S.W.3d at 8, and allows Texas courts to exercise personal jurisdiction
“as far as the federal constitutional requirements of due process will permit,” BMC Software Belg.,
83 S.W.3d at 795. A state may exercise jurisdiction over a nonresident only if it has “minimum
contacts” with the state and maintaining the suit in that state against the nonresident does not offend
“traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice.” Luciano, 625 S.W.3d at 8 (quoting
International Shoe Co. v. Washington, 326 U.S. 310, 316 (1945)).
A nonresident’s contacts with the state can give rise to either general or specific
jurisdiction. Id. There is general jurisdiction when the nonresident’s affiliations with the state are
so “continuous and systematic” so that it is “essentially at home” in the state. See id. General
jurisdiction requires substantial activities within the state and calls for a more demanding
minimum-contacts analysis than does specific jurisdiction. TV Azteca, 490 S.W.3d at 37. When
a court has general jurisdiction, it may exercise jurisdiction even if the cause of action did not arise
from activities in its state. Id.
By contrast, specific jurisdiction “covers defendants less intimately connected with
a state, but only as to a narrower class of claims.” Luciano, 625 S.W.3d at 8 (quoting Ford Motor
Co. v. Montana Eighth Jud. Dist. Ct., 141 S. Ct. 1017, 1024 (2021)). The minimum contacts
necessary for specific jurisdiction exist if (1) the nonresident purposefully availed itself of the
4 privilege of conducting activities in the state and (2) the suit arises out of or relates to the
nonresident’s contacts with the state. Id. at 8–9 (citing Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. v. Superior Ct.
of Cal., 137 S. Ct. 1773, 1780 (2017)).
Even if such minimum contacts have been shown, we also must consider whether
exercising jurisdiction over the nonresident would offend “traditional notions of fair play and
substantial justice.” Id. at 18 (quoting International Shoe, 326 U.S. at 316). Only in rare cases
will the exercise not comport with those notions when the nonresident has purposefully established
minimum contacts with Texas. Id.
SPECIFIC PERSONAL JURISDICTION
In its fourth issue, Vertex contends that specific jurisdiction over it in Texas cannot
be maintained because while State Farm’s is “a negligent design and manufacturing case,” “the
product was not designed, manufactured, or distributed” by Vertex in Texas. To address Vertex’s
issue, we consider State Farm’s jurisdictional allegations, Vertex’s special appearance and
accompanying evidence, and evidence filed by State Farm in reply. See Tex. R. Civ. P. 120a(3)
(stating that “[t]he court shall determine the special appearance on the basis of the pleadings, any
stipulations made by and between the parties, such affidavits and attachments as may be filed by
the parties, the results of discovery processes, and any oral testimony”).
State Farm’s jurisdictional allegations fall into five categories: (1) Vertex, like
other of the defendants, was “doing business in Texas” and “operating in Texas”; (2) Vertex did
business in Texas by placing the reverse-osmosis filtration system into the stream of commerce;
(3) Vertex sold the system to the Texas distributor knowing that it would distribute the system in
Texas; (4) even if Vertex did not itself manufacture the system, it marketed it in Texas because the
system bore Vertex’s trade name or trademark, see Restatement (Second) of Torts § 400 (1965);
5 and (5) Vertex did not warn the Heatons of the system’s dangers or defects. See Texas Ass’n of
Bus. v. Texas Air Control Bd., 852 S.W.2d 440, 446 (Tex. 1993) (“When reviewing a trial court
order dismissing a cause for want of jurisdiction, Texas appellate courts construe the pleadings in
favor of the plaintiff and look to the pleader’s intent.” (internal quotation omitted)); McDill v.
McDill, No. 03-19-00162-CV, 2020 WL 4726634, at *5 (Tex. App.—Austin July 30, 2020, pet.
denied) (mem. op.) (liberally construing plaintiff’s pleading in appeal over special appearance).
To negate the jurisdictional allegations, Vertex attached evidence to its special
appearance—an unsworn declaration under penalty of perjury, see Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code
§ 132.001, by its Vice President and General Manager. He declared that Vertex is organized under
California law; has a principal place of business in California; “does not have, and has never had,
any place of business in Texas”; “does not maintain a registered agent” in Texas; “does not own
or lease any real property in Texas” and has never done so; “does not own any personal property
in Texas”; “does not pay any taxes in Texas”; “does not maintain any bank accounts, addresses or
employees in Texas” and has never done so; and ships its products “F.O.B. Montclair, California.”
See CSR Ltd. v. Link, 925 S.W.2d 591, 594–95 (Tex. 1996) (title to goods sold passed at F.O.B.
site of loading onto ship). As for Vertex’s products, he declared that Vertex “does not distribute
its water filtration systems directly to consumers in Texas”; has “never sent any of its products
directly to consumers in Texas nor solicited sales from individuals in Texas”; “sells its products to
independent dealers who distribute its product throughout the United States”; “has no ownership
interest in any of these independent dealers,” who “are free to sell other manufacturers[’] products”
without “restrictions or limitations” on “how much [the distributors] are supposed to charge for
Vertex products”; and “does not have contracts with any of these independent dealers and does not
service its products after they are sold.”
6 In response, State Farm filed evidence showing that in about the year before and
two years after the alleged damage to the Heatons’ home, Vertex had shipped water-quality-related
products to the Texas distributor of the Heatons’ reverse-osmosis filtration system in response to
about two dozen purchase orders from the distributor. State Farm also filed evidence that Vertex
had for some years been a member of a Texas “trade association representing the household,
commercial, and industrial water quality improvement industry in Texas.” Membership in the
trade association required Vertex to “design . . . water treatment equipment in a manner . . . to
comply with all applicable laws, ordinances or regulations in the State of Texas.”1
To support specific jurisdiction, State Farm’s allegations and evidence must show
that (1) Vertex purposefully availed itself of the privilege of conducting activities in Texas, (2) the
suit arises out of or relates to its contacts with Texas, and (3) exercising jurisdiction would not
offend traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice. See Luciano, 625 S.W.3d at 8–9, 14
(citing Bristol-Myers Squibb, 137 S. Ct. at 1780).2
I. Vertex purposefully availed itself of the privilege of conducting activities in Texas.
For products-liability suits like this one in which a manufacturer or designer sold
its product “indirectly” to an ultimate Texas consumer through an independent distributor, the
“stream of commerce” doctrine is useful when gauging the defendant’s Texas contacts. See id.
at 9 (citing Spir Star AG v. Kimich, 310 S.W.3d 868, 874 (Tex. 2010)). The “seller’s awareness
that the stream of commerce may or will sweep the product into the forum State does not convert
1 State Farm offered other evidence discussed below. 2 Reading its petition liberally, State Farm alleged that Vertex committed a tort in Texas because it alleged, for example, that Vertex sold the system that caused the Heatons damages knowing that it would end up in Texas, marketed the system in Texas, and did not warn the Heatons of the system’s dangers or defects. 7 the mere act of placing the product in the stream into an act purposefully directed toward the
forum State.” Id. at 9–10 (internal quotation omitted). There must be more than that to support
purposeful availing: “Texas courts require ‘additional conduct’ evincing ‘an intent or purpose to
serve the market in the forum State,’ whether directly or indirectly.” Id. at 10 (quoting TV Azteca,
490 S.W.3d at 46). Potential additional conduct includes advertising in Texas; setting up channels
of regular communication to Texas customers; soliciting business in Texas through salespersons;
designing the product for the Texas market; and creating, controlling, or employing the distribution
system that brought the product into Texas. See id.; Spir Star, 310 S.W.3d at 873; Moki Mac River
Expeditions v. Drugg, 221 S.W.3d 569, 577 (Tex. 2007). Thus, while a nonresident need not have
offices or employees in Texas to purposefully avail of the state, directing marketing efforts to
Texas in hopes of soliciting sales may make the nonresident subject to Texas jurisdiction in suits
arising from that business. Luciano, 625 S.W.3d at 10 (quoting Michiana Easy Livin’ Country,
Inc. v. Holten, 168 S.W.3d 777, 785 (Tex. 2005)).
In this case, State Farm’s evidence in support of its jurisdictional allegations shows
that Vertex (1) placed systems like the Heatons’ in the stream of commerce; (2) sold systems
to the Texas distributor knowing that it would distribute them in Texas; (3) fulfilled the roughly
two dozen purchase orders by the Texas distributor; (4) joined and participated in the Texas
water-quality trade association; (5) was an exhibitor at three of the trade association’s annual
conventions, in Fort Worth, Montgomery, and San Antonio; and (6) sponsored a hole at the trade
association’s Texas golf tournament.
We conclude that Vertex’s contacts with Texas, as established by State Farm’s
pleaded allegations and supporting evidence, are sufficient to show that Vertex purposefully
availed itself of the privilege of conducting activities in Texas. We also cannot conclude that
8 Vertex’s officer’s declaration that title to the Vertex systems passes in California and not in
Texas conclusively negates specific jurisdiction because the remaining quality and nature of the
company’s Texas activities show purposeful availing. See id. at 11 (“[W]here title passed is beside
the point in the specific-jurisdiction analysis. Whether due process is satisfied depends rather
on the quality and nature of the activity.” (internal quotations and citation omitted) (quoting
International Shoe, 326 U.S. at 319; Spir Star, 310 S.W.3d at 875)); Spir Star, 310 S.W.3d
at 875–76 (concluding that defendant exhibited required “additional conduct” in Texas because
although title to goods it sold passed outside Texas, it “reap[ed] substantial economic gain through
its sales to” its Texas distributor).
Those other Texas activities—the required “additional conduct” on top of putting
the system that went into the Heatons’ home into the stream of commerce, see Luciano,
625 S.W.3d at 10—are shown by the combined force of the following, which we infer that the trial
court found because the following is supported by the evidence:
▪ sales of water-quality-related goods to the Texas distributor, see id. at 11–12 (use of Texas distributor to ship goods to ultimate customers); Spir Star, 310 S.W.3d at 874–76 (directly targeting Texas market via Texas distributor despite receiving none of distributor’s profits and title to goods passing outside Texas);
▪ joining the Texas water-quality trade association and using it to market Vertex in Texas, see Luciano, 625 S.W.3d at 12 (tapping into Texas market via Texas sales representative irrespective of sales volume realized through representative’s efforts);
▪ committing, as a member of the trade association, to comply with Texas laws and regulations, thereby evincing an intent to serve the Texas market, see Moki Mac River Expeditions, 221 S.W.3d at 577–78 (“seller intended to serve the Texas market” along with “advertising and establishing channels of regular communication to customers in” Texas, including through “advertisements in a variety of nationally circulated publications that have Texas subscribers” and “advertisement in the Austin Chronicle”); and
9 ▪ placing Vertex’s trade name or trademark on the Heatons’ system, see Spir Star, 310 S.W.3d at 877 (use of defendant’s trade name for in-Texas sales).
Besides purposeful availing, to support specific jurisdiction State Farm’s suit must arise out of or
relate to Vertex’s Texas contacts. See Luciano, 625 S.W.3d at 14. We turn to that topic.
II. State Farm’s suit is sufficiently related to Vertex’s Texas contacts.
The “relatedness” inquiry involves the appropriate nexus between the nonresident,
the litigation, and the forum. Id. (quoting Moki Mac River Expeditions, 221 S.W.3d at 579). It is
satisfied by a substantial connection between the nonresident’s contacts and the operative facts of
the litigation. Id. (quoting Moki Mac River Expeditions, 221 S.W.3d at 585). There must be an
affiliation between the forum and the underlying controversy, principally, an activity or an
occurrence that takes place in the forum State and is therefore subject to the State’s regulation. Id.
(quoting Bristol-Myers Squibb, 137 S. Ct. at 1780). In other words, specific jurisdiction is
confined to adjudication of issues deriving from, or connected with, the very controversy
that establishes jurisdiction. Id. (quoting Bristol-Myers Squibb, 137 S. Ct. at 1780). Because
the suit may either arise out of or relate to the defendant’s forum contacts and still support
jurisdiction, the contacts need not have caused the suit but can simply support “some
relationship[] . . . support[ing] jurisdiction without a causal showing.” See id. at 15 (quoting Ford
Motor, 141 S. Ct. at 1026).
State Farm’s allegations and special-appearance evidence support the required
findings. It alleged that Vertex does business in and operates in Texas, sold the Heatons’ system
to the Texas distributor knowing that it would distribute the system in Texas, and did not warn
the Heatons. Vertex’s special-appearance evidence sought to negate the first allegation but did
not negate the latter two. For example, Vertex’s declarant said that Vertex “sells its products to
10 independent dealers who distribute its product throughout the United States,” but this does not
negate the allegations that one of those distributors was based in Texas and Vertex sold products
to it several times. Supporting its allegations, State Farm’s evidence showed that Vertex has sold
other water-quality-related products to the same Texas distributor and has advertised through the
Texas water-quality trade association, suggesting its intent to serve the Texas market. This creates
the required “substantial connection”—one existing between the Heatons’ allegedly defective
system, other similar products that Vertex sold knowing that they would end up in Texas, and its
advertising in Texas in the water-quality market. See Ford Motor, 141 S. Ct. at 1028–29 (specific
jurisdiction existed when defendants advertised same models of cars that allegedly injured
plaintiffs to residents of forum states despite fact that plaintiffs’ cars were bought outside forum
states); Luciano, 625 S.W.3d at 16–17 (specific jurisdiction existed when suit arose from injuries
sustained from product installed in Texas home and defendant sold other of same product in
Texas and despite fact that plaintiffs’ particular product might have been bought outside Texas);
cf. Moki Mac River Expeditions, 221 S.W.3d at 585–88 (“relatedness” requirement not met when
injuries were sustained during hike outside Texas and future jury could assess alleged in-Texas
misrepresentations “[o]nly after thoroughly considering the manner in which the [outside-Texas]
hike was conducted”). We infer that the trial court made the required “relatedness” findings
because they are supported by the evidence.
Besides purposeful availing and “relatedness,” the exercise of jurisdiction must not
offend traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice. See Luciano, 625 S.W.3d at 18
(quoting International Shoe, 326 U.S. at 316). We turn last to that topic.
11 III. Texas jurisdiction over Vertex would not offend traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice.
We decide this topic in light of (1) the burden on Vertex, (2) Texas’s interests in
adjudicating the suit, (3) State Farm’s interest in obtaining convenient and effective relief,
(4) the interstate judicial system’s interest in the most efficient resolution of controversies, and
(5) the shared interest of several states in furthering fundamental substantive social policies.
See id. at 18–19.
The first factor favors Texas jurisdiction because Vertex “exercise[d] the privilege
of conducting activities within” Texas, and the fact that its place of business is elsewhere does not
defeat jurisdiction under this factor. See id. at 19. The second also supports jurisdiction because
Texas has an interest in exercising jurisdiction in suits arising from injuries sustained from
allegedly defective products purposefully brought into the state and installed in Texas homes. See
id.; see also Ford Motor, 141 S. Ct. at 1029–30 (“allowing jurisdiction in these cases treats Ford
fairly” because forums’ courts should enforce not only Ford’s “commitment” to manufacturing
safe cars for forums’ residents but also “contracts, the defense of property, and the resulting
formation of effective markets,” all of which benefit Ford when conducting activities in forums).
The third factor favors Texas jurisdiction because Texas is where the witnesses related to the
distributor–Heaton sale, the home installation, and the alleged damages to the home reside. See
Luciano, 625 S.W.3d at 19. The fourth factor favors Texas jurisdiction, and not California, which
Vertex argued for in the special-appearance hearing, because although the first point of sale for
the system was “F.O.B. . . . California,” the Heatons and other witnesses reside in Texas and the
alleged damages occurred in Texas. See Ford Motor, 141 S. Ct. at 1030; Luciano, 625 S.W.3d
at 19. Under the fifth factor, the parties do not raise any differing fundamental substantive social
policies between California and Texas about the need to redress products injuries, if proven, so 12 this factor is inconclusive. In all under the factors, exercising specific jurisdiction over Vertex
in Texas would not offend traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice. See Luciano,
625 S.W.3d at 19.
Because of this, and because Vertex purposefully availed itself of the privilege of
conducting activities in Texas and those activities are sufficiently related to State Farm’s suit, we
hold that the trial court did not err by denying the special appearance. State Farm’s allegations
and evidence, even in the face of Vertex’s evidence, sufficiently supported the trial court’s
decision. We thus overrule Vertex’s fourth issue.
Because the trial court properly denied the special appearance based on specific
jurisdiction, we need not consider Vertex’s other issues, which concern general jurisdiction. See
Tex. R. App. P. 47.1; Luciano, 625 S.W.3d at 8 (to support suit personal jurisdiction may be either
general or specific).
CONCLUSION
We affirm the trial court’s denial of Vertex’s special appearance.
__________________________________________ Chari L. Kelly, Justice
Before Justices Goodwin, Triana, and Kelly
Affirmed
Filed: August 20, 2021