Case: 16-17538 Date Filed: 12/27/2017 Page: 1 of 7
[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT ________________________
No. 16-17538 Non-Argument Calendar ________________________
D.C. Docket No. 8:16-cv-02016-SDM-AEP
VERONIKA MARCOSKI,
Respondent - Appellant,
versus
JAN RATH,
Petitioner - Appellee.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Middle District of Florida ________________________
(December 27, 2017)
Before TJOFLAT, WILLIAM PRYOR, and JORDAN, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM: Case: 16-17538 Date Filed: 12/27/2017 Page: 2 of 7
This case, which concerns a two-year-old boy named L.N.R., arises under
the Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction,
T.I.A.S. No. 11,670, 1343 U.N.T.S. 89, as implemented by the International Child
Abduction Remedies Act, 22 U.S.C. § 9001 et seq. Veronika Marcoski, L.N.R.’s
mother, appeals the district court’s judgment ordering that L.N.R. be returned to
the Czech Republic, where he was born. Jan Rath, L.N.R.’s father, defends the
judgment. Because we write for the parties, we set out only what is necessary to
explain our decision.
The district court adopted the report and recommendation issued by the
magistrate judge, who held a seven-day evidentiary hearing. See D.E. 110; D.E.
84. The district found that Mr. Rath and Ms. Marcoski were “in a committed
relationship with a shared intent for the foreseeable future to live with L.N.R. in
the Czech Republic.” D.E. 84 at 16. See also id. at 39.
Ms. Marcoski argues that the district court erred in determining that the
Czech Republic was L.N.R.’s “habitual residence” at the time she took him to the
United States. The issue of “habitual residence” presents a mixed question of fact
and law, meaning that we review the historical facts found by the district court for
clear error, and we review the application of law to those facts de novo. See Ruiz
v. Tenorio, 392 F.3d 1247, 1257 n.5 (11th Cir. 2004). So, we review the district
court’s finding as to the parents’ shared intent for the child’s habitual residence for
2 Case: 16-17538 Date Filed: 12/27/2017 Page: 3 of 7
clear error, and the ultimate determination of habitual residence de novo. See id. at
1256–57 & n.5.
In her brief, Ms. Marcoski challenges some of the district court’s underlying
factual findings (e.g., the finding that she and Mr. Rath were in a committed
relationship and lived together in the Czech Republic with L.N.R. until January of
2016). She also contends that certain evidence establishes that L.N.R.’s “habitual
residence” was not in the Czech Republic. See Appellant’s Br. at 19–21, 25–35.
For example, Ms. Marcoski makes a specific challenge to the district court’s
finding that she and Mr. Rath lived together before L.N.R.’s birth and through
January of 2016. She points to testimony from Mr. Rath, his parents, one of his
witnesses, and two of her family members to support her contention that she and
Mr. Rath never lived together. Although some of the cited testimony does support
her argument that she did not live with Mr. Rath, some of it is unclear on the topic
or suggests that the two were living together. Given that Mr. Rath testified that the
two did live together, we cannot discern any clear error.
We recognize that Mr. Rath and Ms. Marcoski (and their witnesses)
presented very different accounts of their relationship, and of their plans for
L.N.R.’s upbringing. The district court, however, found that Mr. Rath was
“credible and [Ms. Marcoski was] not credible,” and provided detailed reasons for
its view of the evidence on important disputed issues, including whether they were
3 Case: 16-17538 Date Filed: 12/27/2017 Page: 4 of 7
living together. See, e.g., D.E. 84 at 16–29. We owe the district court’s
assessment great deference. See Anderson v. City of Bessemer City, 470 U.S. 564,
575 (1985) (“[W]hen a trial judge’s finding is based on his decision to credit the
testimony of one of two or more witnesses . . . that finding[ ] . . . can virtually
never be clear error.”). Deference is especially warranted here because Mr. Rath
asserted firsthand knowledge of many of the relevant facts.
Ms. Marcoski is correct that the district court clearly erred in two of its
factual findings. These errors, however, relate to subsidiary historical facts and, as
we explain, do not change the fact that substantial evidence supports the district
court’s ultimate finding regarding shared intent. That is, any error made by the
district court “was harmless because there was plenty of other evidence proving the
same [ultimate] fact.” Bobo v. Tenn. Valley Auth., 855 F.3d 1294, 1300 (11th Cir.
2017). See also Mondaca-Vega v. Lynch, 808 F.3d 413, 427 (9th Cir. 2015) (“But
it is hardly conceivable that absent this [factual] mistake, the district court would
have reached a different conclusion, given the ample other reasons to doubt the
petitioner’s credibility.”).
First, Ms. Marcoski challenges the district court’s reliance on a set of cable
television documents to support its finding that she and Mr. Rath were living
together before January of 2016. The district court stated:
The fact that, on May 11, 2016, Petitioner [Mr. Rath] canceled his cable subscription at his Sevcikova apartment, and then a few days 4 Case: 16-17538 Date Filed: 12/27/2017 Page: 5 of 7
later, on May 16, 2015, he opened up a cable subscription for the Maltezske apartment is highly persuasive that Petitioner and Respondent [Ms. Marcoski] were cohabitating and were moving residences in anticipation of L.N.R’s birth.
D.E. 84 at 21. In fact, the two documents were not “a few days” apart, but about a
year apart—one in May of 2015 and the other in May of 2016—as the dates on the
documents indicate, and referenced the same apartment.
Notwithstanding this factual error, the testimony concerning the cable
television documents still supports the district court’s finding about cohabitation.
The two documents referred to the same apartment—the Maltezske apartment—
where the district court found that the couple lived together. The May 2015
document shows that Mr. Rath started a cable television subscription at the
Maltezske apartment, suggesting that he was going to move into that apartment.
The May 2016 document reflects that Mr. Rath eventually cancelled the cable
television service after Ms. Marcoski left the Czech Republic with L.N.R.
Second, Ms. Marcoski argues that the district court incorrectly found that the
Maltezske apartment she and Mr. Rath shared was larger than Mr. Rath’s, when in
fact Mr. Rath testified that it was smaller. Ms. Marcoski is correct about this, but
the error does not warrant reversal.
The district court referred to the size of the apartment in recounting why
Mr. Rath claimed he and Ms. Marcoski moved into the Maltezske apartment.
Mr. Rath testified that he and Ms.
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Case: 16-17538 Date Filed: 12/27/2017 Page: 1 of 7
[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT ________________________
No. 16-17538 Non-Argument Calendar ________________________
D.C. Docket No. 8:16-cv-02016-SDM-AEP
VERONIKA MARCOSKI,
Respondent - Appellant,
versus
JAN RATH,
Petitioner - Appellee.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Middle District of Florida ________________________
(December 27, 2017)
Before TJOFLAT, WILLIAM PRYOR, and JORDAN, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM: Case: 16-17538 Date Filed: 12/27/2017 Page: 2 of 7
This case, which concerns a two-year-old boy named L.N.R., arises under
the Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction,
T.I.A.S. No. 11,670, 1343 U.N.T.S. 89, as implemented by the International Child
Abduction Remedies Act, 22 U.S.C. § 9001 et seq. Veronika Marcoski, L.N.R.’s
mother, appeals the district court’s judgment ordering that L.N.R. be returned to
the Czech Republic, where he was born. Jan Rath, L.N.R.’s father, defends the
judgment. Because we write for the parties, we set out only what is necessary to
explain our decision.
The district court adopted the report and recommendation issued by the
magistrate judge, who held a seven-day evidentiary hearing. See D.E. 110; D.E.
84. The district found that Mr. Rath and Ms. Marcoski were “in a committed
relationship with a shared intent for the foreseeable future to live with L.N.R. in
the Czech Republic.” D.E. 84 at 16. See also id. at 39.
Ms. Marcoski argues that the district court erred in determining that the
Czech Republic was L.N.R.’s “habitual residence” at the time she took him to the
United States. The issue of “habitual residence” presents a mixed question of fact
and law, meaning that we review the historical facts found by the district court for
clear error, and we review the application of law to those facts de novo. See Ruiz
v. Tenorio, 392 F.3d 1247, 1257 n.5 (11th Cir. 2004). So, we review the district
court’s finding as to the parents’ shared intent for the child’s habitual residence for
2 Case: 16-17538 Date Filed: 12/27/2017 Page: 3 of 7
clear error, and the ultimate determination of habitual residence de novo. See id. at
1256–57 & n.5.
In her brief, Ms. Marcoski challenges some of the district court’s underlying
factual findings (e.g., the finding that she and Mr. Rath were in a committed
relationship and lived together in the Czech Republic with L.N.R. until January of
2016). She also contends that certain evidence establishes that L.N.R.’s “habitual
residence” was not in the Czech Republic. See Appellant’s Br. at 19–21, 25–35.
For example, Ms. Marcoski makes a specific challenge to the district court’s
finding that she and Mr. Rath lived together before L.N.R.’s birth and through
January of 2016. She points to testimony from Mr. Rath, his parents, one of his
witnesses, and two of her family members to support her contention that she and
Mr. Rath never lived together. Although some of the cited testimony does support
her argument that she did not live with Mr. Rath, some of it is unclear on the topic
or suggests that the two were living together. Given that Mr. Rath testified that the
two did live together, we cannot discern any clear error.
We recognize that Mr. Rath and Ms. Marcoski (and their witnesses)
presented very different accounts of their relationship, and of their plans for
L.N.R.’s upbringing. The district court, however, found that Mr. Rath was
“credible and [Ms. Marcoski was] not credible,” and provided detailed reasons for
its view of the evidence on important disputed issues, including whether they were
3 Case: 16-17538 Date Filed: 12/27/2017 Page: 4 of 7
living together. See, e.g., D.E. 84 at 16–29. We owe the district court’s
assessment great deference. See Anderson v. City of Bessemer City, 470 U.S. 564,
575 (1985) (“[W]hen a trial judge’s finding is based on his decision to credit the
testimony of one of two or more witnesses . . . that finding[ ] . . . can virtually
never be clear error.”). Deference is especially warranted here because Mr. Rath
asserted firsthand knowledge of many of the relevant facts.
Ms. Marcoski is correct that the district court clearly erred in two of its
factual findings. These errors, however, relate to subsidiary historical facts and, as
we explain, do not change the fact that substantial evidence supports the district
court’s ultimate finding regarding shared intent. That is, any error made by the
district court “was harmless because there was plenty of other evidence proving the
same [ultimate] fact.” Bobo v. Tenn. Valley Auth., 855 F.3d 1294, 1300 (11th Cir.
2017). See also Mondaca-Vega v. Lynch, 808 F.3d 413, 427 (9th Cir. 2015) (“But
it is hardly conceivable that absent this [factual] mistake, the district court would
have reached a different conclusion, given the ample other reasons to doubt the
petitioner’s credibility.”).
First, Ms. Marcoski challenges the district court’s reliance on a set of cable
television documents to support its finding that she and Mr. Rath were living
together before January of 2016. The district court stated:
The fact that, on May 11, 2016, Petitioner [Mr. Rath] canceled his cable subscription at his Sevcikova apartment, and then a few days 4 Case: 16-17538 Date Filed: 12/27/2017 Page: 5 of 7
later, on May 16, 2015, he opened up a cable subscription for the Maltezske apartment is highly persuasive that Petitioner and Respondent [Ms. Marcoski] were cohabitating and were moving residences in anticipation of L.N.R’s birth.
D.E. 84 at 21. In fact, the two documents were not “a few days” apart, but about a
year apart—one in May of 2015 and the other in May of 2016—as the dates on the
documents indicate, and referenced the same apartment.
Notwithstanding this factual error, the testimony concerning the cable
television documents still supports the district court’s finding about cohabitation.
The two documents referred to the same apartment—the Maltezske apartment—
where the district court found that the couple lived together. The May 2015
document shows that Mr. Rath started a cable television subscription at the
Maltezske apartment, suggesting that he was going to move into that apartment.
The May 2016 document reflects that Mr. Rath eventually cancelled the cable
television service after Ms. Marcoski left the Czech Republic with L.N.R.
Second, Ms. Marcoski argues that the district court incorrectly found that the
Maltezske apartment she and Mr. Rath shared was larger than Mr. Rath’s, when in
fact Mr. Rath testified that it was smaller. Ms. Marcoski is correct about this, but
the error does not warrant reversal.
The district court referred to the size of the apartment in recounting why
Mr. Rath claimed he and Ms. Marcoski moved into the Maltezske apartment.
Mr. Rath testified that he and Ms. Marcoski moved into the Maltzeske apartment in 5 Case: 16-17538 Date Filed: 12/27/2017 Page: 6 of 7
part because Ms. Marcoski “found it as a better place to stay,” as it was close to the
center of town and parks, and was in the historical area of Prague. See D.E. 62 at
197. The district court’s error in describing Mr. Rath’s testimony does not detract
from the finding that the pair was living together before January of 2016. Mr. Rath
provided a reason why Ms. Marcoski, despite the smaller size, would want to move
into the Maltezske apartment. And, as noted, the district court found Mr. Rath
credible.
In sum, we see no basis for setting aside the district court’s credibility
assessments and factual findings. Ms. Marcoski presents an interpretation of the
evidence that could have allowed the district court to find in her favor, but
“[w]here there are two permissible views of the evidence, the factfinder’s choice
between them cannot be clearly erroneous.” Anderson, 470 U.S. at 574.
We also conclude that, in the face of the conflicting accounts presented by
the parties, the district court properly considered all of the available evidence to
determine L.N.R.’s “habitual residence.” See Mozes v. Mozes, 239 F.3d 1067,
1076 (9th Cir. 2001) (adopted by Ruiz, 392 F.3d at 1252–53). Based on its factual
findings, the district court did not err in concluding that L.N.R.’s habitual
residence was the Czech Republic at the time of his removal to the United States.
Cf. Delvoye v. Lee, 329 F.3d 330, 334 (3d Cir. 2003) (“A newborn child born in
the country where his parents have their habitual residence could normally be
6 Case: 16-17538 Date Filed: 12/27/2017 Page: 7 of 7
regarded as habitually resident in that country.” (alterations adopted)) (quoting
Dr. E.M. Clive, “The Concept of Habitual Residence,” The Juridical Review part
3, 138, 146 (1997))).
Accordingly, we affirm the district court’s ruling.
AFFIRMED.