MEMORANDUM DECISION FILED Sep 09 2016, 7:51 am Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D), this CLERK Memorandum Decision shall not be regarded as Indiana Supreme Court Court of Appeals precedent or cited before any court except for the and Tax Court purpose of establishing the defense of res judicata, collateral estoppel, or the law of the case.
APPELLANT PRO SE ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE Vernando Ross, Gregory F. Zoeller a/k/a Randle Jackson Attorney General of Indiana Michigan City, Indiana Katherine Modesitt Cooper Deputy Attorney General Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
Vernando Ross, September 9, 2016 a/k/a Randle Jackson, Court of Appeals Case No. 49A05-1510-PC-1567 Appellant-Petitioner, Appeal from the Marion Superior v. Court. The Honorable Grant W. Hawkins, Judge. State of Indiana, The Honorable Christina R. Klineman, Commissioner. Appellee-Respondent. Cause No. 49G05-0611-PC-219268
Garrard, Senior Judge
[1] Vernando Ross, a/k/a Randle Jackson, appeals from the post-conviction
court’s denial of his petition for post-conviction relief, raising various
allegations of error. We affirm.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A05-1510-PC-1567 | September 9, 2016 Page 1 of 15 [2] A more detailed recitation of the facts adduced at trial can be found in this
court’s memorandum decision affirming Ross’s convictions and sentence. See
Ross v. State, No. 49A05-0803-CR-134 (Ind. Ct. App. October 17, 2008). To
summarize, on the evening of November 2, 2006, Ross went to Willie
Johnson’s house to confront everyone present about a perceived lack of respect
shown to Paul Baker, a man who had been living in Johnson’s home for a few
months. Johnson and Baker had not been getting along, and Johnson’s
landlord and friend, Sherrice Williams, wanted Baker out of the residence.
After Ross appeared at the house, an argument ensued and quickly escalated.
[3] Lue Moffett, Johnson’s nephew, walked from the back of the house and
discovered Ross waiving a handgun and shouting profanities in front of the
group. Ross instructed Moffett, who had his hands in the air, to go to a corner
of the room. When Moffett did not do so, Ross fired a shot at Moffett’s feet.
Moffett rushed at Ross and the two struggled. Ross shot Moffett once in the
groin, and then again in the right thigh, knocking Moffett to the ground.
Johnson then tackled Ross, and as the two struggled, Ross fired his gun.
Johnson suffered five gunshot wounds, two of which were fatal. While that
struggle was occurring, Moffett ran from the house and called 911.
[4] The State charged Ross with murder, attempted murder, and carrying a
handgun without a license. A jury found Ross guilty of all charges and the trial
court imposed consecutive, advisory sentences of fifty-five years for murder and
thirty years for attempted murder. The trial court imposed a one-year sentence
for the handgun offense to be served concurrently with the murder sentence.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A05-1510-PC-1567 | September 9, 2016 Page 2 of 15 [5] On direct appeal, Ross challenged the sufficiency of the evidence of his
attempted murder and murder convictions, the appropriateness of his sentence,
and the trial court’s denial of his motion for mistrial, alleging prosecutorial
misconduct in closing argument. We affirmed his convictions and sentence,
and the Supreme Court denied transfer.
1 [6] On February 19, 2013, Ross filed the pro se petition for post-conviction relief
which is the subject of this appeal. The State filed an answer denying Ross’s
allegations and asserting the affirmative defenses of waiver and res judicata.
Bifurcated evidentiary hearings were held on December 11, 2013, June 25,
2014, and September 17, 2014.
[7] At the evidentiary hearing held on December 11, 2013, Jeffrey Baldwin, who
was Ross’s defense counsel, Leah Lewis, and Robert Baskin testified. The post-
conviction court agreed to continue the evidentiary hearing to enable Ross to
subpoena Andrea Davis, a woman to whom Ross had been engaged at the time
of the crimes, and requested that he provide the court with Davis’s address. At
the hearing held on March 19, 2014, no witnesses testified. The post-conviction
court agreed to continue the evidentiary hearing until June 25, 2014, and
reissue a subpoena for Davis. Davis did not appear at the June 25, 2014
evidentiary hearing date. However, Sergeant Mark Prater was present and
testified as a witness for both Ross and the State. The evidentiary hearing was
1 Ross had previously filed a petition, but withdrew it. A copy of the petition for post-conviction relief that is the subject of this appeal is not in the record before us.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A05-1510-PC-1567 | September 9, 2016 Page 3 of 15 further continued to September 17, 2014, at which time Officer James Burton
and Ross testified. Once again, Davis did not appear.
[8] During the course of the evidentiary hearings, numerous exhibits were admitted
in evidence. Those exhibits include: the record of proceedings and appellate
briefs from Ross’s direct appeal; a copy of Moffett’s pre-trial deposition; a copy
of Sherrice Williams’s pre-trial deposition; notes taken by Sergeant Prater; a
transcript of the statement given by Williams to police; a transcript of Moffett’s
statement to police; an interdepartmental report from Detective Todd Lappin to
Sergeant Prater; an interdepartmental report from Detective Kevin Duley to
Captain Mark Rice; the deposition of Sergeant Prater; a transcript of a
statement given by Julian Marshall to the police; a copy of the narrative section
of a police report prepared by Officer Burton; a Rand McNally map and driving
instructions from Sunset Strip Club to 348 W. 28th Street showing a travel time
of nine minutes and forty-three seconds; phone records; a custodial
interrogation form dated April 10, 2008, including Miranda rights advisements
and waiver of rights signed by Ross and witnessed by Sergeant Prater; the audio
recording of the statement given by Ross to Sergeant Prater on April 10, 2008;
and the transcript of Ross’s April 10, 2008 statement to Sergeant Prater. The
trial court also took judicial notice of its file.
[9] After all evidence had been presented, the post-conviction court entered
detailed findings of fact and conclusions of law denying Ross’s petition, leading
to this appeal.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A05-1510-PC-1567 | September 9, 2016 Page 4 of 15 [10] A petitioner seeking post-conviction relief bears the burden of establishing
grounds for relief by a preponderance of the evidence. Hollowell v. State, 19
N.E.3d 263, 268-69 (Ind. 2014). A petitioner such as Ross, who appeals from
the denial of post-conviction relief, appeals from a negative judgment. Id. at
269. As such, to prevail on appeal, the petitioner must show that the evidence
as a whole leads unerringly and unmistakably to a conclusion opposite that
reached by the post-conviction court. Id. The trial court’s findings of fact and
conclusions of law, entered in accordance with Indiana Post-Conviction Rule 1,
section 6, will be reversed only upon a showing of clear error—that which
leaves us with a definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been made. Id.
We do not defer to the post-conviction court’s legal conclusions. Id.
[11] Ross’s contentions on appeal can be divided into two categories: (1) ineffective
assistance of trial counsel; and (2) post-conviction court error.
[12] When reviewing a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, we follow the test
set forth in Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 104 S. Ct. 2052, 80 L. Ed. 2d
674 (1984). Id. We must determine whether the petitioner established deficient
performance by counsel, and whether the petitioner established prejudice
resulting from counsel’s errors. Id. Although this test involves two separate
inquiries, a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel may be disposed of on
either part of the test. Dickens v. State, 997 N.E.2d 56, 65 (Ind. Ct. App. 2013),
trans. denied. Counsel’s performance is presumed effective, and a petitioner
must offer strong and convincing evidence to overcome this presumption.
Williams v. State, 771 N.E.2d 70, 73 (Ind. 2002).
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A05-1510-PC-1567 | September 9, 2016 Page 5 of 15 [13] Ross’s trial counsel, Baldwin, testified that he is a criminal defense attorney
who was admitted to practice law in 1987 and has exclusively practiced
criminal defense since 1990. By the time Baldwin represented Ross, he had
tried between fifty and one hundred jury trials and had handled many homicide
cases.
[14] With respect to Ross’s case, Baldwin testified that he had reviewed all of the
discovery provided by the State before trial, provided copies of the discovery to
Ross, took the depositions he felt were necessary to Ross’s defense, and
followed up on information provided by Ross and Andrea Davis. Pursuing
leads and a potential alibi offered by Ross, Baldwin sent an investigator to the
Sunset Strip Club, met with potential witness Julian Marshall prior to
Marshall’s arrest, engaged in numerous meetings with Ross at the jail to discuss
the case, listened to all jail call recordings pertinent to Ross’s case, and spoke
with Ross about the jail calls to determine if Ross had any concerns about the
content of those calls.
[15] Prior to trial, Baldwin filed several motions on Ross’s behalf, hired an
investigator to locate and interview witnesses, and conducted depositions.
After the trial began, Baldwin voir dired the jury, moved for a separation of
witnesses, presented an opening statement revealing the defense theory of the
case—that someone other than Ross was the perpetrator, cross-examined
sixteen witnesses, made objections at trial, moved for a mistrial when the
State’s closing involved a display which referred to Ross as “Ghetto godfather”,
and made a closing argument consistent with the defense theory of the case.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A05-1510-PC-1567 | September 9, 2016 Page 6 of 15 [16] Despite these efforts, Ross contends that Baldwin rendered ineffective
assistance of counsel by failing to impeach Lue Moffett, the only eyewitness to
testify at trial, with inconsistent statements.
[17] Our Supreme Court has consistently held that the method of impeaching a
witness is a tactical decision and a matter of trial strategy that does not amount
to ineffective assistance. Kubsch v. State, 934 N.E.2d 1138, 1151 (Ind. 2010).
This includes situations, such as the one alleged by Ross, where there are
inconsistencies between an out-of-court statement and in-court testimony of a
witness.
[18] Moffett’s testimony at trial covers nearly one hundred thirty pages of transcript,
of which nearly forty pages is testimony on cross-examination. During that
cross-examination, Baldwin elicited testimony from Moffett attacking his
recollection of key points that were crucial to the State’s case, challenging his
credibility with evidence of drug and alcohol use at or near the time of the
crimes, and attempting to create reasonable doubt that Ross was the
perpetrator. While Ross’s brief does list other inconsistencies in Moffett’s
testimony, Baldwin testified at the post-conviction hearing that he would not
have asked questions on cross-examination that would either damage his
client’s case, evoke sympathy for the witness and against his client, or involve
minute details. Baldwin explained that he had learned over years of criminal
defense practice that none of these tactics proved to be persuasive to a jury.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A05-1510-PC-1567 | September 9, 2016 Page 7 of 15 [19] Ross also claims that Baldwin rendered ineffective assistance of counsel by
failing to properly impeach Julian Marshall with inconsistent statements.
[20] Marshall’s testimony covers nearly one hundred fifty-six pages of the trial
transcript, approximately forty-three pages of which is testimony on cross-
examination. During that cross-examination, consistent with the strategy to
discredit Marshall’s testimony, Baldwin emphasized that Marshall had received
a deal from the State regarding other charges in exchange for his testimony
against Ross. The tactic was to suggest that Marshall had a motive to lie in
Ross’s trial. Baldwin believed that if he had focused on each inconsistency or
contradiction between Marshall’s statements to him prior to trial and those
made at trial, this tactic might have led to the admission of damaging evidence
suggesting that Ross attempted to recruit Marshall to establish a false alibi and
that Ross and Marshall were involved in dealing drugs.
[21] The trial court’s findings that Baldwin’s cross-examination of Moffett and
Marshall were conducted according to tactical decisions of trial strategy is
supported by the evidence and the findings support the trial court’s conclusion
that counsel was not ineffective for failure to impeach either witness by omitted
lines of questioning.
[22] Ross further asserts that Baldwin was ineffective by failing to present alibi
witnesses and suggests a failure to investigate. When an ineffective assistance
of counsel claim alleges the failure to present witnesses, in this case, alibi
witnesses, the petitioner must offer evidence as to who the witnesses were and
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A05-1510-PC-1567 | September 9, 2016 Page 8 of 15 what their testimony would have been. Lee v. State, 694 N.E.2d 719, 722 (Ind.
1998). With respect to claims of failure to investigate, we give great deference
to counsel’s decisions. Boesch v. State, 778 N.E.2d 1276, 1283 (Ind. 2002).
Counsel’s duty is to make reasonable investigations or to make a reasonable
decision making particular investigations unnecessary. Id. at 1284 (quoting
Strickland, 466 U.S. at 690-91, 104 S. Ct. at 2066, 80 L. Ed. 2d at 695).
[23] Baldwin testified at the post-conviction hearing that he considered all potential
witnesses Ross suggested might support his alibi. Ross’s alleged alibi was that
he was at the Sunset Strip Club at the time of the shootings. Baldwin spoke
with Ross’s girlfriend, Andrea Davis, on multiple occasions and followed up on
the information she gave him. Baldwin hired investigator Larry Atwell to
investigate Ross’s alleged alibi. Atwell interviewed Leah Lewis and Andrea
Thomas and then met with Baldwin to share his notes from those interviews
and to discuss what he had learned. After investigating the alleged alibi,
Baldwin discovered that the witnesses Ross had suggested placed Ross at the
Sunset Strip Club earlier in the day on the date of the crimes, but not at the time
the crimes occurred.
[24] Further, Lewis, who testified at Ross’s evidentiary hearing, stated that Ross
might have been at the Sunset Strip Club until 10:30 p.m. on the night of the
crime, but agreed that her statements to the investigator in 2006 would be more
accurate. Lewis, who was a bartender at the club, normally arrived for her shift
between 9:30 and 10:00 p.m. She knew Ross was there the night of the crime
because he became so angry at her when she cut off his alcohol supply that he
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A05-1510-PC-1567 | September 9, 2016 Page 9 of 15 threw a pack of cigarettes at her. However, she stated that she could not testify
with certainty exactly when Ross left the club that night. She also testified that
she was unaware Ross had given a statement to police after his conviction and
sentencing admitting that he had left the Sunset Strip Club, went to the location
of the shooting, and shot the victims.
[25] While a failure to call a useful witness can in certain circumstances constitute
deficient performance, the decision regarding which witnesses to call is a matter
of trial strategy, which courts on review will not second-guess. Brown v. State,
691 N.E.2d 438, 447 (Ind. 1998). Additionally, trial counsel will not be deemed
ineffective for not attempting a futile endeavor. Allen v. State, 686 N.E.2d 760,
780 (Ind. 1997).
[26] Here, Baldwin testified that he considered each of the witnesses Ross suggested
could support his alleged alibi. However, none of the witnesses could place
Ross at the Sunset Strip Club at the time of the crimes. Ross presented no
evidence that his alibi witnesses told Baldwin or the investigator anything
definitive about how long Ross was at the club. Furthermore, Ross later
admitted to police that he left the club, went to the scene of the shootings, and
shot the victims. Baldwin’s decision not to call these witnesses was a matter of
trial strategy. Ross has not shown that the outcome of his trial would have been
different had those witnesses testified. The post-conviction court correctly
determined that Baldwin’s strategic decision with respect to these witnesses was
not ineffective assistance of counsel.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A05-1510-PC-1567 | September 9, 2016 Page 10 of 15 [27] Next, Ross argues that Baldwin’s representation was ineffective by failing to
investigate the recorded phone calls between him and Marshall that were used
by the State at trial. He claims that Baldwin should have objected to the
admission of the recordings and should not have allowed the State to play them
out of context. Baldwin testified that he reviewed the recorded phone calls
between Marshall and Ross, which were provided by the State during
discovery.
[28] Baldwin was aware that Ross referred to himself as “diabolical” in the
recordings. P.C.R. Tr. p. 72. Although Baldwin had successfully reached an
agreement with the State to redact portions of the calls due to their reference to
other criminal acts, he did not believe there was a legal basis for redacting the
“diabolical” references, because Ross used the term when identifying himself
during those calls. Baldwin testified that he consulted with Ross after listening
to the recordings to find out if there was any reason for concern about the
content. Baldwin believed that he could not question Marshall about the jail
phone calls in such a way that the calls could be characterized as only
addressing drug deals because they also involved discussions of fabricating an
alibi. He also believed that putting evidence of drug dealing in front of the jury
was a bad strategy.
[29] In order to prevail on a claim of ineffective assistance due to the failure to
object, the petitioner must show a reasonable probability that the objection
would have been sustained if made. Garrett v. State, 992 N.E.2d 710, 723 (Ind.
2013). Ross has not established a reasonable probability that the objection
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A05-1510-PC-1567 | September 9, 2016 Page 11 of 15 would have been sustained. The post-conviction court did not err by rejecting
Ross’s claim.
[30] Ross also claims that Baldwin was ineffective by failing to reveal an alleged
conflict of interest with respect to Marshall. Among the guarantees provided by
the Sixth Amendment is the guarantee to counsel whose undivided loyalties lie
with his client. Coleman v. State, 694 N.E.2d 269, 273 (Ind. 1998). In order to
establish a conflict of interest amounting to a violation of the Sixth
Amendment, a petitioner must show that counsel actively represented
conflicting interests such that it adversely affected his performance. Id. A mere
possibility of a conflict of interest is insufficient to justify the reversal of a
conviction. Id.
[31] Baldwin represented Ross when he spoke to Marshall on behalf of Ross.
Baldwin testified at the evidentiary hearing that he never served as Marshall’s
attorney before or after Marshall’s arrest on his own charges, and stood nothing
to gain with respect to Marshall at Ross’s expense. Baldwin testified that after
Marshall’s arrest he would not have spoken with Marshall without Marshall’s
attorney being present. The decisions Baldwin made with respect to the
impeachment of Marshall likewise do not support a claim of conflict of interest.
The post-conviction court did not err with respect to this claim.
[32] Ross additionally argues that the post-conviction court abused its discretion by
failing to take judicial notice of Marshall’s deposition. On October 31, 2014,
after the close of evidence, Ross filed a motion requesting the post-conviction
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A05-1510-PC-1567 | September 9, 2016 Page 12 of 15 court to take judicial notice of Marshall’s pretrial deposition. The court denied
the motion, stating that the court “cannot take judicial notice on requested
material.” Appellant’s App. p. 15. The post-conviction court also denied
Ross’s motion to reconsider, in which he claimed to have “inadvertently failed
to admit [the deposition] into evidence.” Id. at 48.
[33] The admission and exclusion of evidence rests within the sound discretion of
the post-conviction court, whose decision we review for an abuse of discretion.
Griffith v. State, 31 N.E.3d 965, 969 (Ind. 2015). We will reverse the trial court’s
decision only when it is clearly against the logic and effect of the facts and
circumstances before the court and the error affects a party’s substantial rights.
Guilmette v. State, 14 N.E.3d 38, 40 (Ind. 2014).
[34] Indiana Evidence Rule 201 provides for the admission of certain facts or laws
set forth in the rule. Depositions of witnesses are not among the kinds of
material of which a trial court may take judicial notice. Although Ross offered
and the post-conviction court admitted other depositions and evidence at the
hearings, Ross did not introduce Marshall’s deposition. The post-conviction
court did not abuse its discretion by failing to take judicial notice of Marshall’s
deposition after the close of evidence.
[35] Ross further argues that the post-conviction court abused its discretion by
failing to issue additional subpoenas for Baldwin and Davis and by excluding
Davis’s affidavit from evidence.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A05-1510-PC-1567 | September 9, 2016 Page 13 of 15 [36] Indiana Post-Conviction Relief Rule 1, section 9(b), provides in pertinent part
that if a pro se petitioner requests the issuance of subpoenas for witnesses at an
evidentiary hearing, the petitioner shall specifically set forth in an affidavit the
reason the witness’s testimony is required and the substance of the expected
testimony. The rule further provides that the trial court shall order the issuance
of the subpoena upon a finding that the proposed witness’s testimony would be
relevant and probative. P.-C.R. § 9(b). If, however, the trial court finds that the
testimony would not be relevant or probative, the trial court shall enter the
finding in the record and deny the issuance of the subpoena. Id.
[37] With respect to Baldwin, he testified at length at the evidentiary hearing. When
the post-conviction court asked Ross at the September 17, 2014 hearing why he
wanted to subpoena Baldwin for additional testimony, Ross replied that he
wanted to cross-examine him about his strategy regarding documents Ross had
been able to introduce at the hearing after Baldwin’s testimony. Baldwin had
previously testified that he had no recollection of the documents. The post-
conviction court, when denying Ross’s request, explained that, as the record
stood, Ross could still make the argument that Baldwin either had the
documents but chose not to use them, or that he was unaware of them without
the need to subpoena Baldwin. Ross has not established an abuse of discretion
on the part of the post-conviction court.
[38] With respect to Davis’s testimony, the post-conviction court did not abuse its
discretion by refusing to issue yet another subpoena for her testimony. The
court had already continued the evidentiary hearing twice, but Davis failed to
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A05-1510-PC-1567 | September 9, 2016 Page 14 of 15 appear for any of the three hearing dates. The court used addresses provided by
Ross in an attempt to secure her presence at the hearing. The post-conviction
court was within its discretion to refuse to issue another subpoena.
[39] As a substitute for Davis’s testimony, Ross asked the trial court to admit a
document Ross claimed was Davis’s affidavit. The trial court did not admit the
affidavit, citing the State’s right to cross-examine Davis. Additionally, Ross did
not establish a proper foundation for the admission of the document. The post-
conviction court did not abuse its discretion.
[40] In light of the foregoing, we affirm the decision of the post-conviction court.
[41] Affirmed.
Robb, J., and Crone, J., concur.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A05-1510-PC-1567 | September 9, 2016 Page 15 of 15