[705] MEMORANDUM
EDUARDO C. ROBRENO, District Judge.
[706] TABLE OF CONTENTS
I. BACKGROUND..........................................................706
II. LEGAL STANDARD.....................................................707
A. SUMMARY JUDGMENT STANDARD.................................707
B. THE APPLICABLE LAW ............................................707
1. PROCEDURAL MATTERS........................................707
2. GOVERNMENT CONTRACTOR DEFENSE........................707
3. STATE LAW ISSUES (MARITIME VS. STATE LAW)...............708
C. BARE METAL DEFENSE UNDER MARITIME LAW..................709
D. GOVERNMENT CONTRACTOR DEFENSE ...........................709
E. GOVERNMENT CONTRACTOR DEFENSE AT SUMMARY JUDGMENT STAGE...............................................709
III. DISCUSSION............................................................710
A. DEFENDANT’S ARGUMENT ........................................710
B. PLAINTIFFS’ARGUMENTS.........................................710
C. ANALYSIS..........................................................712
IV. CONCLUSION ..........................................................713
Before the Court are Motions for Summary Judgment in five (5) cases originating in California. A list of these cases appears as “Exhibit A” hereto. Each of these cases was transferred from the United States District Court for the Northern District of California, and is now part of MDL-875, the consolidated asbestos products liability multidistrict litigation pending in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. For the reasons set forth below, and for each of the motions, summary judgment will be granted in part (as to alleged asbestos exposure arising from insulation) and denied in part (as to all other alleged asbestos exposure), and each case remanded to the Northern District of California for further proceedings. By stipulation dated September 22, 2011 (the “Stipulation”), counsel for plaintiff(s) in each of these eases entered into an agreement with counsel for Defendant General Electric Company that the Court’s rulings on the summary judgment motions filed by Defendant in these five (5) cases (which the parties have agreed are “representative” cases) (the “Representative Cases”) will be binding in approximately eighty-three (83) other cases in which the Stipulation was filed of record (“Other Cases”).1 A copy of the Stipulation appears as “Exhibit B” hereto.
I. BACKGROUND
Defendant General Electric Company (“GE”) manufactured turbines for use aboard Navy ships. Each of the plaintiffs in the Representative Cases (“Plaintiffs”) alleges exposure to asbestos from (1) insulation that Plaintiffs concede was not manufactured or supplied by Defendant, and (2) one or more other product that Plaintiffs contend Defendant supplied as an original asbestos-containing component part with its turbine(s).
[707] Defendant GE has moved for summary-judgment in each case on grounds of (1) the so-called “bare metal defense,” and (2) the government contractor defense. GE contends that maritime law applies. Plaintiffs in each of the Representative Cases have opposed GE’s motions, contending that summary judgment is not warranted because Defendant’s assertion of the bare metal defense does not establish that it has no liability in these cases (as a matter of law) and does not identify the absence of a genuine dispute as to any material fact. Plaintiffs assert that California law applies.
II. LEGAL STANDARD
A. Summary Judgment Standard
Summary judgment is appropriate if the moving party shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(a).2 “A motion for summary judgment will not be defeated by ‘the mere existence’ of some disputed facts, but will be denied when there is a genuine issue of material fact.” Am. Eagle Outfitters v. Lyle & Scott Ltd., 584 F.3d 575, 581 (3d Cir.2009) (quoting Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 247-248, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986)). A fact is “material” if proof of its existence or non-existence might affect the outcome of the litigation, and a dispute is “genuine” if “the evidence is such that a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving party.” Anderson, 477 U.S. at 248, 106 S.Ct. 2505.
In undertaking this analysis, the court views the facts in the light most favorable to the non-moving party. “After making all reasonable inferences in the nonmoving party’s favor, there is a genuine issue of material fact if a reasonable jury could find for the nonmoving party.” Pignataro v. Port Auth. of N.Y. & N.J., 593 F.3d 265, 268 (3d Cir.2010) (citing Reliance Ins. Co. v. Moessner, 121 F.3d 895, 900 (3d Cir.1997)). While the moving party bears the initial burden of showing the absence of a genuine issue of material fact, meeting this obligation shifts the burden to the non-moving party who must “set forth specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial.” Anderson, 477 U.S. at 250, 106 S.Ct. 2505.
B. The Applicable Law
1. Procedural Matters
In multidistrict litigation, “on matters of procedure, the transferee court must apply federal law as interpreted by the court of the district where the transferee court sits.” Various Plaintiffs v. Various Defendants (“Oil Field Cases”), 673 F.Supp.2d 358, 362-63 (E.D.Pa.2009) (Robreno, J.). Therefore, in addressing the procedural matters herein, the Court will apply federal law as interpreted by the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit. Id.
2. Government Contractor Defense (Federal Law)
Defendant’s motion for summary judgment on the basis of the government contractor defense is governed by federal law. In matters of federal law, the MDL [708] transferee court applies the law of the circuit where it sits, which in this case is the law of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit. Various Plaintiffs v. Various Defendants (“Oil Field Cases”), 673 F.Supp.2d 358, 362-63 (E.D.Pa.2009) (Robreno, J.).
3. State Law Issues (Maritime versus State Law)
In each of these eases, Defendant GE has asserted that maritime law is applicable. Whether maritime law is applicable is a threshold dispute that is a question of federal law, see U.S. Const. Art. Ill, § 2; 28 U.S.C. § 1333(1), and is therefore governed by the law of the circuit in which this MDL court sits. See Various Plaintiffs v. Various Defendants (“Oil Field Cases”), 673 F.Supp.2d 358, 362 (E.D.Pa.2009) (Robreno, J.). This court has previously set forth guidance on this issue. See Conner v. Alfa Laval, Inc., 799 F.Supp.2d 455 (E.D.Pa.2011) (Robreno, J.).
In order for maritime law to apply, a plaintiffs exposure underlying a products liability claim must meet both a locality test and a connection test. Id. at 463-66 (discussing Jerome B. Grubart, Inc. v. Great Lakes Dredge & Dock Co., 513 U.S. 527, 534, 115 S.Ct. 1043, 130 L.Ed.2d 1024 (1995)). The locality test requires that the tort occur on navigable waters or, for injuries suffered on land, that the injury be caused by a vessel on navigable waters. Id. In assessing whether work was on “navigable waters” (i.e., was sea-based) it is important to note that work performed aboard a ship that is docked at the shipyard is sea-based work, performed on navigable waters. See Sisson v. Ruby, 497 U.S. 358, 110 S.Ct. 2892, 111 L.Ed.2d 292 (1990). By contrast, work performed in other areas of the shipyard or on a dock, (such as work performed at a machine shop in the shipyard, for example, as was the case with the Willis plaintiff discussed in Conner) is land-based work. The connection test requires that the incident could have “ ‘a potentially disruptive impact on maritime commerce,’ ” and that “ ‘the general character’ of the ‘activity giving rise to the incident’ shows a ‘substantial relationship to traditional maritime activity.’” Grubart, 513 U.S. at 534, 115 S.Ct. 1043 (citing Sisson, 497 U.S. at 364, 365, and n. 2, 110 S.Ct. 2892).
Locality Test
If a service member in the Navy performed some work at shipyards (on land) or docks (on land) as opposed to onboard a ship on navigable waters (which includes a ship docked at the shipyard), “the locality test is satisfied as long as some portion of the asbestos exposure occurred on a vessel on navigable waters.” Conner, 799 F.Supp.2d at 466. If, however, the worker never sustained asbestos exposure onboard a vessel on navigable waters, then the locality test is not met and state law applies.
Connection Test
When a worker whose claims meet the locality test was primarily sea-based during the asbestos exposure, those claims will meet the connection test necessary for the application of maritime law. Id. at 467-69. But if the worker’s exposure was primarily land-based, then, even if the claims could meet the locality test, they do not meet the connection test and state law (rather than maritime law) applies. Id.
In instances where there are distinct periods of different types (e.g., sea-based versus land-based) of exposure, the Court may apply two different laws to the different types of exposure. See, e.g., Lewis v. Asbestos Corp., Ltd., No. 10-64625, 2011 WL 5881184, at *1 n. 1 [709] (E.D.Pa. Aug. 2, 2011) (Robreno, J.) (applying Alabama state law to period of land-based exposure and maritime law to period of sea-based exposure).
It is undisputed that, with respect to each of the Representative Cases, the alleged exposure pertinent to Defendant GE was aboard ships. Therefore, this exposure was during sea-based work. See Conner, 799 F.Supp.2d 455. Accordingly, maritime law is applicable to each Plaintiffs claims against Defendant GE. See id. at 462-63.
C. Bare Metal Defense Under Maritime Law
This Court recently found that the so-called “bare metal defense” is recognized under maritime law, holding that a manufacturer has no liability for harms caused by — and no duty to warn about hazards associated with — a product it did not manufacture or distribute. Conner v. Alfa Laval, Inc., No. 09-67099, 842 F.Supp.2d 791, 2012 WL 288364 (E.D.Pa. Feb. 1, 2012) (Robreno, J.).
D. Government Contractor Defense
To satisfy the government contractor defense, a defendant must show that (1) the United States approved reasonably precise specifications for the product at issue; (2) the equipment conformed to those specifications; and (3) it warned the United States about the dangers in the use of the equipment that were known to it but not to the United States. Boyle v. United Technologies Corp., 487 U.S. 500, 512, 108 S.Ct. 2510, 101 L.Ed.2d 442 (1988). As to the first and second prongs, in a failure to warn context, it is not enough for defendant to show that a certain product design conflicts with state law requiring warnings. In re Joint E. & S.D.N.Y. Asbestos Litig., 897 F.2d 626, 630 (2d Cir.1990). Rather, the defendant must show that the government “issued reasonably precise specifications covering warnings-specifications that reflect a considered judgment about the warnings at issue.” Hagen v. Benjamin Foster Co., 739 F.Supp.2d 770, 783 (E.D.Pa.2010) (Robreno, J.) (citing Holdren v. Buffalo Pumps, Inc., 614 F.Supp.2d 129, 143 (D.Mass.2009)). Government approval of warnings must “transcend rubber stamping” to allow a defendant to be shielded from state law liability. 739 F.Supp.2d at 783. This Court has previously cited to the case of Beaver Valley Power Co. v. Nat’l Engineering & Contracting Co., 883 F.2d 1210, 1216 (3d Cir.1989), for the proposition that the third prong of the government contractor defense may be established by showing that the government “knew as much or more than the defendant contractor about the hazards” of the product. See, e.g., Willis v. BW IP Int’l, Inc., 811 F.Supp.2d 1146, 1154 (E.D.Pa.2011) (Robreno, J.); Dalton v. 3M Co., No. 10-64604, 2011 WL 5881011, at *1 n. 1 (E.D.Pa. Aug. 2, 2011) (Robreno, J.). Although this case is persuasive, as it was decided by the Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit, it is not controlling law in this case because it applied Pennsylvania law. Additionally, although it was decided subsequent to Boyle, the Third Circuit neither relied upon, nor cited to, Boyle in its opinion.
E. Government Contractor Defense at Summary Judgment Stage
This Court has noted that, at the summary judgment stage, a defendant asserting the government contractor defense has the burden of showing the absence of a genuine dispute as to any material fact regarding whether it is entitled to the government contractor defense. Compare Willis, 811 F.Supp.2d at 1156-57 (addressing defendant’s burden at the summary judgment stage), with Hagen, 739 [710] F.Supp.2d 770 (addressing defendant’s burden when Plaintiff has moved to remand). In Willis, the MDL Court found that defendants had not proven the absence of a genuine issue of material fact as to prong one of the Boyle test since plaintiff had submitted affidavits controverting defendants’ affidavits as to whether the Navy issued reasonably precise specifications as to warnings which were to be placed on defendants’ products. The MDL Court distinguished Willis from Faddish v. General Electric Co., No. 09-70626, 2010 WL 4146108 at *8-9 (E.D.Pa. Oct. 20, 2010) (Robreno, J.), where the plaintiffs did not produce any evidence of their own to contradict defendants’ proofs. Ordinarily, because of the standard applied at the summary judgment stage, defendants are not entitled to summary judgment pursuant to the government contractor defense.
III. DISCUSSION
A. Defendant’s Argument
Bare Metal Defense
In each case, GE asserts the bare metal defense, arguing that it is immune from liability in this case under the defense as a matter of law and that it is, therefore, entitled to summary judgment.
In its reply briefs (and again during oral argument), GE acknowledges that “GE has not moved for summary judgment on the issues of product identification, substantial factor and medical causation in its motion-GE elected not to raise these issues in its motion.” (Def. Reply Mem. at 6.) However, GE also contends in its reply brief that summary judgment is warranted because Plaintiffs have not produced product identification evidence regarding gaskets, packing, and/or electrical components — stating that “[wjhile GE has elected not to raise specific issues of product identification or medical causation in its motion, GE’s motion expressly raises the issue of ‘exposure’ that is critical here — plaintiff has not come forward with any admissible evidence to demonstrate that GE manufactured, sold, supplied, or placed into the stream of commerce any asbestos-containing product to which he may have been exposed.” (Def. Reply Mem. at 6.)
Government Contractor Defense
GE argues that summary judgment is appropriate because it is immune from any liability regarding Plaintiffs’ allegations by way of the government contractor defense. Specifically, GE argues that the Navy exercised detailed, ongoing and ultimate control over the design and manufacture of the equipment it supplied to the Navy and over the communication of any warnings associated with that equipment. GE cites to the same evidence it cited in Faddish (which involved GE’s assertion of the government contractor defense): affidavits of Admiral Ben J. Lehman, former GE engineer David Hobson, and Captain Lawrence Stilwell Betts, along with a set of Military Specifications purported to have been issued by the Navy and applicable to the GE products at issue (turbines).
B. Plaintiffs’ Arguments
Bare Metal Defense
Plaintiffs contend that the bare metal defense is irrelevant to (or at least not dispositive of) their cases because they do not limit their allegations of asbestos exposure to those arising from insulation. Rather, each of the Plaintiffs contends that GE supplied another asbestos-containing product and/or original component part (e.g., electrical components, gaskets, and/or packing) such that the bare metal defense does not preclude liability on the [711] part of GE.3 Significantly, Plaintiffs argue that, even when the bare metal defense is applied, Defendant GE is not entitled to full summary judgment in any case and is instead entitled only to partial summary judgment (as to insulation) because GE did not move for summary judgment on grounds of insufficient product identification evidence.
Government Contractor Defense
First, Plaintiffs argue that the government contractor defense is irrelevant as to at least one motion because the alleged asbestos exposure is not limited to that arising from products used in connection with turbines. Rather, in at least one case, Plaintiffs contend that GE supplied asbestos-containing electrical components (not governed by Plaintiffs turbine-specific evidence pertaining to the government contractor defense), such that this defense does not preclude liability. Significantly, Plaintiffs argues that, even if the government contractor defense as invoked by GE is applied, Defendant is not entitled to full summary judgment and is instead entitled only to partial summary judgment (as to parts governed by military specifications, as identified by GE) because GE has presented no evidence that the Navy (or its military specifications) required asbestos-containing electrical components; rather, GE’s evidence pertaining to the government contractor defense deals only with asbestos-containing component parts in turbines that are governed by military specifications (e.g., insulation).
Second, Plaintiffs argue that summary judgment in favor of Defendants on grounds of the government contractor defense is not warranted with respect to any of their turbine-related claims/exposures because there are genuine issues of material fact regarding its availability to Defendants. Plaintiffs contend that Defendant has (1) not produced its contract with the government or otherwise proven that it was a government contractor, (2) not demonstrated that the product at issue was “military equipment,” and (3) not demonstrated a genuine significant conflict between state tort law and fulfilling its contractual federal obligations (i.e., that its contractual duties were “precisely contrary” to its duties under state tort law). Furthermore, Plaintiffs assert that the government contractor defense is not warranted because (4) SEANAV Instruction 6260.005 makes clear that the Navy encouraged Defendant to warn, (5) military specifications merely “rubber stamped” whatever warnings Defendant elected to use (or not use) and do not reflect a considered judgment by the Navy, (6) there is no military specification that precluded warning about asbestos hazards, and (7) Defendant cannot demonstrate what the Navy knew about the hazards of asbestos relative to the knowledge of Defendant, nor that the Navy knew more than it at the time.
To contradict the evidence relied upon by Defendant GE, Plaintiffs cite to (a) MIL-M-15071D, and (b) SEANAV Instruction 6260.005, each of which Plaintiffs contend indicates that the Navy not only permitted but expressly required warning.
[712] Plaintiffs have also submitted objections to Defendant GE’s evidence pertaining to the government contractor defense.
C. Analysis
This Court has ruled that maritime law recognizes the so-called “bare metal defense.” Conner, 842 F.Supp.2d 791, 2012 WL 288864. Defendant’s briefs asserting the bare metal defense discuss only insulation as the asbestos-containing product at issue. Plaintiffs concede that any insulation used in connection with GE’s turbines was externally applied after their distribution and was not manufactured or supplied by GE. Therefore, Defendant’s assertion of the bare metal, defense entitles it to summary judgment with respect to Plaintiffs claims to the extent that they are related to alleged asbestos exposure arising from insulation. See id.
Importantly, however, Plaintiffs have not limited their allegations to insulation and, in fact, each Plaintiff has clarified in his or her opposition brief that he or she is alleging that Defendant GE supplied original asbestos-containing gaskets, packing, and/or electrical components for use aboard the ships at issue (e.g., original gaskets and/or packing already installed in its turbines at the time GE supplied those turbines to the Navy).4 Defendant GE has not sought summary judgment on grounds of insufficient product identification /causation evidence.5 Defendant has not provided an affidavit stating that it did not manufacture or supply the gaskets, packing, and/or electrical components to which Plaintiffs have alleged exposure. Therefore, as a matter of Rule 56 jurisprudence, Defendants have neither identified the absence of a genuine dispute as to any material fact, nor shifted to Plaintiffs any burden to identify product identification evidence that is sufficient to support a finding of causation with respect to original gaskets, packing, and/or electrical components from which Plaintiffs also allege asbestos exposure. See Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(a); Anderson, 477 U.S. at 250, 106 S.Ct. 2505.
Government Contractor Defense
Plaintiffs have pointed to evidence that contradicts (or at least appears to be inconsistent with) GE’s evidence as to whether the Navy did or did not reflect considered judgment over whether warnings could be included with asbestos-containing products. Specifically, Plaintiffs have pointed to (a) MIL-M15071D, and (b) SEANAV Instruction 6260.005, each of which Plaintiffs contend indicates that the Navy not only permitted but expressly required warning. This is sufficient to raise genuine issues of material fact as to whether the first and second prongs of the Boyle test are satisfied with respect to Northrop Grumman. See Willis, 811 F.Supp.2d 1146. Accordingly, summary judgment on grounds of the government contractor defense is not warranted.
In light of this determination, the Court need not reach Plaintiffs’ argument that [713] Defendant’s evidence does not warrant summary judgment with respect to electrical components (i.e., products not governed by the military specifications as identified by GE). It also need not reach Plaintiffs’ challenge to the admissibility of Defendant’s evidence pertaining to the government contractor defense.
IV. Conclusion
In each of the Representative Cases (see Exhibit A, attached hereto), summary judgment in favor of Defendant GE is granted with respect to alleged asbestos exposure arising from insulation; however, with respect to all other alleged asbestos exposure in each of these cases, summary judgment is not warranted. Accordingly, Defendant’s motion in each case is granted in part and denied in part.
Exhibit A
Motions by General Electric Company in Various Cases Transferred from the United States District Court for the Northern District of California
Name of Plaintiff (or Decedent)_N.D. Cal. Case No. E.D. PA Case N o._Doc. No.
1 Charles Clemmer_05^1084_09-62917_27
2 Calvin Oxford_05-4946_09-64012_22
3 Albert Rice_05-4998_09-62922_16
4 Jack Reynolds_09-2806_09-80025_31
5 Richard Close_09-1269_09-70107_30
EXHIBIT B
ORDER
AND NOW, this 3rd day of April, 2012, it is hereby ORDERED that the Motion for Summary Judgment of Defendant General Electric Company (“GE”) in each of the cases identified on Exhibit A (attached hereto) is GRANTED as to alleged asbestos exposure arising from insulation; DENIED as to all other alleged asbestos exposure.
AND IT IS SO ORDERED.
Exhibit A
Motions by General Electric Company in Various Cases Transferred from the United States District Court for the Northern District of California
Name of Plaintiff (or Decedent)_N.D. Cal.Case No. E.D. PA Case No._Doc. No.
1 Charles Clemmer_05-4084_09-62917_27
2 Calvin Oxford_05-4946_09-64012_22
3 Albert Rice_05-4998_09-62922_16
4 Jack Reynolds_09-2806_09-80025_31
5 Richard Close _ 09-1269 09-70107_30