Action for personal injury. Plaintiff was a member of the family of her son, John Goodrich, who resided at Pittsburg, Kansas. The latter was an employee of the defendant, and on August 4, 1917, he obtained from his employer for his mother a free pass over defendant's railroad from Pittsburg, to Howe, Oklahoma. On August 9, 1917, while riding on this pass, on one of defendant's passenger trains, enroute from Pittsburg, Kansas, to Howe, Oklahoma, and while passing through Newton County, Missouri, plaintiff was seriously injured through the negligent management and handling of the train by defendant's employees. On the back of the pass this condition was printed: "This pass is not transferable, must be signed in ink by the holder thereof, and the person accepting and using it thereby
assumes all risk of accident and damage to person and baggage."
The case was tried without a jury. The defendant asked the court to declare as a matter of law that the stipulation on the back of the pass was valid and binding, and that by reason thereof plaintiff was not entitled to recover. This declaration was refused; the court found for the plaintiff and assessed her damages at $8,000, the sum that had been stipulated in advance to be so assessed, in the event the finding was for the plaintiff. From the judgment rendered in accordance with the finding and assessment of damages defendant appeals.
It seems to be conceded by appellant that under the law of this State, as declared by its courts, a person travelling on a free pass granted him by the carrier is a passenger and not a trespasser or mere licensee; that such person is entitled to the same degree of care as any other passenger, and may hold the carrier liable for injuries resulting from its negligence or that of its servants; and that a condition annexed to his pass attempting to relieve the carrier of the consequences of its negligence is ineffective because against public policy. [Bryan v. Railway, 32 Mo. App. 228; Huckstep v. Railway,166 Mo. App. 330; Young v. Railway, 93 Mo. App. 267; Lemon v. Chanslor,68 Mo. 340; Sherman v. Railroad, 72 Mo. 62; Padgitt v. Moll,159 Mo. 143; Powell v. Railroad, 255 Mo. 420.]
Appellant contends, however, that, as plaintiff was travelling from one State to another on an interstate free pass, issued, as it alleges, in accordance with the provisions of the Hepburn Act (U.S. Comp. Stats. 1916, p. 9069, sec. 8653, sub-div. 5), the rule of decision, with respect to the validity of stipulations in such passes exonerating the carrier from liability for negligence, followed by the United States Courts, and not that followed by the courts of this State, should be applied in determining the question of defendant's liability.
In the trial of causes governed solely by common
law in the United States courts, those courts follow their own understanding of the common law, regardless of the decisions of the courts of the State in which the cause of action arose. [Beutler v. Railroad, 224 U.S. 85; Fowler v. Railroad, 229 F. 374.] And the former courts have always held that under the common law, irrespective of any act of Congress regulating interstate commerce, stipulations in a free pass exempting a carrier from liability for negligence are valid and enforceable. [Northern Pacific Railroad Co. v. Adams, 192 U.S. 440; Boering v. Railroad, 193 U.S. 442; Wiley v. Railroad, 227 F. 129.] The instant case, however, having been instituted in a state court of this State, on a cause of action which accrued in this State, and having been tried in such state court, is to be determined in accordance with our applicable local state law, unless that law has been superseded by some act of Congress in the regulation of interstate commerce. [Adams Express Co. v. Croninger,226 U.S. 491.]
"Railroad corporations, like all other corporations and persons, doing business within the territorial jurisdiction of a State, are subject to its law. It is in the law of the State, that provisions are to be found concerning the rights and duties of common carriers of persons or of goods, and the measures by which injuries resulting from their failure to perform their obligations may be prevented or redressed. Persons travelling on interstate trains are as much entitled, while within a State, to the protection of that State, as those who travel on domestic trains. A carrier exercising his calling within a particular State, although engaged in the business of interstate commerce, is answerable, according to the law of the State, for acts of non-feasance or of misfeasance committed within its limits. If he fails to deliver goods to the proper consignee at the right time and place, or if by negligence in transportation he inflicts injury upon the person of a passenger brought from another State, the right of action for the consequent damage is given by
the local law." [Chicago, Milwaukee St. Paul Railway Co. v. Solan, 169 U.S. 133, 137, 138.]
It is claimed by appellant that all state laws on the subject of interstate free passes, including those relating to personal injuries negligently inflicted by the carrier upon persons while being carried on such passes, were superseded, or annulled, by the Act of Congress of June 29, 1906, known as the Hepburn Act. That act provides: "No common carrier subject to the provisions of this act, shall, after January first, nineteen hundred and seven, directly or indirectly, issue or give any interstate free ticket, free pass, or free transportation for passengers, except to its employees and their families.
. . . Any common carrier violating this provision shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor and for each offense, on conviction, shall pay to the United States a penalty of not less than one hundred dollars nor more than two thousand dollars, and any person, other than the persons excepted in this provision, who uses any such interstate free ticket, free pass, or free transportation shall be subject to a like penalty."
Whether the provisions just quoted of the Hepburn Act have the effect contended for must be determined in accordance with the rule announced from time to time by the Supreme Court, in slightly varying phraseology, to this effect:
"When the question is whether a Federal act overrides a State law, the entire scheme of the statute must of course be considered and that which needs must be implied is of no less force than that which is expressed. If the purpose of the act cannot otherwise be accomplished — if its operation within its chosen field else must be frustrated and its provisions be refused their natural effect — the State law must yield to the regulation of Congress within the sphere of its delegated power. But the intent to supersede the exercise by the State of its police power as to matters not covered by the Federal
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Action for personal injury. Plaintiff was a member of the family of her son, John Goodrich, who resided at Pittsburg, Kansas. The latter was an employee of the defendant, and on August 4, 1917, he obtained from his employer for his mother a free pass over defendant's railroad from Pittsburg, to Howe, Oklahoma. On August 9, 1917, while riding on this pass, on one of defendant's passenger trains, enroute from Pittsburg, Kansas, to Howe, Oklahoma, and while passing through Newton County, Missouri, plaintiff was seriously injured through the negligent management and handling of the train by defendant's employees. On the back of the pass this condition was printed: "This pass is not transferable, must be signed in ink by the holder thereof, and the person accepting and using it thereby
assumes all risk of accident and damage to person and baggage."
The case was tried without a jury. The defendant asked the court to declare as a matter of law that the stipulation on the back of the pass was valid and binding, and that by reason thereof plaintiff was not entitled to recover. This declaration was refused; the court found for the plaintiff and assessed her damages at $8,000, the sum that had been stipulated in advance to be so assessed, in the event the finding was for the plaintiff. From the judgment rendered in accordance with the finding and assessment of damages defendant appeals.
It seems to be conceded by appellant that under the law of this State, as declared by its courts, a person travelling on a free pass granted him by the carrier is a passenger and not a trespasser or mere licensee; that such person is entitled to the same degree of care as any other passenger, and may hold the carrier liable for injuries resulting from its negligence or that of its servants; and that a condition annexed to his pass attempting to relieve the carrier of the consequences of its negligence is ineffective because against public policy. [Bryan v. Railway, 32 Mo. App. 228; Huckstep v. Railway,166 Mo. App. 330; Young v. Railway, 93 Mo. App. 267; Lemon v. Chanslor,68 Mo. 340; Sherman v. Railroad, 72 Mo. 62; Padgitt v. Moll,159 Mo. 143; Powell v. Railroad, 255 Mo. 420.]
Appellant contends, however, that, as plaintiff was travelling from one State to another on an interstate free pass, issued, as it alleges, in accordance with the provisions of the Hepburn Act (U.S. Comp. Stats. 1916, p. 9069, sec. 8653, sub-div. 5), the rule of decision, with respect to the validity of stipulations in such passes exonerating the carrier from liability for negligence, followed by the United States Courts, and not that followed by the courts of this State, should be applied in determining the question of defendant's liability.
In the trial of causes governed solely by common
law in the United States courts, those courts follow their own understanding of the common law, regardless of the decisions of the courts of the State in which the cause of action arose. [Beutler v. Railroad, 224 U.S. 85; Fowler v. Railroad, 229 F. 374.] And the former courts have always held that under the common law, irrespective of any act of Congress regulating interstate commerce, stipulations in a free pass exempting a carrier from liability for negligence are valid and enforceable. [Northern Pacific Railroad Co. v. Adams, 192 U.S. 440; Boering v. Railroad, 193 U.S. 442; Wiley v. Railroad, 227 F. 129.] The instant case, however, having been instituted in a state court of this State, on a cause of action which accrued in this State, and having been tried in such state court, is to be determined in accordance with our applicable local state law, unless that law has been superseded by some act of Congress in the regulation of interstate commerce. [Adams Express Co. v. Croninger,226 U.S. 491.]
"Railroad corporations, like all other corporations and persons, doing business within the territorial jurisdiction of a State, are subject to its law. It is in the law of the State, that provisions are to be found concerning the rights and duties of common carriers of persons or of goods, and the measures by which injuries resulting from their failure to perform their obligations may be prevented or redressed. Persons travelling on interstate trains are as much entitled, while within a State, to the protection of that State, as those who travel on domestic trains. A carrier exercising his calling within a particular State, although engaged in the business of interstate commerce, is answerable, according to the law of the State, for acts of non-feasance or of misfeasance committed within its limits. If he fails to deliver goods to the proper consignee at the right time and place, or if by negligence in transportation he inflicts injury upon the person of a passenger brought from another State, the right of action for the consequent damage is given by
the local law." [Chicago, Milwaukee St. Paul Railway Co. v. Solan, 169 U.S. 133, 137, 138.]
It is claimed by appellant that all state laws on the subject of interstate free passes, including those relating to personal injuries negligently inflicted by the carrier upon persons while being carried on such passes, were superseded, or annulled, by the Act of Congress of June 29, 1906, known as the Hepburn Act. That act provides: "No common carrier subject to the provisions of this act, shall, after January first, nineteen hundred and seven, directly or indirectly, issue or give any interstate free ticket, free pass, or free transportation for passengers, except to its employees and their families.
. . . Any common carrier violating this provision shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor and for each offense, on conviction, shall pay to the United States a penalty of not less than one hundred dollars nor more than two thousand dollars, and any person, other than the persons excepted in this provision, who uses any such interstate free ticket, free pass, or free transportation shall be subject to a like penalty."
Whether the provisions just quoted of the Hepburn Act have the effect contended for must be determined in accordance with the rule announced from time to time by the Supreme Court, in slightly varying phraseology, to this effect:
"When the question is whether a Federal act overrides a State law, the entire scheme of the statute must of course be considered and that which needs must be implied is of no less force than that which is expressed. If the purpose of the act cannot otherwise be accomplished — if its operation within its chosen field else must be frustrated and its provisions be refused their natural effect — the State law must yield to the regulation of Congress within the sphere of its delegated power. But the intent to supersede the exercise by the State of its police power as to matters not covered by the Federal
legislation is not to be inferred from the mere fact that Congress has seen fit to circumscribe its regulation and to occupy a limited field. In other words, such intent is not to be implied unless the act of Congress fairly interpreted is in actual conflict with the law of the State." [Savage v. Jones,225 U.S. 501, 533.]
The rule has been more tersely stated in this language: "To have the effect of superseding a State law, it is not sufficient that a Congressional regulation of commerce invades the same field; it must expressly cover the precise subject-matter, or show a purpose to take legislative possession of the whole field." [12 C.J. 18.]
The plain and obvious import of that part of the Hepburn Act under consideration is to prohibit the issuance by an interstate carrier of interstate free passes to any persons, except those of certain designated classes, and to subject both the carrier issuing such a pass and the person using it, in violation of its prohibition, to certain penalties. With respect to the issuance of passes to persons coming within the exception, nothing is said; there is no reference whatever to the form or provisions of any such pass, or to the undertaking thereby assumed by the carrier issuing it; or to the liability, if any, that may be incurred in the transportation thereunder, for a failure on the part of the carrier to exercise care, or otherwise. As evidenced by the language, the sole purpose of the enactment of these provisions was to prohibit the issuance of free transportation by interstate carriers. However, the issuance to certain classes of persons was excepted from the operation of the act. So far as the cases coming within the exception were concerned the law remained unchanged. After the passage of the act, as to the persons named in the exception, the carrier could issue free interstate passes, on such conditions, and under such stipulations, as it saw fit; or it could refuse to issue them at all, just as it could,
and did do, prior thereto. The only regulation of interstate free passes undertaken by the act was to prohibit their issuance anduse except with respect to the persons specifically excluded from its operation.
It is obvious, that if Congress, by the Hepburn Act, has assumed the regulation of the duties (and the liability arising from their breach) pertaining to the transportation of persons under interstate free passes, in cases which are in terms excluded from the operation of the anti-pass provision of the act, it must be because the act as a whole, in its general scope and purpose, indicates that Congress has chosen to occupy the entire field of liability incident to the carriage of interstate passengers. What duty, if any, a carrier owes a gratuitous passenger is but a phase of the larger question of what duty it owes to passengers generally.
The objects sought to be attained by the original Interstate Commerce Act of 1887 (24 U.S. Statutes at Large, p. 279, c. 104) was to secure continuous carriage, and just and uniform rates, and to compel the furnishing of equal facilities. It contained no provision touching lability for negligence on the part of the carrier in carrying either persons or property. [Pennsylvania Railroad Co. v. Hughes, 191 U.S. 477, 487, 488.] The first legislation by Congress with respect to such liability was the Carmack Amendment to the Hepburn Act (34 U.S. Stats. at Large, 584, 585, c. 3591), and that dealt with the carriage of property only. [Adams Exp. Co. v. Croninger, supra.] The act will be searched in vain for a correlative provision relating to the carriage of persons. The anti-pass provision of the act was merely in furtherance of the purpose of the original Interstate Commerce Act to secure equality and prevent unjust discrimination.
Whether responsibility for personal injuries sustained by interstate passengers is still subject to the regulations of the several States does not seem to have even been directly passed upon by the Supreme Court,
but in Southern Pacific Co. v. Schuyler, 227 U.S. 601, 612, it held that the anti-pass provision of the Hepburn Act does not deprive a party who accepts gratuitous carriage in interstate commerce, in actual but unintentional violation of the prohibition of the act, of the benefit and protection of the law of the State imposing upon the carrier a duty to care for his safety.
The Supreme Court of Indiana, in passing upon the precise question under consideration here, held that the Hepburn Act and the Carmack Amendment thereto do not attempt to regulate liabilities of carriers of persons on valid free passes, and that such liabilities continue subject to state statutes. [Clark v. Railway, 119 N.E. 539.]
Our own conclusion is that Congress has not legislated on the subject of the rights and liabilities of the parties in cases of the interstate carriage of passengers under free passes, not coming within the prohibition of the Hepburn Act, or respecting the validity of stipulations or conditions annexed to such passes exempting the carrier from liability and that, therefore, these matters remain the subject of regulation by the several States.
In accordance with the views herein expressed, the judgmentnisi should be affirmed. It is so ordered. Small, C.,
concurs; Brown, C., absent.