By the Court, Harris, J.
I think the only facts necessary to the jurisdiction of the assessors are, in reference to real estate, that it be situated in the town or ward, and in reference to personal property, that the owner be an inhabitant of the town or ward. If the assessors should assume to assess lands lying in another town or ward, or to assess an inhabitant of another town, for personal property, though it might be situated in their town, the act of the assessors would unquestionably be void for want of jurisdiction. In this case, the lands assessed were situated within the town of Sand Lake. The assessors therefore had jurisdiction of the subject matter. In making the assessment, they performed a judicial act, in a matter within the limit of their authority. However much they may have erred in the performance of their duty, yet having jurisdiction of the subject matter, their error may be corrected in a court of review, but can not render their proceedings void. (Bloom v. Burdick, 1 Hill. 130. Weaver v. Devendorf, 3 Denio, 117. Van Rensselaer v. Witbeck, decided at the present term.
In the grants of lands in the manor of Rensselaerwyck, among other reservations, the original proprietor, as is well known, reserved to himself “ all lands under water." These lands the [130]*130assessors have, in the case before us, sought to subject to taxation. Whether they acted judiciously in doing so, is not a question involved in this decision. It is enough to justify the defendant, if we find that they did not transcend their jurisdiction.
The principal ground upon which the validity of the assessment is, in this instance, sought to be impeached is, that it appears, upon the face of the assessment itself, that some of the lands assessed were in fact occupied by other persons. I am inclined to think that this objection is not well taken in point of fact. The assessments are of “ lands under water? In a majority of instances, the location of such land is merely given, but in other instances, it is described as land underwater, occupied by some other person, whose name is given, for a saw mill or grist mill or some other kind of machinery. I think it quite obvious that it was the intention of the assessors, to distinguish between the land under water, and the water itself; and when they speak of land under water occupied, or used, (as it is sometimes expressed in the assessment roll,) as a mill privilege, it is merely intended to refer to the occupation or use of the water, as a mode of describing the land. It is to be kept in mind that the propriety of assessing a mill to its occupant and the land flowed by the dam of the mill to another person, as its owner, is not in question. The sole inquiry is whether the assessors exceeded their jurisdiction. But let it be assumed that the fair import of the terms used in the assessment is, that the tiling assessed, the land under water, was occupied by the person named. In what respect, even then, have the assessors failed to comply with the requisitions of the statute ? The first section of the act (1 R. S. 389) declares that the owner of lands, when he occupies them himself, or in case they are wholly unoccupied, shall be assessed for them, if he resides in the same town or ward. The second section provides for a case where the owner resides in the same town or ward in which the lands are situated, but the lands are occupied by another person. In that case, the assessors are not bound to ascertain who is the real owner. If they know who is the owner, he may be assessed for the lands; [131]*131or they may assess the occupant as the owner. The third section declares that unoccupied lands, not owned by a person residing in the ward or town where the same are situated, shall be assessed in the manner subsequently provided in the same act. These subsequent provisions contain minute directions for assessing such unoccupied lands. They are found in the 12th and 13 th sections of the act. The 4th subdivision of the 13 th section directs the assessors, in case a part of a tract of land, which is to be assessed by them under the provisions of that section, shall be settled and occupied by a resident of the town or ward, to except such part from their assessment of the whole tract, and assess it as other occupied lands are assessed. In all these provisions, it will be perceived, no directions are given as to the manner of assessing occupied lands which are owned by persons who are not residents of the town or ward where they are situated. Such lands are clearly liable to taxation, (1 R. S. 387, § 1,) and as the legislature have omitted to prescribe the manner in which the assessment of such lands shall be made, I can see nothing irregular or improper in the mode of assessment adopted in this case. The assessors, having no statutory guide, have seen fit to specify both the owner and the occupant. Either, I think, would have been a suificient compliance with the law. They might have regarded the occupant as owner, and assessed the lands as owned by a resident of the town, or they might, without noticing the occupant, have assessed them as lands of a non-resident owner. That they have specified who are the occupants, as well as the name of the owner, certainly can not vitiate the assessment. By the 5th section of the title relating to the collection of taxes, (1 R. S. 398,) it is provided, that if any person shall neglect or refuse to pay any tax which shall be assessed in any ward or town, upon any estate of such person, situated out of the ward or town in which he shall reside, and within the county, the collector may levy and collect such tax of the goods and chattels of the person assessed in any ward or town, within the county, in which he shall reside. Here then, we have the express authority of the collector. - A tax had been assessed, and, as we have seen, regularly assessed, [132]*132upon the lands of the plaintiff situated in Sand Lake. The plaintiff was a resident of Greenbush, another town within the county. The plaintiff had neglected or refused to pay the tax. These facts were sufficient to justify the collector in levying and collecting the tax of the plaintiff’s goods and chattels.
The only other objection taken to the form of the assessment is, that, in some instances, the lands are not sufficiently described. Whether they are or not, I am unable to say. But if it were conceded that the description of some of the lands was imperfect, it is a matter with which the plaintiff has nothing to do. The only object of a minute description of the lands is, to secure the collection of the tax by recourse to the land, in case it should not otherwise be collected. If this should fail through defectiveness of the description, it might enure to the advantage of the owner, but could not work his injury.
The judge, at the circuit, held that the warrant alone was a sufficient protection to the defendant.
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By the Court, Harris, J.
I think the only facts necessary to the jurisdiction of the assessors are, in reference to real estate, that it be situated in the town or ward, and in reference to personal property, that the owner be an inhabitant of the town or ward. If the assessors should assume to assess lands lying in another town or ward, or to assess an inhabitant of another town, for personal property, though it might be situated in their town, the act of the assessors would unquestionably be void for want of jurisdiction. In this case, the lands assessed were situated within the town of Sand Lake. The assessors therefore had jurisdiction of the subject matter. In making the assessment, they performed a judicial act, in a matter within the limit of their authority. However much they may have erred in the performance of their duty, yet having jurisdiction of the subject matter, their error may be corrected in a court of review, but can not render their proceedings void. (Bloom v. Burdick, 1 Hill. 130. Weaver v. Devendorf, 3 Denio, 117. Van Rensselaer v. Witbeck, decided at the present term.
In the grants of lands in the manor of Rensselaerwyck, among other reservations, the original proprietor, as is well known, reserved to himself “ all lands under water." These lands the [130]*130assessors have, in the case before us, sought to subject to taxation. Whether they acted judiciously in doing so, is not a question involved in this decision. It is enough to justify the defendant, if we find that they did not transcend their jurisdiction.
The principal ground upon which the validity of the assessment is, in this instance, sought to be impeached is, that it appears, upon the face of the assessment itself, that some of the lands assessed were in fact occupied by other persons. I am inclined to think that this objection is not well taken in point of fact. The assessments are of “ lands under water? In a majority of instances, the location of such land is merely given, but in other instances, it is described as land underwater, occupied by some other person, whose name is given, for a saw mill or grist mill or some other kind of machinery. I think it quite obvious that it was the intention of the assessors, to distinguish between the land under water, and the water itself; and when they speak of land under water occupied, or used, (as it is sometimes expressed in the assessment roll,) as a mill privilege, it is merely intended to refer to the occupation or use of the water, as a mode of describing the land. It is to be kept in mind that the propriety of assessing a mill to its occupant and the land flowed by the dam of the mill to another person, as its owner, is not in question. The sole inquiry is whether the assessors exceeded their jurisdiction. But let it be assumed that the fair import of the terms used in the assessment is, that the tiling assessed, the land under water, was occupied by the person named. In what respect, even then, have the assessors failed to comply with the requisitions of the statute ? The first section of the act (1 R. S. 389) declares that the owner of lands, when he occupies them himself, or in case they are wholly unoccupied, shall be assessed for them, if he resides in the same town or ward. The second section provides for a case where the owner resides in the same town or ward in which the lands are situated, but the lands are occupied by another person. In that case, the assessors are not bound to ascertain who is the real owner. If they know who is the owner, he may be assessed for the lands; [131]*131or they may assess the occupant as the owner. The third section declares that unoccupied lands, not owned by a person residing in the ward or town where the same are situated, shall be assessed in the manner subsequently provided in the same act. These subsequent provisions contain minute directions for assessing such unoccupied lands. They are found in the 12th and 13 th sections of the act. The 4th subdivision of the 13 th section directs the assessors, in case a part of a tract of land, which is to be assessed by them under the provisions of that section, shall be settled and occupied by a resident of the town or ward, to except such part from their assessment of the whole tract, and assess it as other occupied lands are assessed. In all these provisions, it will be perceived, no directions are given as to the manner of assessing occupied lands which are owned by persons who are not residents of the town or ward where they are situated. Such lands are clearly liable to taxation, (1 R. S. 387, § 1,) and as the legislature have omitted to prescribe the manner in which the assessment of such lands shall be made, I can see nothing irregular or improper in the mode of assessment adopted in this case. The assessors, having no statutory guide, have seen fit to specify both the owner and the occupant. Either, I think, would have been a suificient compliance with the law. They might have regarded the occupant as owner, and assessed the lands as owned by a resident of the town, or they might, without noticing the occupant, have assessed them as lands of a non-resident owner. That they have specified who are the occupants, as well as the name of the owner, certainly can not vitiate the assessment. By the 5th section of the title relating to the collection of taxes, (1 R. S. 398,) it is provided, that if any person shall neglect or refuse to pay any tax which shall be assessed in any ward or town, upon any estate of such person, situated out of the ward or town in which he shall reside, and within the county, the collector may levy and collect such tax of the goods and chattels of the person assessed in any ward or town, within the county, in which he shall reside. Here then, we have the express authority of the collector. - A tax had been assessed, and, as we have seen, regularly assessed, [132]*132upon the lands of the plaintiff situated in Sand Lake. The plaintiff was a resident of Greenbush, another town within the county. The plaintiff had neglected or refused to pay the tax. These facts were sufficient to justify the collector in levying and collecting the tax of the plaintiff’s goods and chattels.
The only other objection taken to the form of the assessment is, that, in some instances, the lands are not sufficiently described. Whether they are or not, I am unable to say. But if it were conceded that the description of some of the lands was imperfect, it is a matter with which the plaintiff has nothing to do. The only object of a minute description of the lands is, to secure the collection of the tax by recourse to the land, in case it should not otherwise be collected. If this should fail through defectiveness of the description, it might enure to the advantage of the owner, but could not work his injury.
The judge, at the circuit, held that the warrant alone was a sufficient protection to the defendant. In this I think he was right. But concede that he was wrong in holding that the warrant and assessment roll were to be considered as distinct instruments, having no dependence on each other, further than to ascertain the amount of the tax and the names of the persons assessed. This would not 'entitle the plaintiff to a new trial. There was no question of fact to be decided. The charge, taking it most unfavorably to the plaintiff, amounted to nothing more than directing a verdict for the defendant; and to this he was entitled. The assessment roll, as well as the warrant, were legal. Whether, therefore, they are to be considered as together constituting the process, under which the defendant acted, or whether the warrant alone constituted such process, is wholly immaterial. In either case, the process was valid, and the defence was sustained. The motion for a new trial must therefore be denied.
New trial denied.
Post, 133.