Burns, J.
Plaintiff signed 2 contracts with. “Arthur Murray School of Dancing” at the Traverse City Arthur Murray studio which was being operated by the defendant Pauli. She paid $3,687.50 for 315 hours of dance instruction. Subsequently, Pauli had financial difficulties and ultimately was adjudged bankrupt. Plaintiff did not receive any lessons after August 1, 1962, although there remained 208 hours of lessons under the contracts.
Plaintiff commenced this action for the recovery of the value of the dance lessons. Defendants Arthur Murray Studios of Michigan, Inc., a Michigan corporation, Doris Eaton Travis, Inc., a Michigan corporation, and Doris Eaton Travis, individually, were joined because of an alleged agency relationship with the defendant Pauli. Pauli, however, was never served with process due to his bankruptcy proceedings.
At the conclusion of the trial, the circuit judge stated:
“This is a question of agency and a question of fact whether or not there was any holding out to the public which would justify Mrs. Van Pelt’s recovery against Arthur Murray Studios of Michigan, Inc., or Doris Eaton Travis individually or as a corporation.”
The trial judge in a written opinion held that under the facts of this case an agency was established and granted a judgment to the plaintiff against all of the defendants except Pauli.
In opposition to plaintiff’s theory that Pauli was an agent of the other defendants, the appellants claim that Pauli was an independent sublicensee of Arthur. Murray Studios of Michigan, Inc., and that, therefore, any contracts entered into by Pauli, who
was doing business as Arthur Murray Studios of Traverse City, were his sole responsibilities.
The appellants have appealed the judgment of the trial court on 7 specific grounds of error, each ground pertaining to one factual situation of the entire relationship between the parties. For our determination the issue in this case is: Were there sufficient facts in evidence for the trial judge to find that an agency relationship existed between the defendants?
To start, let us examine the contract in effect between the defendants, Arthur Murray Studios of Michigan, Inc., and the defendant Paull. Some provisions of the contract, which was designated as “sub-franchise agreement,” are summarized below:
§ 1.02 provided that Paull pay to the corporation 11-1/2 percent of his gross receipts and maintain books and records to be available to the corporation.
§ 1.03 provided that Paull conduct the school on premises owned or leased by the corporation or controlled by the corporation.
§ 1.05(a) allowed the corporation to set the minimum price Paull could charge for lessons; (b) obligated Paull to honor any unused lessons of
any
pupil who purchased lessons from the corporation or any other person operating under the national Arthur Murray franchise; (c) obligated Paull to operate the school in accordance with standards and procedures set by the corporation; (d) obligated Paull to pay part of any state-wide advertising or promotional activities.
§ 1.07 prohibited Paull from borrowing money without the consent of the corporation.
§ 1.08 provided that Paull submit to the corporation, in advance of employment, the names of all persons to be employed by Paull.
§ 1.16 obligated Paull to furnish the corporation a monthly accounting statement and to pay the corporation $50 per month for bookkeeping services.
§ 1.17 provided that upon termination of the agreement in the event of strict compliance with § 1.19 of the agreement by Pauli, the corporation agreed to teach any untaught lessons contracted by Pauli.
§ 1.18 obligated Pauli to pay into a trust account
each week 3-1/2 percent of his gross receipts until the account equaled 15 percent of the average annual gross receipts for the most recent 3 years; provided, if the licensee (Pauli) owed any past obligations to the corporation, then the said 3-1/2 percent would be paid to the corporation to reduce the debt. This section. further provided that Pauli was not allowed to draw in excess of $50 per wéek from the business until said trust account was fully funded.
The contracts executed by the plaintiff were signed at the Traverse City studio on a form furnished by the Arthur Murray Printing Service. The form did not specify with whom the plaintiff contracted, but stated “Arthury Murray School of Dancing.” The plaintiff testified that she thought at the time she signed the contract that she was contracting with a national organization.
The testimony also indicates that defendant Pauli had studios in Lansing and Jackson as well as in Traverse City, and that all of Pauli’s business transactions were made through a Lansing bank. Due to Pauli’s financial problems at the time, all checks on the Lansing account had to be countersigned by the defendant, Doris Baton Travis.
The testimony indicates that when it was first contemplated that a studio would be opened in Traverse City, Doris Eaton Travis went to Traverse City and made arrangements to lease property from one William Yotruba; the lease was consummated between Yotruba and Doris Eaton Travis, Inc., which was controlled by Doris Eaton Travis,
individually. Doris Eaton Travis, Inc., subleased, the premises to Pauli in accord with the' “sub-fran-1 chise agreement,” § 1.03. . - ‘
The record also indicates that many of Pauli’s, royalty checks were actually made payable to Doris Eaton Travis personally, but' deposited in the corporation account. Evidently this was a continuation of the practice established prior to incorporation.. During the year 1961, the corporation received $17,892.99 in royalties and $3,088.27 on past indebtedness from the Pauli studios.
During the period that Pauli was in financial difficulty and also in the hospital due to illness, Mrs. Travis went from Detroit to Traverse City and talked to certain creditors of Pauli, assuring them that Pauli would be back and take care of the obligations. She also told Mrs. Van Pelt in Detroit that the Traverse City studio would reopen.
The trial court placed great emphasis on the para-' graph of the agreement which obligated all studios to honor lessons of any other studio under the national franchise. Mrs. Van Pelt did take lessons in Plouston, Texas, and Honolulu.
The trial judge also placed great emphasis upon the fact that after Pauli had ceased doing business he assigned all of his accounts receivable to Doris Eaton Travis, individually, and she accepted such assignment.
As previously stated, the primary question tó be resolved in this case is whether the trial court was correct in finding an agency relationship between the defendants. The law regarding this issue is best summarized in 3 Am Jur 2d, Agency § 21, p 430:
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Burns, J.
Plaintiff signed 2 contracts with. “Arthur Murray School of Dancing” at the Traverse City Arthur Murray studio which was being operated by the defendant Pauli. She paid $3,687.50 for 315 hours of dance instruction. Subsequently, Pauli had financial difficulties and ultimately was adjudged bankrupt. Plaintiff did not receive any lessons after August 1, 1962, although there remained 208 hours of lessons under the contracts.
Plaintiff commenced this action for the recovery of the value of the dance lessons. Defendants Arthur Murray Studios of Michigan, Inc., a Michigan corporation, Doris Eaton Travis, Inc., a Michigan corporation, and Doris Eaton Travis, individually, were joined because of an alleged agency relationship with the defendant Pauli. Pauli, however, was never served with process due to his bankruptcy proceedings.
At the conclusion of the trial, the circuit judge stated:
“This is a question of agency and a question of fact whether or not there was any holding out to the public which would justify Mrs. Van Pelt’s recovery against Arthur Murray Studios of Michigan, Inc., or Doris Eaton Travis individually or as a corporation.”
The trial judge in a written opinion held that under the facts of this case an agency was established and granted a judgment to the plaintiff against all of the defendants except Pauli.
In opposition to plaintiff’s theory that Pauli was an agent of the other defendants, the appellants claim that Pauli was an independent sublicensee of Arthur. Murray Studios of Michigan, Inc., and that, therefore, any contracts entered into by Pauli, who
was doing business as Arthur Murray Studios of Traverse City, were his sole responsibilities.
The appellants have appealed the judgment of the trial court on 7 specific grounds of error, each ground pertaining to one factual situation of the entire relationship between the parties. For our determination the issue in this case is: Were there sufficient facts in evidence for the trial judge to find that an agency relationship existed between the defendants?
To start, let us examine the contract in effect between the defendants, Arthur Murray Studios of Michigan, Inc., and the defendant Paull. Some provisions of the contract, which was designated as “sub-franchise agreement,” are summarized below:
§ 1.02 provided that Paull pay to the corporation 11-1/2 percent of his gross receipts and maintain books and records to be available to the corporation.
§ 1.03 provided that Paull conduct the school on premises owned or leased by the corporation or controlled by the corporation.
§ 1.05(a) allowed the corporation to set the minimum price Paull could charge for lessons; (b) obligated Paull to honor any unused lessons of
any
pupil who purchased lessons from the corporation or any other person operating under the national Arthur Murray franchise; (c) obligated Paull to operate the school in accordance with standards and procedures set by the corporation; (d) obligated Paull to pay part of any state-wide advertising or promotional activities.
§ 1.07 prohibited Paull from borrowing money without the consent of the corporation.
§ 1.08 provided that Paull submit to the corporation, in advance of employment, the names of all persons to be employed by Paull.
§ 1.16 obligated Paull to furnish the corporation a monthly accounting statement and to pay the corporation $50 per month for bookkeeping services.
§ 1.17 provided that upon termination of the agreement in the event of strict compliance with § 1.19 of the agreement by Pauli, the corporation agreed to teach any untaught lessons contracted by Pauli.
§ 1.18 obligated Pauli to pay into a trust account
each week 3-1/2 percent of his gross receipts until the account equaled 15 percent of the average annual gross receipts for the most recent 3 years; provided, if the licensee (Pauli) owed any past obligations to the corporation, then the said 3-1/2 percent would be paid to the corporation to reduce the debt. This section. further provided that Pauli was not allowed to draw in excess of $50 per wéek from the business until said trust account was fully funded.
The contracts executed by the plaintiff were signed at the Traverse City studio on a form furnished by the Arthur Murray Printing Service. The form did not specify with whom the plaintiff contracted, but stated “Arthury Murray School of Dancing.” The plaintiff testified that she thought at the time she signed the contract that she was contracting with a national organization.
The testimony also indicates that defendant Pauli had studios in Lansing and Jackson as well as in Traverse City, and that all of Pauli’s business transactions were made through a Lansing bank. Due to Pauli’s financial problems at the time, all checks on the Lansing account had to be countersigned by the defendant, Doris Baton Travis.
The testimony indicates that when it was first contemplated that a studio would be opened in Traverse City, Doris Eaton Travis went to Traverse City and made arrangements to lease property from one William Yotruba; the lease was consummated between Yotruba and Doris Eaton Travis, Inc., which was controlled by Doris Eaton Travis,
individually. Doris Eaton Travis, Inc., subleased, the premises to Pauli in accord with the' “sub-fran-1 chise agreement,” § 1.03. . - ‘
The record also indicates that many of Pauli’s, royalty checks were actually made payable to Doris Eaton Travis personally, but' deposited in the corporation account. Evidently this was a continuation of the practice established prior to incorporation.. During the year 1961, the corporation received $17,892.99 in royalties and $3,088.27 on past indebtedness from the Pauli studios.
During the period that Pauli was in financial difficulty and also in the hospital due to illness, Mrs. Travis went from Detroit to Traverse City and talked to certain creditors of Pauli, assuring them that Pauli would be back and take care of the obligations. She also told Mrs. Van Pelt in Detroit that the Traverse City studio would reopen.
The trial court placed great emphasis on the para-' graph of the agreement which obligated all studios to honor lessons of any other studio under the national franchise. Mrs. Van Pelt did take lessons in Plouston, Texas, and Honolulu.
The trial judge also placed great emphasis upon the fact that after Pauli had ceased doing business he assigned all of his accounts receivable to Doris Eaton Travis, individually, and she accepted such assignment.
As previously stated, the primary question tó be resolved in this case is whether the trial court was correct in finding an agency relationship between the defendants. The law regarding this issue is best summarized in 3 Am Jur 2d, Agency § 21, p 430:
“The question whether an agency has been created is ordinarily a question of fact which may be established the same as any other fact, either by direct or by circumstantial evidence; and whether an
agency has in fact been created is to be determined by the relations of the parties as they exist under their agreements or acts, with the question being ultimately one of intention. The question is to be determined by the fact that one represents and is acting for another, and not by the consideration that it will be inconvenient or unjust if he is not held to be the agent of such other; and if relations exist which will constitute an agency, it will be an agency whether the parties understood the exact nature of the relation or not. Moreover, the manner in which the parties designate the relationship is not controlling, and if an act done by one person in behalf of another is in its essential nature one of agency, the one is the agent of such other notwithstanding he is not so called.”
See, also,
Saums
v.
Parfet
(1935), 270 Mich 165.
Generally speaking, the test of principal and agent is the right to control. It is not the fact of actual interference with the control but the right to interfere that makes the difference between an independent contractor and a servant or agent.
Tuttle
v.
Embury-Martin Lumber Co.
(1916), 192 Mich 385.
Appellants cite the cases of
Brown
v.
Standard Oil Co.
(1944), 309 Mich 101, and
Bluemer
v.
Saginaw Central Oil & Gas Service, Inc.
(1959), 356 Mich 399. It is clear in those cases that the agreements did not reserve to the party who allegedly was the principal, the right to exercise control over the business or the operations of the gasoline station lessee. The degree of control retained in the
Brown
and
Bluemer Cases, supra,
falls far short of the control exercised by Arthur Murray Studios of Michigan, Inc., over Pauli.
More closely akin to the factual situation in our present case is
Lower
v.
Muskegon Heights Co-operative Dairy
(1930), 251 Mich 450. In the
Lower Case, supra,
an agency was found to exist where the contract between the dairy company an.d one selling
its products, iu which the latter is referred to as “selling agent,” provided that the company dictated the price at which products should he sold, had control of matters of sanitation, caused the business to be publicly conducted in its name, expressly retained ownership of routes over which products were delivered and also required a bond securing it against embezzlement.
We do not reverse unless the evidence clearly preponderates in the opposite direction.
Shaw
v.
Wiegartz
(1965), 1 Mich App 271.
Judgment affirmed. Costs to appellees.
McGbegob, P. J., and Newblatt, J., concurred.