Hadley, J.
This action was brought to recover for an alleged breach of contract. The plaintiff alleges that he was employed by the defendant school district to- teach a school for a period of nine, months from and after September 1, 1902, at $60 per month; that he entered upon the performance of the contract on the above named date; and continued the same until Hovember 11, 1902, when the defendant refused to' permit him to teach for a longer time, and notified him that he was discharged; that no charges were ever made against him by the board of directors; and that the action of the directors in discharging him was arbitrary and without cause on the part of plaintiff; that he had performed all his obligations under the contract; that hei refused to> accept the discharge; and at all times during said period of nine months [236] held himself in readiness toi perform his contract, hut. was prevented from so doing by the defendant. After interposing certain motions and a demurrer to the complaint, the defendant answered, alleging certain facts tending to show misconduct on plaintiff’s part in the treatment of a pupil, and other facts concerning alleged mismanagement of the school, and also alleging that he did not appeal from the action and decision of the board of directors to the county superintendent, by reason of which he is now estopped from recovering in this action. The canse was tried hy the court without a jury, and resulted in a judgment in1 favor of plaintiff in the sum of $250, from which defendant has appealed.
A number of errors are assigned, but we believe the determination of the appeal calls for the discussion of one subject only. It is conceded that respondent did not appeal from the action and decision of appellant’s board of directors to the county superintendent. It was the court’s view that this action may be maintained even though such appeal was not taken. Appellant contended otherwise in the court below, and it urges the same contention- here. We shall now examine that subject. Bal. Code, § 2318 (P. C. § 1218), provides as follows:
“Any person aggrieved by any decision or order of the hoax’d of dix’ectors may, witixin thirty days after the rendition of the decision or making of such order, appeal therefrom to the county superintendent of the proper county; . . . At the time thus fixed for the hearing he shall hear the testimony of either party, and for that purpose may administer oaths if necessary, and he shall make such decision as may be jns-t and equitable, which shall he final unless appealed from as provided for in this title.”
Appeals also lie from thei decisions of a county superintendent to the superintendent of public instruction. On that subject Bal. Code, §2301 (P. O. § 1261), provides as follows:
“Any person or hoax’d of directors aggrieved hy any decision or order of the county superintendent may, within thirty days after the rendition of such’ a decision or making [237] of such, order, appeal therefrom to the superintendent of public instruction . . . The superintendent of public instruction shall examine the transcript of such proceedings and render a decision thereon, but no new testimony shall be admitted, and his decision shall be final unless set aside by a court of competent jurisdiction.”
It thus appears that the legislature has outlined a complete chain of appellate procedure from decisions of boards of directors of school districts, and has provided that the decisions of the superintendent of public instruction shall be final “unless set aside by a court of competent jurisdiction.” The right of ultimate review by a court of competent jurisdiction is thus clearly recognized, and it was the evident policy of the legislature that matters pertaining to the schools and the conduct thereof shall be first examined and passed upon by the school officers named in the statute before resort may be had to the courts. Good reasons may be assigned for such a policy. The duties of the officers named relate particularly to the schools, and from their training and experience it may be supposed that they are peculiarly fitted to examine and pass upon questions which arise out of the manner of conducting schools, and which necessarily involve the competency and fitness of teachers. The qualifications of teachers, both as to learning and character, are, under our system of educa^ t-ion, first passed upon by these officers, and if subsequent conduct of the teachers calls for investigation as to their fitness, it would seem but reasonable that such conduct should be first reviewed by such school officers before resort may be had to the courts for the correction of alleged grievances.
It is argued that an appeal from the decision of the board of directors is merely optional, since the statute says any person aggrieved “may” appeal. We think it manifest that such was not the piurpose of the statute. Having reference to the evident policy of the legislature as hereinbefore mentioned, we think the word “may” as used in the statute should be construed in a mandatory sense: 20 Am. & Eng. Ency. Law [238] (2d ed.), p. 237. Under a statute of .the same import, it was held in Iowa that a teacher could not at once maintain an action in the courts to recover for breach of contract, when he had not appealed from the decision, of the board of school directors to the county superintendent. Kirkpatrick v. Independent School Dist., 53 Iowa 585, 5 N. W. 750. The same principle was recognized in Jackson v. Independent School Dist. etc., 110 Iowa 313, 81 N. W. 596. To the same effect is Harkness v. Hutcherson, 90 Texas 383, 38 S. W. 1120. In Burkhead v. Independent School Dist., 107 Iowa 29, 77 N. W. 491, it was held that, where a teacher was discharged without a hearing before the board of directors, he was not required to appeal before resorting to the courts. The statute of Iowa, however, especially enjoins upon boards of directors the duty of conducting such hearings in the presence of the teacher. Section 2782, Annotated. Code of Iowa, 1897. The discharge of the teacher in that case consisted simply in a refusal to permit him to teach longer on the alleged ground that there was in fact n6 existing contract. There was no question of competency or fitness involved, and it was held that, in the absence of some hearing and determination judicial in its- character, there was nothing from which to appeal.
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Hadley, J.
This action was brought to recover for an alleged breach of contract. The plaintiff alleges that he was employed by the defendant school district to- teach a school for a period of nine, months from and after September 1, 1902, at $60 per month; that he entered upon the performance of the contract on the above named date; and continued the same until Hovember 11, 1902, when the defendant refused to' permit him to teach for a longer time, and notified him that he was discharged; that no charges were ever made against him by the board of directors; and that the action of the directors in discharging him was arbitrary and without cause on the part of plaintiff; that he had performed all his obligations under the contract; that hei refused to> accept the discharge; and at all times during said period of nine months [236] held himself in readiness toi perform his contract, hut. was prevented from so doing by the defendant. After interposing certain motions and a demurrer to the complaint, the defendant answered, alleging certain facts tending to show misconduct on plaintiff’s part in the treatment of a pupil, and other facts concerning alleged mismanagement of the school, and also alleging that he did not appeal from the action and decision of the board of directors to the county superintendent, by reason of which he is now estopped from recovering in this action. The canse was tried hy the court without a jury, and resulted in a judgment in1 favor of plaintiff in the sum of $250, from which defendant has appealed.
A number of errors are assigned, but we believe the determination of the appeal calls for the discussion of one subject only. It is conceded that respondent did not appeal from the action and decision of appellant’s board of directors to the county superintendent. It was the court’s view that this action may be maintained even though such appeal was not taken. Appellant contended otherwise in the court below, and it urges the same contention- here. We shall now examine that subject. Bal. Code, § 2318 (P. C. § 1218), provides as follows:
“Any person aggrieved by any decision or order of the hoax’d of dix’ectors may, witixin thirty days after the rendition of the decision or making of such order, appeal therefrom to the county superintendent of the proper county; . . . At the time thus fixed for the hearing he shall hear the testimony of either party, and for that purpose may administer oaths if necessary, and he shall make such decision as may be jns-t and equitable, which shall he final unless appealed from as provided for in this title.”
Appeals also lie from thei decisions of a county superintendent to the superintendent of public instruction. On that subject Bal. Code, §2301 (P. O. § 1261), provides as follows:
“Any person or hoax’d of directors aggrieved hy any decision or order of the county superintendent may, within thirty days after the rendition of such’ a decision or making [237] of such, order, appeal therefrom to the superintendent of public instruction . . . The superintendent of public instruction shall examine the transcript of such proceedings and render a decision thereon, but no new testimony shall be admitted, and his decision shall be final unless set aside by a court of competent jurisdiction.”
It thus appears that the legislature has outlined a complete chain of appellate procedure from decisions of boards of directors of school districts, and has provided that the decisions of the superintendent of public instruction shall be final “unless set aside by a court of competent jurisdiction.” The right of ultimate review by a court of competent jurisdiction is thus clearly recognized, and it was the evident policy of the legislature that matters pertaining to the schools and the conduct thereof shall be first examined and passed upon by the school officers named in the statute before resort may be had to the courts. Good reasons may be assigned for such a policy. The duties of the officers named relate particularly to the schools, and from their training and experience it may be supposed that they are peculiarly fitted to examine and pass upon questions which arise out of the manner of conducting schools, and which necessarily involve the competency and fitness of teachers. The qualifications of teachers, both as to learning and character, are, under our system of educa^ t-ion, first passed upon by these officers, and if subsequent conduct of the teachers calls for investigation as to their fitness, it would seem but reasonable that such conduct should be first reviewed by such school officers before resort may be had to the courts for the correction of alleged grievances.
It is argued that an appeal from the decision of the board of directors is merely optional, since the statute says any person aggrieved “may” appeal. We think it manifest that such was not the piurpose of the statute. Having reference to the evident policy of the legislature as hereinbefore mentioned, we think the word “may” as used in the statute should be construed in a mandatory sense: 20 Am. & Eng. Ency. Law [238] (2d ed.), p. 237. Under a statute of .the same import, it was held in Iowa that a teacher could not at once maintain an action in the courts to recover for breach of contract, when he had not appealed from the decision, of the board of school directors to the county superintendent. Kirkpatrick v. Independent School Dist., 53 Iowa 585, 5 N. W. 750. The same principle was recognized in Jackson v. Independent School Dist. etc., 110 Iowa 313, 81 N. W. 596. To the same effect is Harkness v. Hutcherson, 90 Texas 383, 38 S. W. 1120. In Burkhead v. Independent School Dist., 107 Iowa 29, 77 N. W. 491, it was held that, where a teacher was discharged without a hearing before the board of directors, he was not required to appeal before resorting to the courts. The statute of Iowa, however, especially enjoins upon boards of directors the duty of conducting such hearings in the presence of the teacher. Section 2782, Annotated. Code of Iowa, 1897. The discharge of the teacher in that case consisted simply in a refusal to permit him to teach longer on the alleged ground that there was in fact n6 existing contract. There was no question of competency or fitness involved, and it was held that, in the absence of some hearing and determination judicial in its- character, there was nothing from which to appeal.
Our statute does not seem to provide any particular method of procedure on the part of boards of directors in the discharge of teachers. Bal. Code, § 2311, enumea-ates their powers and, among others, is the power “to- employ and, for sufficient cause, to discharge teachers.” A method of procedure is, however, provided on appeal to the county superintendent. The basis of the proceedings on appeal is an affidavit setting forth the facts constituting the alleged grievance, and it is provided that the county superintendent shall hear testimony .and may administer oaths. Thus, a full investigation may be had on appeal, without regard to whether the action of the board of directors follows a formal hearing by them or not. We think this procedure was intended to afford the primary course for relief, however summary >or informal may have [239] been the action of the board of directors. The policy of the legislature in this regard seems to be analagous to. the procedure provided with reference to special assessments made by municipalities. It has been uniformly held by this court that objections not jurisdictional in their nature must first be made before the city council, and that, upon failure to so object, the courts will not grant relief as to matters which may be corrected by the city council. Referring to this subject in Tumwater v. Fix, 18 Wash. 153, 51 Pac. 353, the court said:
“Ho reason is suggested why respondent did not appear and make his objection before the town council. That body had jurisdiction of the subject matter and was clothed with power to arrive at a correct determination. It was the tribunal appointed by the law for the correction of any mistakes or irregularities. Parties interested cannot be permitted to disregard the opportunities so afforded for a hearing, and to select a forum of their own choosing. They must make their objections seasonably, before the tribunal which the law appoints for that purpose, and, failing to. do so, cannot thereafter be heard to complain.” s
Respondent cites School District No. 3 v. Hale, 15 Colo. 367, 25 Pac. 308. The argument in that case*, in some respects, appears not to be in accord with what has been herein-before said, but an examination of the statement of facts discloses that no defense was set upl other than the failure to take an appeal. It did not appear in the issues or evidence that the board of directors attempted to justify their action upon any ground. They simply refused to permit the teacher to' continue teaching, and, with no other showing, there was a plain breach of contract upon which action could be maintained. In the case at bar, however, thei answer set up facts in justification of the action of the board, showing that they exercised their judgment and decided against the competency, character, and fitness of the respondent. Evidence was introduced upon that subject, and from that evidence' it clearly appears that there was a substantial controversy touching. [240] the fitness of respondent to teach, and just such a one as we think the legislature intended should he first reviewed hy the appellate school officers.-
Respondent suggests that, if an appeal is required in a case of this character, it would, also^ he necessary for appeals to he taken to the county superintendent as to- any decision of a board of directors touching mere money demands for labor and material. Such a questiou is not now before ns, and the only question here decided is that it is the policy of our law that, when the conduct, competency, and fitness of a teacher are involved in a decision of a hoard of directors', their action in such particulars must he reviewed upon appeal as hereinbefore stated, before resort may he had to the courts. It is also suggested hy respondent that this court has re>viewed other cases similar to this in which no appeal had been taken- to the county superintendent. In any event, however, this question does not appear to have been raised, and it is conceded that it has never before been directly passed upon here. It therefore comes before ns now as an original contested question, and we have entertained it and passed upon it as such'.
The judgment is therefore reversed and the cause remanded, with instructions to dismiss the action.
Mount, C. J., Chow, Dunbar, and Root, JJ., concur.