BOULDIN, J.
^ This is a taxpayers’ suit to avoid for illegality and to enjoin the execution of a contract entered into by the board of commissioners of the city of Mobile with the Superior Incinerator Company of Texas, at Dallas, Tex., for the construction and installation of two incinerators for the municipality. The appeal is from a decree sustaining demurrers to the bill.
The contract is assailed upon the ground, among others, that it was made in violation of section 1911, Code of 1923, which reads:
“The award of each contract for which bids have been submitted shall be made to the lowest responsible bidder, who may comply with such reasonable regulations as may be prescribed before the bids are called for.”
The pertinent averments of the bill in this regard are to this effect:
Sealed bids were invited by advertisement for the construction of two incinerator plants, each with a capacity of not less than 50 tons per day of 12 hours. Bidders were to submit detailed plans and specifications with their proposals, the price bid to cover
the entire cost of construction according to such plans and specifications.
The advertisement for bids contained these, further provisions:
“After the bids are received, the city commissioners will consider same and, after consideration and investigation into the merits' of each bid, will award the contract to the bidder who, in their opinion, has submitted the most desirable proposal. * * * The right is reserved to reject any or all bids.”
Bids were submitted by the Superior Incinerator Company and the Nye Odorless Crematory Company, of Macon, Ga., each accompanied by plans and specifications of its own type of plant. The Nye Company submitted the lower bid. A committee appointed by the city commissioners visited plants installed by each company in several cities, reported plants of the “Superior” and “Nye” types were free from odors or offensive smoke, and, “In our judgment there is no difference in their efficiency in burning garbage, cost of operating, and cost of maintenance,” and, “for the purposes of Mobile, either type would be acceptable.” The bill further avers that the “Nye” incinerator is equal or superior to that of the Superior •Company; that the Nye Company was a responsible bidder, and its bid was not rejected because it was not a responsible bidder; that, nevertheless, the board of commissioners entered into negotiations with the Superior Company resulting in some modification of specifications, and letting the contract at a reduced price,' but in excess of the original bid of the “Nye” Company, and largely in excess of a later proposal of that company, pending negotiations with the Superior Company; that in awarding the contract the commissioners “did not exercise a fair and just discretion in the premises, but that they exercised an arbitrary judg- ' ment in the matter, without a reasonable basis of fact to support the awarding of said contract;” that the excess cost was a mere waste of money at the expense of the tax-. payers of Mobile.
Dealing with the application of the Code, § 1911, to this state of facts, it will be noted that section contains no mandatory requirement for letting municipal contracts on competitive bids. It is open to the corporate authorities to adopt this method, or to let contracts in such way as may be •deemed best under the conditions. But it doeg require that when competitive bidding is selected as the method of letting a contract, it must be let to the lowest responsible bidder complying with the regulations ■prescribed before bids are called for. In such case, the statute makes applicable the general rules of law governing the awarding of contracts by competitive bids.
Judged by these rules, did the action of the commissioners inviting bids in this case bring it within the requirement that the contract be let to the lowest responsible bidder 1
One of the essentials to competitive bidding is that bidders shall have opportunity to bid on the same thing. In case of public improvements or. plants, the adoption of plans and specifications made available to all as a basis of their bids is a legal requirement. When bids aré called for from manufacturers of different types of plants based on their own specifications, the necessity arises to determine whether any of them meet the specific needs of the city, and, if so, which is the better bid all things considered. This cannot be termed competitive bidding within the meaning of mandatory statutes requiring the awarding of contracts to the lowest bidder, and usually contracts so let are regarded as in violation of such statutes. McQuillin on Municipal Corporations, § 1211; City Council of Montgomery v. Barnett, 149 Ala. 119, 43 So. 92; Inge v. Board of Public Works, 135 Ala. 187, 33 So. 678, 93 Am. St. Rep. 20; Dunn Construction Co. v. White, 209 Ala. 460, 96 So. 444.
Where, as here, there is no mandatory statute requiring contracts to be awarded on competitive bids, it Is within the power of the city authorities to ’ invite bid® on such basis as it may deem best, reserving the power to reject all bids, or let the contract to the bidder submitting the most desirable proposal.
Such bidding may become a decided aid in the selection of the most desirable plant and in letting a contract on a reasonable cost basis.
If the invitation for bids is not upon a.proper basis for.competitive bidding, but a call for proposals based upon the plans and specifications of the several bidders, the case does not come within our statute, but will be referred to the discretionary power to invite proposals subject to the right to reject all and' enter into private negotiations.
In the absence of a statute requiring an ordinance defining the manner of letting contracts, an ordinance providing that in certain cases they shall be awarded on competitive bids does not limit the power to make future contracts by other methods. 3 McQuillin, § 1192; 19 R. C. L. 893.
Unless statutes require contracts to be authorized by ordinance, a proper resolution of the governing body identifying, approving, and directing the execution of the contract is sufficient authorization, 3 McQuillin, § 1179; Pierce v. City of Huntsville, 185 Ala. 490, 64 So. 301.
Code, § 1993 (1252), declares no ordinance or resolution or permanent operation shall be passed at the same meeting at which it is introduced, except by unanimous consent expressed by yea and nay vote entered on the minutes.
In Pierce v. City of Huntsville, supra, certain improvement ordinances and resolu
tions were held not of “permanent operation,” within the meaning of section 1252, Code of 1907.
That section brought forward as section 1993, Code of 1923, was amended so as to provide:
“The council shall award no contract on bids except by resolution or ordinance of permanent operation.”
The effect is to bring resolutions awarding contracts required by law to be upon competitive bids, and so awarded within the definition of a resolution of “permanent operation” under that section.
The letting of contracts by other methods, when authorized by law, is not within the terms of the amended section.
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BOULDIN, J.
^ This is a taxpayers’ suit to avoid for illegality and to enjoin the execution of a contract entered into by the board of commissioners of the city of Mobile with the Superior Incinerator Company of Texas, at Dallas, Tex., for the construction and installation of two incinerators for the municipality. The appeal is from a decree sustaining demurrers to the bill.
The contract is assailed upon the ground, among others, that it was made in violation of section 1911, Code of 1923, which reads:
“The award of each contract for which bids have been submitted shall be made to the lowest responsible bidder, who may comply with such reasonable regulations as may be prescribed before the bids are called for.”
The pertinent averments of the bill in this regard are to this effect:
Sealed bids were invited by advertisement for the construction of two incinerator plants, each with a capacity of not less than 50 tons per day of 12 hours. Bidders were to submit detailed plans and specifications with their proposals, the price bid to cover
the entire cost of construction according to such plans and specifications.
The advertisement for bids contained these, further provisions:
“After the bids are received, the city commissioners will consider same and, after consideration and investigation into the merits' of each bid, will award the contract to the bidder who, in their opinion, has submitted the most desirable proposal. * * * The right is reserved to reject any or all bids.”
Bids were submitted by the Superior Incinerator Company and the Nye Odorless Crematory Company, of Macon, Ga., each accompanied by plans and specifications of its own type of plant. The Nye Company submitted the lower bid. A committee appointed by the city commissioners visited plants installed by each company in several cities, reported plants of the “Superior” and “Nye” types were free from odors or offensive smoke, and, “In our judgment there is no difference in their efficiency in burning garbage, cost of operating, and cost of maintenance,” and, “for the purposes of Mobile, either type would be acceptable.” The bill further avers that the “Nye” incinerator is equal or superior to that of the Superior •Company; that the Nye Company was a responsible bidder, and its bid was not rejected because it was not a responsible bidder; that, nevertheless, the board of commissioners entered into negotiations with the Superior Company resulting in some modification of specifications, and letting the contract at a reduced price,' but in excess of the original bid of the “Nye” Company, and largely in excess of a later proposal of that company, pending negotiations with the Superior Company; that in awarding the contract the commissioners “did not exercise a fair and just discretion in the premises, but that they exercised an arbitrary judg- ' ment in the matter, without a reasonable basis of fact to support the awarding of said contract;” that the excess cost was a mere waste of money at the expense of the tax-. payers of Mobile.
Dealing with the application of the Code, § 1911, to this state of facts, it will be noted that section contains no mandatory requirement for letting municipal contracts on competitive bids. It is open to the corporate authorities to adopt this method, or to let contracts in such way as may be •deemed best under the conditions. But it doeg require that when competitive bidding is selected as the method of letting a contract, it must be let to the lowest responsible bidder complying with the regulations ■prescribed before bids are called for. In such case, the statute makes applicable the general rules of law governing the awarding of contracts by competitive bids.
Judged by these rules, did the action of the commissioners inviting bids in this case bring it within the requirement that the contract be let to the lowest responsible bidder 1
One of the essentials to competitive bidding is that bidders shall have opportunity to bid on the same thing. In case of public improvements or. plants, the adoption of plans and specifications made available to all as a basis of their bids is a legal requirement. When bids aré called for from manufacturers of different types of plants based on their own specifications, the necessity arises to determine whether any of them meet the specific needs of the city, and, if so, which is the better bid all things considered. This cannot be termed competitive bidding within the meaning of mandatory statutes requiring the awarding of contracts to the lowest bidder, and usually contracts so let are regarded as in violation of such statutes. McQuillin on Municipal Corporations, § 1211; City Council of Montgomery v. Barnett, 149 Ala. 119, 43 So. 92; Inge v. Board of Public Works, 135 Ala. 187, 33 So. 678, 93 Am. St. Rep. 20; Dunn Construction Co. v. White, 209 Ala. 460, 96 So. 444.
Where, as here, there is no mandatory statute requiring contracts to be awarded on competitive bids, it Is within the power of the city authorities to ’ invite bid® on such basis as it may deem best, reserving the power to reject all bids, or let the contract to the bidder submitting the most desirable proposal.
Such bidding may become a decided aid in the selection of the most desirable plant and in letting a contract on a reasonable cost basis.
If the invitation for bids is not upon a.proper basis for.competitive bidding, but a call for proposals based upon the plans and specifications of the several bidders, the case does not come within our statute, but will be referred to the discretionary power to invite proposals subject to the right to reject all and' enter into private negotiations.
In the absence of a statute requiring an ordinance defining the manner of letting contracts, an ordinance providing that in certain cases they shall be awarded on competitive bids does not limit the power to make future contracts by other methods. 3 McQuillin, § 1192; 19 R. C. L. 893.
Unless statutes require contracts to be authorized by ordinance, a proper resolution of the governing body identifying, approving, and directing the execution of the contract is sufficient authorization, 3 McQuillin, § 1179; Pierce v. City of Huntsville, 185 Ala. 490, 64 So. 301.
Code, § 1993 (1252), declares no ordinance or resolution or permanent operation shall be passed at the same meeting at which it is introduced, except by unanimous consent expressed by yea and nay vote entered on the minutes.
In Pierce v. City of Huntsville, supra, certain improvement ordinances and resolu
tions were held not of “permanent operation,” within the meaning of section 1252, Code of 1907.
That section brought forward as section 1993, Code of 1923, was amended so as to provide:
“The council shall award no contract on bids except by resolution or ordinance of permanent operation.”
The effect is to bring resolutions awarding contracts required by law to be upon competitive bids, and so awarded within the definition of a resolution of “permanent operation” under that section.
The letting of contracts by other methods, when authorized by law, is not within the terms of the amended section.
The Commission Form of Government Act, applicable to the city of Mobile (Acts 1911, § 8, p. 337), provides:
“A record of the proceedings of every such meeting shall be kept in a well-bound book, and every resolution or ordinance passed by the board of commissioners must be recorded in such book, and the record of the proceedings of the meeting,be signed by at least two of the commissioners before the action taken shall be effective.”
The bill avers the contract was executed on behalf of the municipality by Harry T. Hartwell, mayor, and by the Superior Company before the resolution authorizing same was recorded. Because the contract was so executed at a time when the mayor had no legal authority so to do, the bill challenges the legality of the contract. It is not questioned that the contract was executed by the proper officer and in proper form, as in City of Mobile v. Mobile Electric Co., 203 Ala. 574, 84 So. 816. Nor is it questioned that the empowering resolution was put to record in due course and became effective.
The execution of a contract implies signature and delivery by the parties. Manifestly, if this was done before the. authorization became effective, the contract could be made effective at any time after the resolution was recorded, by the formality of re-signing and redelivering of the instrument.
We, think the purpose of the law is accomplished in holding the execution became effective when the resolution was put to record, and there was no necessity for a formal re-execution of the document. City of Talladega v. Jackson-Tinney Lumber Co., 209 Ala. 106, 95 So. 455; State v. Ellis, 211 Ala. 489, 100 So. 866.
We construe the bill'as a whole to aver the contract signed was the one referred to in the resolution as having been prepared by .the city attorney, and approved by the resolution. This contract, with the specifications made part thereof, are both set out in the record. The specifications provide that the contractor shall have city license and building permit free in the execution of this contract for the city, and also provides the contractor shall carry workmen’s compensation insurance on all labor employed in the work.
The later averment that these provisions were not contemplated by the resolution, and their insertion was, therefore, without authority, seems at variance with the bill as a whole.
The plenary power to make construction contracts for authorized city purposes, we think, implies the power to incorporate such provisions as are incident to such work conducted in a customary and businesslike way. We see no reason to question the right of the parties to stipulate for workmen’s compensation insurance.
That the work of installation was to be done on a cost-plus basis, we think, furnishes no reason to declare such provision invalid. Assuming that the cost of such insurance is to be figured as a part of the cost to be paid by the city, we could not assume that a contract would have been accepted by the contractor, upon equally favorable terms, without the protection of such insurance. The terms of the contract, not illegal in themselves, and not infected with fraud, are within the discretion of the city authorities.
The case of Inge v. Board of Public Works, 135 Ala. 187, 33 So. 678, 93 Am. St. Rep. 20, involving terms of a contract imposing additional burdens upon property owners for local assessments, is not considered applicable to the instant case.
Many averments of the bill and an earnest argument go to the question of abuse of discretion in awarding this contract. In addition to the matters summarized in the opening statement of this opinion, the bill avers that after the receipt of sealéd bids, that of the Superior Company being $93,000, and that of the Nye Company $79,000, or with ramps $82,500, Commissioners Harry T. Hartwell and George E. Crawford entered into negotiations with the Superior Company, resulting in an agreement to award the contract at $84,500, and a resolution was passed accordingly. Mr. Crawford died before the contract was executed, and Leon Schwarz and Cecil F. Bates became members of the commission. The former resolution was then rescinded and all bids canceled. Negotiations with the Superior Company proceeded to awarding the contract at $50,000 for the furnaces and all other labor and material for installation on a basis of cost plus 10 per cent., in no event to exceed a total cost of $84,500. Meantime the Nye Company had sent ‘ in a proposal to construct the two plants according to its plans and specifications, at $72,000. The basis of the charge of illegality here is in that in fact the Nye plants were equal to those of the Superior Company, that Commissioners Hartwell and Schwárz, over the protest of Mr. Bates, arbitrarily, and. without the exercise of any
fair judgment in the premises, and with no basis of reason for such decision, awarded a contract involving some $12,500 greater cost to taxpayers than necessary. Other averments go to certain announcements of Mr. Hartwell to the effect that he was committed to the proposal of the Superior Company, and communications from Mr. Schwarz from which inferences are drawn that he had no objection to the merits of the Nye proposal.
On demurrer, the averments of the bill must be taken as true. Whether a case for equitable relief is presented on this feature of the bill is the most difficult question in the case.
A municipality is a unit ■ of government. The governing body is vested with certain legislative, judicial, and administrative powers. In making contracts for municipal plants for public safety and convenience, within charter power, they act in a quasi legislative capacity. Acting upon a subject-matter committed to them and proceeding according to the forms required by law, the legislative discretion is vested in them, not in the courts.
The courts deal only with the question of legality vel non. Many cases have been before this court in which the acts of governing bodies of counties and cities have been attacked as illegal because of alleged abuse of discretion, arbitrary action having no due regard to the public interest and the public trust committed to them.
In all such cases it becomes manifest at once that, if entertained, the court must enter upon an inquiry whether the contract was in fact well advised, the result of fair judgment having a basis of reason. These are matters committed by law to the governing body of the city. Great care must be exercised h-y the courts not to usurp the functions of other departments of government. No branch of government is so responsible for the autonomy of the several governmental units and agencies as the judiciary. Accordingly, it has been many times declared the courts cannot and will not interfere with the discretion vested in the governing body of a municipality.
So, it must be regarded as settled that the court will not interfere by injunction except in case of corruption, fraud, or bad faith, the equivalent of fraud.
It may well be said all eases of arbitrary action, that is to say, action based on no sound basis of reason, but expressive of a will to rule without due regard to the public interests involved, have an element of bad faith. But abuse of discretion of this character does not warrant relief.
The case before us well illustrates the reason of such rule. The basic charge here-is that the Mobile commissioners arbitrarily selected the more costly of two equally efficient incinerator plants. Necessarily, the court is invited to pass upon the relative merits of the products of two rival manufacturers and their adaptation to the needs of Mobile.
Patently, this is the matter committed by law to the commissioners. To usurp that function, the courts would find , themselves the general supervisors over the governing bodies of cities, an impossible task, subversive of all autonomy in government.
The bill does not make a case of fraud or corruption. It does not appear the price named for the type of incinerator selected' was excessive or unreasonable, that any indirection or fraudulent methods were employed by the Superior Company, or even-that such company had any advice of the greatly reduced offer of the Nye Company pending negotiations.
On this phase of the bill, we cite the following cases: Board of Revenue of Covington County v. Merrill, 193 Ala. 521, 69 So. 971; Cramton v. City of Montgomery, 171 Ala. 478, 55 So. 122; Clements v. City of Birmingham, 215 Ala. 59, 109 So. 158; Culpepper v. Phenix City, 216 Ala. 318, 113 So. 56; Pilcher v. City of Dothan, 207 Ala. 421, 93 So. 16; Henderson v. City of Enterprise, 202 Ala. 277, 80 So. 115; White v. Mayor of Decatur, 119 Ala. 476, 23 So. 999; Intendant and Town Council of Livingston v. Pippin, 31 Ala. 542; State ex rel. City of Mobile v. County of Mobile, 209 Ala. 98, 95 So. 374; City of Talladega v. Jackson-Tinney Lumber Co., 209 Ala. 106, 95 So. 455. Also, Town of Eutaw v. Coleman, 189 Ala. 164, 66 So. 464; Matkin v. Marengo County, 137 Ala. 155, 34 So. 171; City of Albany v. Spragins, 208 Ala. 122, 130, 93 So. 803.
Affirmed.
ANDERSON, C. L, and SAYRE and GARDNER, JJ., concur.