Valenzuela-Alcantar v. INS

Opinion

5(&200(1'(' )25 )8//7(;7 38%/,&$7,21 3XUVXDQW WR 6L[WK &LUFXLW 5XOH 

(/(&7521,& &,7$7,21  )(' $SS 3 WK &LU )LOH 1DPH DS

81,7('67$7(6&28572)$33($/6 )257+(6,;7+&,5&8,7 BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB

26&$5 9$/(1=8(/$ ; $/&$17$5  3HWLWLRQHU   1R  Y !   ,00,*5$7,21 $1'  1$785$/,=$7,21 6(59,&(  5HVSRQGHQW   1 2Q3HWLWLRQIRU5HYLHZRID'HFLVLRQRIWKH %RDUGRI,PPLJUDWLRQ$SSHDOV 1R$ $UJXHG2FWREHU 'HFLGHGDQG)LOHG1RYHPEHU %HIRUH0$57,1&KLHI&LUFXLWsXGJH1(/621DQG *,/0$1&LUFXLWsXGJHV BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB &2816(/ $5*8('  7HUHQFH * +RHUPDQ 'HWURLW 0LFKLJDQ IRU 3HWLWLRQHU  (UQHVWR + 0ROLQD 81,7(' 67$7(6 '(3$570(17 2) s867,&( ,00,*5$7,21 /,7,*$7,21 &,9,/ ',9,6,21 :DVKLQJWRQ '& IRU

  9DOHQ]XHOD$OFDQWDUY,16 1R

5HVSRQGHQW  21 %5,()  7HUHQFH * +RHUPDQ 'HWURLW 0LFKLJDQ IRU 3HWLWLRQHU  (UQHVWR + 0ROLQD 'DYLG 9 %HUQDO81,7('67$7(6'(3$570(172)s867,&( ,00,*5$7,21 /,7,*$7,21 &,9,/ ',9,6,21 :DVKLQJWRQ'&IRU5HVSRQGHQW BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 23,1,21 BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB %2<&( ) 0$57,1 s5 &KLHI &LUFXLW sXGJH  2VFDU 9DOHQ]XHOD$OFDQWDUD0H[LFDQFLWL]HQSHWLWLRQVWKLVFRXUW IRU UHYLHZ RI WKH GHFLVLRQ RI WKH %RDUG RI ,PPLJUDWLRQ $SSHDOVGLVPLVVLQJKLVDSSHDODQGDIILUPLQJDQLPPLJUDWLRQ MXGJHjV GHFLVLRQ WR GHQ\ KLV UHTXHVW IRU VXVSHQVLRQ RI GHSRUWDWLRQ+HDUJXHVWKDWWKHLPPLJUDWLRQMXGJHHUUHGLQ ILQGLQJDQLQDGHTXDWHVKRZLQJRImH[WUHPHKDUGVKLSlRQHRI WKUHHGHWHUPLQDWLRQVUHTXLUHGIRUVXVSHQVLRQRIGHSRUWDWLRQ 7KHLPPLJUDWLRQMXGJHJUDQWHGYROXQWDU\GHSDUWXUHZKLFK 9DOHQ]XHOD$OFDQWDUUHTXHVWHGDVDOWHUQDWLYHUHOLHI $GHFLVLRQE\DQLPPLJUDWLRQMXGJHRUWKH%RDUGUHJDUGLQJ WKHGHJUHHRIKDUGVKLSLVDGLVFUHWLRQDU\GHFLVLRQ3UHYLRXVO\ XQGHUWKH,PPLJUDWLRQDQG1DWLRQDOLW\$FWDGHSRUWHHFRXOG VHHN MXGLFLDO UHYLHZ RI VXFK GHFLVLRQV  8QGHU WKH ,OOHJDO ,PPLJUDWLRQ 5HIRUP DQG ,PPLJUDQW 5HVSRQVLELOLW\ $FW RI  WKH GHSRUWDWLRQ DQG UHYLHZ SURFHVV XQGHUZHQW VLJQLILFDQWFKDQJH7KH,PPLJUDWLRQ5HIRUP$FWFRQWDLQV WUDQVLWLRQDOUXOHVDIIHFWLQJMXGLFLDOUHYLHZRQHRIZKLFKEDUV UHYLHZ RI  FHUWDLQ GLVFUHWLRQDU\ GHFLVLRQV $ ILQGLQJ ZLWK UHVSHFW WR H[WUHPH KDUGVKLS XQGHU 6HFWLRQ  RI WKH ,PPLJUDWLRQ DQG 1DWLRQDOLW\ $FW LV VXFK D GLVFUHWLRQDU\ GHFLVLRQ%HFDXVHWKHWUDQVLWLRQDOUXOHVDSSO\KHUHWKLVFRXUW FDQQRW UHYLHZ WKH %RDUGjV GHFLVLRQ DQG PXVW GLVPLVV WKH SHWLWLRQIRUODFNRIVXEMHFWPDWWHUMXULVGLFWLRQ 1R 9DOHQ]XHOD$OFDQWDUY,16 

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†D  % FXUUHQW YHUVLRQ DW  86& †D  E UHQXPEHUHG SXUVXDQW WR  DPHQGPHQW9DOHQ]XHOD$OFDQWDUDSSOLHGIRUVXVSHQVLRQRI GHSRUWDWLRQSXUVXDQWWR6HFWLRQRIWKH,PPLJUDWLRQDQG 1DWLRQDOLW\$FW,PPLJUDWLRQDQG1DWLRQDOLW\$FWRI FK6WDW86&†UHSHDOHG +LV EDVLV IRU WKH UHTXHVW ZDV WKDW GHSRUWDWLRQ WR 0H[LFR ZRXOG FDXVH H[WUHPH KDUGVKLS WR KLV 8QLWHG 6WDWHV FLWL]HQ FKLOGUHQ  ,Q WKH DOWHUQDWLYH KH VRXJKW YROXQWDU\ GHSDUWXUH IURPWKH8QLWHG6WDWHVUDWKHUWKDQGHSRUWDWLRQ ,Q GHSRUWDWLRQ SURFHHGLQJV KHOG 0DUFK   9DOHQ]XHOD$OFDQWDUSUHVHQWHGHYLGHQFHWKDWKLVKRPHWRZQLQ 0H[LFRLVLPSRYHULVKHGDQGSROOXWHG7KHLPPLJUDWLRQMXGJH FRPPHQWHG WKDW 9DOHQ]XHOD$OFDQWDUjV mIDWKHUjV KRPH LV FOHDUO\ LQ DQ DUHD ZKHUH QR RQH VKRXOG OLYHl  7KRXJK 9DOHQ]XHOD$OFDQWDU FODLPHG KLV FKLOGUHQ ZRXOG VXIIHU HPRWLRQDOKDUGVKLSKHSUHVHQWHGQRHYLGHQFHLQVXSSRUWRI WKLV DOOHJDWLRQ 9DOHQ]XHOD$OFDQWDU DOVR LQGLFDWHG WKDW KH ZRXOGKDYHGLIILFXOW\ILQGLQJDMREGXHWRODFNRISURVSHFWVLQ KLVKRPHWRZQDQGKLVODFNRIDIRUPDOHGXFDWLRQ  9DOHQ]XHOD$OFDQWDUY,16 1R 1R 9DOHQ]XHOD$OFDQWDUY,16 

$IWHUQRWLQJWKDW9DOHQ]XHOD$OFDQWDUDQGKLVFKLOGUHQQHHG )RU WKH SUHFHGLQJ UHDVRQV ZH ',60,66 9DOHQ]XHOD QRW UHWXUQ WR KLV IDWKHUjV KRPH WKH LPPLJUDWLRQ MXGJH $OFDQWDUjV SHWLWLRQ IRU UHYLHZ IRU ODFN RI VXEMHFW PDWWHU GHWHUPLQHG WKDW 9DOHQ]XHOD$OFDQWDU KDG QRW HVWDEOLVKHG MXULVGLFWLRQ mH[WUHPHKDUGVKLSl7KHMXGJHHPSKDVL]HGWKDWWKHKDUGVKLSV IDFHG E\ 9DOHQ]XHOD$OFDQWDUj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7KXV WKH  MXGJH GHQLHG 9DOHQ]XHOD$OFDQWDUjV DSSOLFDWLRQ IRU VXVSHQVLRQ RI GHSRUWDWLRQ EXW JUDQWHG WKH UHTXHVW IRU YROXQWDU\ GHSDUWXUH SXUVXDQW WR 6HFWLRQ H RI WKH ,PPLJUDWLRQ DQG 1DWLRQDOLW\ $FW ,1$ †H   86& †H UHSHDOHG  FXUUHQW VWDWXWH  86& †F 6XSS9 7KLVJDYH9DOHQ]XHOD$OFDQWDUDSHULRGRI WKUHH PRQWKV LQ ZKLFK WR GHSDUW ZLWKRXW H[SHQVH WR WKH *RYHUQPHQW7KLVSHULRGZDVWRHQGsXQHXQOHVV WKH ,PPLJUDWLRQ DQG 1DWXUDOL]DWLRQ 6HUYLFH JUDQWHG DQ H[WHQVLRQ 9DOHQ]XHOD$OFDQWDUDSSHDOHGWKHGHFLVLRQWRWKH%RDUGRI ,PPLJUDWLRQ $SSHDOV RQ WKH JURXQG WKDW WKH LPPLJUDWLRQ MXGJH HUUHG LQ GHFLGLQJ WKH UHTXLVLWH VKRZLQJ RI mH[WUHPH KDUGVKLSl KDG  QRW EHHQ PDGH  &RQFXUULQJ ZLWK WKH LPPLJUDWLRQMXGJHjVGHWHUPLQDWLRQZLWKUHVSHFWWRmH[WUHPH KDUGVKLSl RQ 0D\   WKH %RDUG RI ,PPLJUDWLRQ $SSHDOV GLVPLVVHG 9DOHQ]XHOD$OFDQWDUjV DGPLQLVWUDWLYH DSSHDO  2Q sXQH   0U 9DOHQ]XHOD SHWLWLRQHG WKLV FRXUWIRUUHYLHZRI%RDUGjVILQDORUGHURIGHSRUWDWLRQ7KH mH[WUHPHKDUGVKLSlLVVXHLVWKHRQO\EDVLVRIKLVSHWLWLRQ  9DOHQ]XHOD$OFDQWDUY,16 1R 1R 9DOHQ]XHOD$OFDQWDUY,16 

,Q DGGLWLRQ WR WKH 1LQWK &LUFXLW LQ .DODZ HYHU\ RWKHU ,, FLUFXLWWRKDYHFRQVLGHUHGWKHTXHVWLRQKDVFRQFOXGHGWKDWWKH mH[WUHPH KDUGVKLSl GHWHUPLQDWLRQ XQGHU †  LV D ,Q&RQJUHVVHQDFWHGWKH,PPLJUDWLRQ5HIRUP$FW GLVFUHWLRQDU\RQH.DONRXOLY$VKFURIW)GG 3XE/1R6WDWFRGLILHGLQVFDWWHUHG &LU2NSDY,16)GWK&LU VHFWLRQVRI86&%HIRUHWKH,PPLJUDWLRQ5HIRUP$FW $O1DMMDUY$VKFURIW)GWK&LU ZDVHQDFWHGDQDOLHQDSSHDOLQJDGHFLVLRQRIWKH%RDUGRI (VFDOHUDY,16)GWK&LU%HUQDO ,PPLJUDWLRQ $SSHDOV FRXOG ILOH D SHWLWLRQ IRU UHYLHZ LQ D 9DOOHMR)GDW0RRVDY,16)G IHGHUDO FRXUW RI DSSHDOV  6HH ,1$ †D FRGLILHG DW  WK&LU6NXWQLNY,16)GWK&LU 86& †D UHSHDOHG  7KH ,PPLJUDWLRQ 5HIRUP $FW :HKDYHQRW\HWFKDUDFWHUL]HGWKHH[WUHPHKDUGVKLS PDGHVZHHSLQJFKDQJHVLQLPPLJUDWLRQODZDQGSURFHHGLQJV GHWHUPLQDWLRQEXWQRZDJUHHZLWKRXUVLVWHUFLUFXLWVWKDWLWLV UHGXFLQJ WKH UROH RI MXGLFLDO UHYLHZ LQ LPPLJUDWLRQ GLVFUHWLRQDU\ SURFHHGLQJV,Q&',,QIRUPDWLRQ6HUYVY5HQR)G WK&LUZHVWDWHGWKDWmWKH>,PPLJUDWLRQ ,9 5HIRUP $FW@ FRQWDLQV D QXPEHU RI SURYLVLRQV OLPLWLQJ RU HOLPLQDWLQJ MXGLFLDO UHYLHZ RI SDUWLFXODU >,PPLJUDWLRQ DQG ,WIROORZVLQDFFRUGDQFHZLWK6HFWLRQF  (RIWKH 1DWXUDOL]DWLRQ@6HUYLFHGHFLVLRQVl,G ,PPLJUDWLRQ 5HIRUP $FW WKDW WKH LPPLJUDWLRQ MXGJHjV GHWHUPLQDWLRQRIWKHmH[WUHPHKDUGVKLSlLVVXHLVQRWVXEMHFW 7KUHH SRVVLEOH VLWXDWLRQV JRYHUQ ZKLFK ODZ ZLOO DSSO\ WRMXGLFLDOUHYLHZ6HH.DONRXOL)GDW2NSD EDVHGXSRQZKHQDQDOLHQjVGHSRUWDWLRQSURFHHGLQJVEHJDQ )GDW1DMMDU)GDW(VFDOHUD)GDW )RUGHSRUWDWLRQSURFHHGLQJVWKDWZHUHWHUPLQDWHGZLWKDILQDO %HUQDO9DOOHMR)GDW0RRVD)GDW RUGHU RQ RU EHIRUH 2FWREHU   WKLUW\ GD\V DIWHU .DODZ)GDW6NXWQLN)GDW &RQJUHVVHQDFWHGWKH,PPLJUDWLRQ5HIRUP$FWWKHIRUPHU YHUVLRQ RI WKH ,PPLJUDWLRQ DQG 1DWLRQDOLW\ $FW DSSOLHV 9DOHQ]XHOD$OFDQWDUjV SHWLWLRQ LV EDVHG VROHO\ XSRQ D .DODZY,16)GWK&LU,,5,5$ FODLPHG DEXVH RI GLVFUHWLRQ LQ WKH LPPLJUDWLRQ MXGJHjV †F6WDWFRGLILHGDW86&†QRWH GHFLVLRQWKDWWKHSHWLWLRQHUGLGQRWPDNHWKHUHTXLUHGVKRZLQJ FRQWDLQLQJWKHWUDQVLWLRQDOSURYLVLRQVXQGHU(IIHFWLYH'DWHRI RIH[WUHPHKDUGVKLS,QGLVFXVVLQJWKHVWDQGDUGRIUHYLHZ $PHQGPHQWV)RUFDVHVEHJXQRQRUDIWHU$SULOWKH 9DOHQ]XHOD$OFDQWDUDVVHUWVWKDWWKH,PPLJUDWLRQ5HIRUP$FW HIIHFWLYHGDWHRIWKH,PPLJUDWLRQ5HIRUP$FWPRVWRIWKH EDUVUHYLHZRIDQ\MXGJPHQWmUHJDUGLQJWKHJUDQWLQJRIUHOLHIl ,PPLJUDWLRQ5HIRUP$FWjVSURYLVLRQVDSSO\.DODZ)G DV RSSRVHG WR GHQLDO RI UHOLHI  6HH  ,,5,5$ †D   DW,,5,5$†DFRGLILHGDW86&†QRWH 86& †D  % L 6XSS 9  HPSKDVLV DGGHG )RUGHSRUWDWLRQSURFHHGLQJVEHJLQQLQJEHIRUH$SULO 7KLV VHFWLRQ RI WKH ,PPLJUDWLRQ 5HIRUP $FW DPHQGV WKH DQGHQGLQJZLWKDILQDORUGHUHQWHUHGDIWHU2FWREHU ,PPLJUDWLRQDQG1DWLRQDOLW\$FWE\DGGLQJQHZSURYLVLRQV WUDQVLWLRQDOUXOHVDSSO\.DODZ)GDW,,5,5$ $VGLVFXVVHGDERYHWKHQHZSURYLVLRQVGRQRWDSSO\H[FHSW †F FRGLILHGDW86&†QRWH  WRFDVHVFRPPHQFHGDIWHU$SULO)RUWKHLQVWDQWFDVH EHJXQ EHIRUH $SULO    WKH WUDQVLWLRQDO UXOHV DSSO\ 7KH  %RDUG RI ,PPLJUDWLRQ $SSHDOV KHDUG 9DOHQ]XHOD 8QGHU WKH DSSOLFDEOH WUDQVLWLRQDO UXOHV UHYLHZ RI D $OFDQWDUjVDGPLQLVWUDWLYHDSSHDOSXUVXDQWWR&)56HFWLRQ GLVFUHWLRQDU\GHFLVLRQLVEDUUHG9DOHQ]XHOD$OFDQWDUUDLVHV E 8QGHU86&6HFWLRQDDUHSHDOHGWKH QRRWKHULVVXHRQDSSHDO %RDUGjVILQDORUGHURIGHSRUWDWLRQZDVVXEMHFWWRUHYLHZE\ WKLVFRXUW7KHUHSHDORI6HFWLRQDGRHVQRWDSSO\WR  9DOHQ]XHOD$OFDQWDUY,16 1R 1R 9DOHQ]XHOD$OFDQWDUY,16 

GHSRUWDWLRQSURFHHGLQJVWKDWZHUHSHQGLQJRQ$SULO 6HFWLRQVWLOODSSOLHGWR9DOHQ]XHOD$OFDQWDUjVDSSOLFDWLRQ )RU FDVHV EHJLQQLQJ EHIRUH $SULO   DQG UHVXOWLQJ LQ EHFDXVH KLV GHSRUWDWLRQ SURFHHGLQJ EHJDQ EHIRUH WKH HQWU\RIDILQDORUGHUDIWHU2FWREHUSHWLWLRQHUVKDYH ,PPLJUDWLRQ5HIRUP$FWjVHIIHFWLYHGDWHRI$SULO DGD\SHULRGLQZKLFKWRILOHSHWLWLRQIRUUHYLHZ,,5,5$ 6HH,,5,5$†E 86&†D6XSS9 †F  &FRGLILHGDW86&†QRWH 8QGHU6HFWLRQRIWKH,PPLJUDWLRQDQG1DWLRQDOLW\$FW 5HYLHZRI9DOHQ]XHOD$OFDQWDUjVFDVHLVEDUUHGKRZHYHU VXVSHQVLRQRIGHSRUWDWLRQPD\EHJUDQWHGLIWKHDSSOLFDQW E\DQRWKHUWUDQVLWLRQDOUXOHRIWKH,PPLJUDWLRQ5HIRUP$FW KDV EHHQ SK\VLFDOO\ SUHVHQW LQ WKH 8QLWHG 6WDWHV IRU D SURKLELWLQJMXGLFLDOUHYLHZRIFHUWDLQFDVHV7RGHWHUPLQHLI FRQWLQXRXVSHULRGRIDWOHDVWVHYHQ\HDUVWKHDSSOLFDQWKDV WKLV SURYLVLRQ RI WKH ,PPLJUDWLRQ 5HIRUP $FW DSSOLHV ZH EHHQ DQG LV D SHUVRQ RI JRRG PRUDO FKDUDFWHU DQG PXVW GHFLGH ZKHQ GHSRUWDWLRQ SURFHHGLQJV mFRPPHQFHGl  mGHSRUWDWLRQ ZRXOG LQ WKH RSLQLRQ RI WKH $WWRUQH\ 2QH UHJXODWLRQ VWDWHV WKDW m>D@ GHSRUWDWLRQ SURFHHGLQJ LV *HQHUDOUHVXOWLQH[WUHPHKDUGVKLSlWRWKHDSSOLFDQWRUWRD FRPPHQFHG E\ WKH ILOLQJ RI )RUP , 2UGHU WR 6KRZ VSRXVHSDUHQWRUFKLOGZKRLVDFLWL]HQRIWKH8QLWHG6WDWHV &DXVHZLWKWKH,PPLJUDWLRQ&RXUWDQGDQDOLHQLVFRQVLGHUHG RUSHUPDQHQWUHVLGHQWDOLHQ86&†D UHSHDOHG WREHLQGHSRUWDWLRQSURFHHGLQJVRQO\XSRQVXFKILOLQJl 7KLVLVWKHVWDWXWHXQGHUZKLFK9DOHQ]XHOD$OFDQWDU  &)5 †   $QRWKHU UHJXODWLRQ SURYLGHV WKDW WKH DSSOLHGIRUVXVSHQVLRQRIGHSRUWDWLRQ SURFHHGLQJVFRPPHQFHRQO\ZKHQDmFKDUJLQJGRFXPHQWlLV ILOHG&)5†DQGDQ2UGHUWR6KRZ&DXVHLVVXFKD %:KHWKHU'HFLVLRQV8QGHU6HFWLRQ$UH GRFXPHQW&)5†7KH2UGHUWR6KRZ&DXVHZDV 'LVFUHWLRQDU\ ILOHGRQ0DUFK 7KH LPPLJUDWLRQ MXGJHjV GHWHUPLQDWLRQ WKDW 9DOHQ]XHOD %\DVVHUWLQJWKDWKLVFDVHEHJDQZKHQWKHRUGHUZDVVHUYHG $OFDQWDU KDG QRW SURYHQ mH[WUHPH KDUGVKLSl LV D GHFLVLRQ RQKLPRQ0D\FLWLQJWKHLPPLJUDWLRQMXGJHjVRUDO PDGHXQGHU6HFWLRQRIWKH,PPLJUDWLRQDQG1DWLRQDOLW\ GHFLVLRQDQGWKH2UGHUWR6KRZ&DXVHLQVXSSRUWRIWKLVGDWH $FW6HHHJ%HUQDO9DOOHMRY,16)GVW 9DOHQ]XHOD$OFDQWDUPLVVWDWHVWKHUHFRUG7KLVLVWKHGDWHWKH &LU 2UGHUZDVVHUYHGXSRQ9DOHQ]XHOD$OFDQWDU7KHFRS\RIWKH 2UGHUDVZHOODVWKHLPPLJUDWLRQMXGJHjVFRPPHQWVLQGLFDWH 7KDWGHWHUPLQDWLRQLVDOVRmGLVFUHWLRQDU\lGHPDQGLQJDQ LW ZDV ILOHG RQ 0DUFK    :KHWKHU KLV FDVH EHJDQ H[HUFLVHRIMXGJPHQWRYHUDQGDERYHPHUHDVFHUWDLQPHQWRI 0D\RU0DUFKLWFHUWDLQO\EHJDQEHIRUH IDFWV,QGHHGWKHODQJXDJHRIWKHVWDWXWHH[SUHVVO\FRPPLWV $SULO   DQG WKH %RDUGjV HQWU\ RI LWV ILQDO RUGHU RQ WKHmH[WUHPHKDUGVKLSlGHWHUPLQDWLRQWRmWKHRSLQLRQRIWKH 0D\   FHUWDLQO\ RFFXUUHG DIWHU 2FWREHU   $WWRUQH\*HQHUDOl86&†D UHSHDOHG 7KXVWKHWUDQVLWLRQDOUXOHVDSSO\ .DODZ)GDWTXRWLQJ&DUQDOOD0XQR]Y,16 )GWK&LUm([WUHPHKDUGVKLSLVE\ ,,, WKH H[SUHVV WHUPV RI WKH VWDWXWH D GLVFUHWLRQDU\ GHWHUPLQDWLRQl   ,PPLJUDWLRQ MXGJHV DQG WKH %RDUG RI $6HFWLRQRIWKH,PPLJUDWLRQDQG1DWLRQDOLW\$FW ,PPLJUDWLRQ$SSHDOVDUHGHVLJQHHVRIWKH$WWRUQH\*HQHUDO DQGWKXVDUHJRYHUQHGE\SURYLVLRQVUHJDUGLQJWKH$WWRUQH\ 2QHWUDQVLWLRQDOUXOHSURYLGHVWKDWmWKHUHVKDOOEHQRDSSHDO *HQHUDO  6HH   &)5 †   +HQFH ZH FRQFOXGH WKDW RIDQ\GLVFUHWLRQDU\GHFLVLRQXQGHUVHFWLRQRIWKH LPPLJUDWLRQMXGJHVDQGWKH%RDUGRI,PPLJUDWLRQ$SSHDOV ,PPLJUDWLRQDQG1DWLRQDOLW\$FWl,,5,5$†F  ( PDNH GLVFUHWLRQDU\ GHFLVLRQV ZKHQ DGGUHVVLQJ mH[WUHPH 7KH ,PPLJUDWLRQ 5HIRUP $FW UHSHDOHG 6HFWLRQ  EXW KDUGVKLSlXQGHU6HFWLRQ