Comegys, C. J.,
charging the jury:
Gentlemen of the Jury :—This is one of the few cases which have arisen under the legislation which, for brevity, we call “ the married woman’s act.” None of them have yet been reported, on account of their recent occurrenc. This action is by a married woman, and her husband is no party to it. This, no doubt, appears strange to some if not the most of you: it is, therefore, proper that I should charge you with respect to that legislation, in order that you may understand how the action before us, or rather how it is that a suit can be brought in this Court by a married woman at all. This renders necessary a brief exposition of the law of husband and wife, before the married woman enactments were passed.
By the law which, down to the year 1865, always prevailed in this State, and which as part of the ancient common law our English forefathers brought with them to America, as a juridical system for the government of their private affairs, husband and wife were as one person—the act of marriage for most civil purposes merging her existence in his. ' As a consequence of this, all such property as was of a movable nature, what we usually call goods [408]*408and chattels, including money, immediately became his, without any act on his part to obtain actual possession of it. So that, if he died instantly upon the completion of the marriage ceremony, it would have passed to his personal representatives, that is his executor or administrator, to be administered as part of his estate or assets. Another consequence was, that every right in action of hers for the recovery of money payable to her, became his also; but in the case of such, in a qualified sense. That is to say, he had the right to sue for and collect the money secured by it, or payable without any writing, and apply it to his own use. The action at law for this had to be in the name of his wife as well as himself, because it was in her right. In such case, if the money recovered was not, either paid voluntarily to the husband in his lifetime, or such result had not been reached by process issued by him, or his attaching creditors, as to operate what is called a reduction into possession of the fund, she surviving became solely entitled to it. If he survived her, however, he having the right to administer on her estate, became entitled to it as her administrator; and as the sole distributee of her estate, the absolute ownership devolved upon him, subject to the payment of her debts—which the marriage shifted from her to him, but conditionally; that is, that judgment was recovered against him for them in her lifetime.
As by the common law, the separate legal existence of the wife was merged civilly in that of her husband, it necessarily resulted that she could not make any contracts: for if her property became that of her husband upon the marriage, and any she acquired became his also, which it did legally also, there being nothing to contract about on her part, there was no necessity for the existence of the power; and, as in nature where there is no use for a faculty, it does not exist, so in the case of a married woman, there being, no use for a power to contract, no power existed. I am speaking of an independent power on her part. If her husband gave her authority, either expressly, or by inference, she could, as his agent, make a contract that would bind him—but none that would hold her.
This condition of things was considered not to be in general harmony with the common law, which is in the main a humane as well as a wise code, and it stood much in the way of just pro vis[409]*409ions for the independent sustenance of the wife, which her friends might wish to make. Accordingly there grew up, with the expansion of the equity administration of the chancery, a rule of that Court, that where property of any kind was limited, by any species of legal conveyance, in such terms as clearly showed that it was to be her’s alone, and not in' any respect his, it should be so treated and considered; and that .with respect to it, she should be treated as any single woman, and might sue in that Court for it upon contracts made by her in relation to it, or otherwise—all without the use of the name or the agency of her husband. If the property had been limited to a person as trustee, the proceedings would be in her name, or in the name of a next friend where there was no trustee. The trustee might also sue as such in a Court of law, because the legal title would be in him.
The law thus continued in this State until the year 1865, when the legislature initiated the legislation I have before referred to. This was by the act entitled “ An Act for the benefit of married women,” to be found on page 478 of the Revised Code. It is in these words:
“Section 1. That the real estate, mortgages, stocks and silver plate belonging to any married woman at the time of her marriage, or to which she may become entitled at any time, during her coverture, shall remain and continue to be her sole and separate property, and shall not be subject to the disposition of her husband by alienation, transfer, assignment or otherwise; or be liable to the debts or contracts of her husband, except where such debts are judgments recovered against him for her liabilities before marriage: Provided, That nothing in this section shall be construed to authorize the wife to sell or otherwise dispose of her real estate, mortgages, stocks or silver plate without her husband’s consent, evidenced by writing under his hand and seal, or to authorize her to create any incumbrance upon her real estate, or to dispose of the rents, issues and profits thereof, or the interest upon her mortgages or dividends or other income arising from her stocks, without his consent evidenced in the same manner; And Provided further, That nothing herein contained shall be construed to affect, in any manner, the rights of the husband (if he survive the wife), as tenant by the courtesy in the real estate of his wife.
[410]*410“ Sec. 2. That if the money secured to be paid by any mortgage or mortgages belonging to any married woman shall be paid during her coverture, or if with the consent of her husband as aforesaid she shall dispose of her real estate or stock, she may, with the consent of her husband, as aforesaid, invest in her own name the money so paid upon her mortgages, or arising from the sale of her real estate or stock, in other real estate or in stocks, or loan the same on mortgage or mortgages, and such investment or loan shall be her sole and separate property and subject to all the provisions of Section 1 of this act.
“ Sec. 3. That all laws and parts of laws of this State inconsistent with the provisions of this act be and the same are hereby repealed, made null and void.
“ Passed at Dover, March 17, 1865.”
The object of this act was, to put the real estate, mortgages, stocks and silver plate of the wife out of the power or control of the husband, or the reach of his creditors; in other words, it was to make those species of property hers separately, the same as they would be in equity if they had been limited by deed or will for her exclusive use. But all the incidents of separate property in equity were not allowed to attend the operation of the statute; as is shown by the two provisos to the first section. The second section is also restrictive of the meaning and effect of separate property, as I have already explained such meaning.
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Comegys, C. J.,
charging the jury:
Gentlemen of the Jury :—This is one of the few cases which have arisen under the legislation which, for brevity, we call “ the married woman’s act.” None of them have yet been reported, on account of their recent occurrenc. This action is by a married woman, and her husband is no party to it. This, no doubt, appears strange to some if not the most of you: it is, therefore, proper that I should charge you with respect to that legislation, in order that you may understand how the action before us, or rather how it is that a suit can be brought in this Court by a married woman at all. This renders necessary a brief exposition of the law of husband and wife, before the married woman enactments were passed.
By the law which, down to the year 1865, always prevailed in this State, and which as part of the ancient common law our English forefathers brought with them to America, as a juridical system for the government of their private affairs, husband and wife were as one person—the act of marriage for most civil purposes merging her existence in his. ' As a consequence of this, all such property as was of a movable nature, what we usually call goods [408]*408and chattels, including money, immediately became his, without any act on his part to obtain actual possession of it. So that, if he died instantly upon the completion of the marriage ceremony, it would have passed to his personal representatives, that is his executor or administrator, to be administered as part of his estate or assets. Another consequence was, that every right in action of hers for the recovery of money payable to her, became his also; but in the case of such, in a qualified sense. That is to say, he had the right to sue for and collect the money secured by it, or payable without any writing, and apply it to his own use. The action at law for this had to be in the name of his wife as well as himself, because it was in her right. In such case, if the money recovered was not, either paid voluntarily to the husband in his lifetime, or such result had not been reached by process issued by him, or his attaching creditors, as to operate what is called a reduction into possession of the fund, she surviving became solely entitled to it. If he survived her, however, he having the right to administer on her estate, became entitled to it as her administrator; and as the sole distributee of her estate, the absolute ownership devolved upon him, subject to the payment of her debts—which the marriage shifted from her to him, but conditionally; that is, that judgment was recovered against him for them in her lifetime.
As by the common law, the separate legal existence of the wife was merged civilly in that of her husband, it necessarily resulted that she could not make any contracts: for if her property became that of her husband upon the marriage, and any she acquired became his also, which it did legally also, there being nothing to contract about on her part, there was no necessity for the existence of the power; and, as in nature where there is no use for a faculty, it does not exist, so in the case of a married woman, there being, no use for a power to contract, no power existed. I am speaking of an independent power on her part. If her husband gave her authority, either expressly, or by inference, she could, as his agent, make a contract that would bind him—but none that would hold her.
This condition of things was considered not to be in general harmony with the common law, which is in the main a humane as well as a wise code, and it stood much in the way of just pro vis[409]*409ions for the independent sustenance of the wife, which her friends might wish to make. Accordingly there grew up, with the expansion of the equity administration of the chancery, a rule of that Court, that where property of any kind was limited, by any species of legal conveyance, in such terms as clearly showed that it was to be her’s alone, and not in' any respect his, it should be so treated and considered; and that .with respect to it, she should be treated as any single woman, and might sue in that Court for it upon contracts made by her in relation to it, or otherwise—all without the use of the name or the agency of her husband. If the property had been limited to a person as trustee, the proceedings would be in her name, or in the name of a next friend where there was no trustee. The trustee might also sue as such in a Court of law, because the legal title would be in him.
The law thus continued in this State until the year 1865, when the legislature initiated the legislation I have before referred to. This was by the act entitled “ An Act for the benefit of married women,” to be found on page 478 of the Revised Code. It is in these words:
“Section 1. That the real estate, mortgages, stocks and silver plate belonging to any married woman at the time of her marriage, or to which she may become entitled at any time, during her coverture, shall remain and continue to be her sole and separate property, and shall not be subject to the disposition of her husband by alienation, transfer, assignment or otherwise; or be liable to the debts or contracts of her husband, except where such debts are judgments recovered against him for her liabilities before marriage: Provided, That nothing in this section shall be construed to authorize the wife to sell or otherwise dispose of her real estate, mortgages, stocks or silver plate without her husband’s consent, evidenced by writing under his hand and seal, or to authorize her to create any incumbrance upon her real estate, or to dispose of the rents, issues and profits thereof, or the interest upon her mortgages or dividends or other income arising from her stocks, without his consent evidenced in the same manner; And Provided further, That nothing herein contained shall be construed to affect, in any manner, the rights of the husband (if he survive the wife), as tenant by the courtesy in the real estate of his wife.
[410]*410“ Sec. 2. That if the money secured to be paid by any mortgage or mortgages belonging to any married woman shall be paid during her coverture, or if with the consent of her husband as aforesaid she shall dispose of her real estate or stock, she may, with the consent of her husband, as aforesaid, invest in her own name the money so paid upon her mortgages, or arising from the sale of her real estate or stock, in other real estate or in stocks, or loan the same on mortgage or mortgages, and such investment or loan shall be her sole and separate property and subject to all the provisions of Section 1 of this act.
“ Sec. 3. That all laws and parts of laws of this State inconsistent with the provisions of this act be and the same are hereby repealed, made null and void.
“ Passed at Dover, March 17, 1865.”
The object of this act was, to put the real estate, mortgages, stocks and silver plate of the wife out of the power or control of the husband, or the reach of his creditors; in other words, it was to make those species of property hers separately, the same as they would be in equity if they had been limited by deed or will for her exclusive use. But all the incidents of separate property in equity were not allowed to attend the operation of the statute; as is shown by the two provisos to the first section. The second section is also restrictive of the meaning and effect of separate property, as I have already explained such meaning. The chief purpose of this act seems to have been what I have intimated—to secure a married woman’s real estate and her mortgages, stocks and plate against her husband’s interference, or that of his creditors; the rents of the former, to which but for the act he would be entitled, being protected from him and attachment by his creditors, as the other subjects of property were.
In 1871 the next act was passed. It provided as follows :
“AN ACT TO SECURE TO MARRIED WOMEN CERTAIN OE THEIR OWN EARNINGS.”
“Section 1. That money or other property held or acquired by a married woman, living separate from and not supported by her husband, and which has been kept separate from and can be distinguished from the money or property of the husband, shall not [411]*411be deemed his property or taken for his debts so long as they shall live separate and he fail to support her in whole or in part; but such property may be taken for debts and liabilities contracted or incurred by such married woman whilst so living apart from her husband, and for the recovery thereof she may, whilst her separation continues, be sued as a single woman, and may sue in her own name and for her own use for debts contracted and liabilities incurred to her. For her indebtedness and liabilities, contracted or incurred whilst living separate from him without his default, he shall not be liable, otherwise he shall be responsible for them to the same extent that he is now responsible by law. In case they again cohabit, he shall be responsible for all her debts and liabilities contracted or incurred during such separation.
“ Passed at Dover, March 23, 1871.”
By this act, the money or other property of a married woman living in a state of separation from her husband, and which had not been mixed with his, should not be his or liable for his debts so long as they remained separate and she was not supported by him; but it might be subjected to her debts while so separated from him by suit against her alone; and she might sue alone with respect to it. This is entirely consistent with the idea of exclusive ownership. The husband was not liable for these debts, unless it was his fault that they separated, then he was liable for the whole of them. This act is the first provision for the right of a married woman to bring a suit at law in her own name: but such right is confined, in terms, to debts contracted and liabilities incurred to her, whilst her separation continues. The right given is reasonable, in view of the features of the act—the faculty or power attends the provision for the separate property.
The last act affecting the subject in hand and necessary to be commented upon, for this case, is the one next passed, viz. that of 1873. It is in these words:
“ AN ACT FOR THE PROTECTION OF WOMEN.”
“Section 1. That the real and personal property of any female who may hereafter marry and which she shall own at the time of her marriage, or that any female now married may receive by gift, grant, devise or bequest from any person other than her husband, [412]*412shall be her sole and separate property, and the rents, issues and profits thereof shall not be subject to the disposal of her husband nor liable for his debts.
“ Sec. 2. That all debts contracted before marriage by the wife, or by her authority after marriage, shall be a charge on her real and personal property, and a judgment therefor may be recovered against her in her name.
“ Sec. 3. That any married woman may receive the wages of her personal labor not performed for family, maintain an action therefor in her own name, and hold them in her own right against her husband or any other person; she may deposit the same, or any other money belonging to her, in her own name in any bank, savings bank, or other institution for the safe keeping of money, subject to her sole right and authority to withdraw the same in whole or in part at any time without the consent or control of her husband, and upon the payment to her by any bank, savings bank or other institution for the safe keeping of money, or any moneys so deposited, they shall be exonerated from any further liability therefor.
“ Sec. 4. That any married woman may prosecute and defend suits at law or in equity for the preservation and protection of her property as if unmarried, or may do it jointly with her husband, but he alone cannot maintain an action representing his wife’s property ; and it shall be lawful for any married woman to make any and all manner of contracts necessary to be made with respect to her own property, and suits may be maintained on such contracts as though the party making them was a femme sole.
“ Sec. 5. That any married woman of the age of twenty-one years and upwards may, with the written consent of her husband, given under his hand and seal in the presence of two witnesses, dispose of her property, both real and personal, by will; but such disposal shall not affect the rights of the husband as tenant by the courtesy; and if she die intestate, her property, both real and personal, shall descend to her heirs as now provided by law, and administration and distribution shall take place accordingly, but a husband and wife, by a marriage contract executed in the presence of two witnesses before marriage, may determine what rights each shall have In the other’s estates during marriage and after its disso[413]*413lution by death, and may bar each other of all rights in their respective estates not so secured to them, and if any married woman shall die intestate without having had any lawful issue, then and in that case her husband shall be entitled to hold one-half part of all her real estate after the payment of all her just debts for and during the term of his natural life.
“ Sec. 6. That any married woman may release to her husband the right to control her property, or any part of it, and to dispose of the income thereof for their mutual benefit, and may, in writing, revoke the same.
“ Sec. 7. That all acts and parts of acts inconsistent with this act be and they are hereby repealed.
“ Passed at Dover, April 9, 1873."
The first section provides, in effect, that all the property, real and personal, which a woman has at her marriage, or which any woman then married might receive from any one except her husband, should be her sole and separate property, and the rents of her lands should not be subject to her husband’s control, or to his debts.
The second provides that her debts at the time of marriage shall be a charge upon her real and personal property to be created by judgment against her in her own name. This provision is an enlargement of her liability by subjecting her to a separate suit.
The third enacts that she may receive her wages for services other than those rendered for her family, and hold and deposit them in her own right, etc.
The fourth provides that she may sue and defend suits at law for the preservation and protection of her property as if unmarried, or may do it jointly with her husband, but he cannot do it by himself: then, it is further enacted that she may make all contracts necessary, with respect to her own property, and may sue upon them as if she were a single woman.
The other sections provide that, with her husband’s consent she may make a will; that noth withstanding, he shall have his right as. tenant by the curtesy. There is a further provision for a marriage contract and for legalizing it, and one to give the husband one-half his wife’s realty for life, if the wife have never had any lawful issue: and another which was in part unnecessary, and in [414]*414other part is, in a legal sense, unintelligible. The one next to the last provides that the wife may release to her husband the most valuable of the foregoing provisions, for their mutual benefit; but may revoke such release.
The first section of the last mentioned act was stricken out by the act of 1875 (15 vol. of the laws, 289) and the following substituted for it, “ That the real and personal property of any married woman which has been heretofore acquired, is now held, or which she may hereafter acquire in any manner whatsoever from any person other than her husband, shall be her sole and separate property, and the rents, issues and profits thereof shall not be subject to the disposal of her husband, or liable for his debts.” By this all the property, present and prospective, of a married woman, is her separate property, and beyond the control of her husband or his creditors. There are other provisions of the act, but it is not material to speak of them here.
I have now given you the law with respect to married women, according to the common law system, and the provisions of the statutes of the State modifying that law. The question is whether the status of the plaintiff in this action, is such as to authorize her to bring this action. If it is not, then clearly she is not entitled to recover from the defendant.
While it is true as a general proposition that statutes in derogation of, or repugnancy to, the common law, are to be construed strictly, and nothing is to be intended in aid of them, except what is clearly imported by their language; yet, where they are of a remedial character (as the acts in question must be taken to be) the rule does not so rigidly apply. But at the same time, the language of such acts, where there is any bearing upon the question, is not to be wrested from its connection, or an imaginary meaning given to it, to make it subserve the ends of free interpretation.
The act first passed clearly gives no right to a married woman to sue in a court of law at all. That of 1871 gives the right to sue, only to married women living in a state of separation from their husbands. The statute of 1873 by the third section gives a married woman the right to sue for wages earned by her outside of her family; and the fourth gives her the right to sue and defend alone, at law or in equity, for the preservation and protection of [415]*415her property, or she may join her husband in the action. She is also allowed to make all necessary contracts with respect to her own property, and to sue upon them as if she were single. There is not any other clause or expression which gives a married woman the right to sue without her husband, as a joint plaintiff, to be found in our statute book. (I may say, that the' provision giving a married woman the right to sue in equity with respect to her separate property without her husband, was unnecessary.) Where then, is the law which supports the action brought in this case ? The plaintiff is not suing for wages earned by her while living apart from her husband, for it does not appear that since her marital life commenced, she has ever lived otherwise than with him : nor for debts contracted and liabilities incurred to her during separation ; nor for the preservation and protection of her property; nor for the breach of any contract necessary to be made and which she had made with respect to such property. If there are any other causes of action for which she may sue except those I have mentioned, I have failed to discover them, in reading the several acts mentioned. Clearly then, if the plaintiff’s case cannot be brought within some one or more of those provided for, her suit cannot be sustained; for the Courts of this State are not yet open for the prosecution of whatever suits a married woman chooses to bring.
The claim of the plaintiff, as set forth in the declaration, is of three kinds. One is on an alleged special agreement to buy the goods of her husband at the constable’s sale for her benefit—that is, they to be her’s when she paid for them ; as they were after-wards sold by the defendant, she claims the difference in the respective prices, being the sum of $820.12, the goods having been bought for $459.00 in November, 1875, and sold for $1,279.12 the 16th of December, 1879. Another is for her work and labor alleged to have been performed for the plaintiff from the 25th of March, 1876 till the 28th of December, 1879, when her husband ceased to occupy the premises which the defendant, from said first mentioned day, had held as tenant under Mr. Henry du Pont. These services she estimates as worth seven dollars a week all that time. The remaining item of claim is for poultry, butter, eggs and other country products which she testifies were furnished to the defendant and his family for their diet during all the period afore[416]*416said: if I recollect her testimony the value of these articles, as supplied in the average every week, was $3.00. The service of the defendant upon the farm occupied by her husband with his family, was testified to by another witness besides the plaintiff, as was also delivery at times of the farm products, by one also speaking on her side. She claims interest upon these items. She supports her claim for the difference in the sale of the goods at the several times, by what is claimed as proof of her ownership, that is, that the defendant at the constable’s sale proclaimed that he was bidding off the property for her benefit and not his own.
In reply to all the above the defendant answers by admitting his declarations at the constable’s sale, and that it was understood she should have the goods when she paid for them; but he insists that she never did pay for them, and therefore acquired no title to them. He admits delivery of farm products, that is marketing, to him; but says, it was oftener done by her husband than her; and he does not dispute that she performed upon the farm the services of a farmer’s wife. He sets up, however, to these different claims, the following defences. With respect to the first claim—that of the difference—that having failed to pay for the goods sold, she had no title to them: that the payment claimed by her through the delivery of marketing, and the performance of work and labor for him, have no foundation in contract with her of any kind. In support of the latter objection, he has proved before you, and they are in evidence, and being in writing cannot be gainsaid for what they are, four different agreements between the husband and the plaintiff and himself by which such husband agreed to work the aforesaid farm and find all the labor, including his own that of his family, necessary therefor, for the sum of one hundred dollars for the first year, he being allowed the privileges set forth therein. Afterwards the sum was lowered to fifty dollars a year upon the defendant’s representation, which he has produced his memorandum before you to establish, that he was losing money by holding the farm.
It is not pretended by the plaintiff that any contract was ever actually made between her and the defendant about paying for these goods in any other way than with money—she, at the time she applied to the defendant to buy them in at the sale, expecting, as she told him, according to his testimony, to receive about one thousand [417]*417dollars upon some claim she had in Kent, or in the hands of her lawyer there: but she asks you to infer such a one from the fact of the work done at the farm and the marketing delivered. This is opposed by the defendant, who points to the agreements before mentioned as showing that the work done by her was part of the work of the family upon the place, stipulated for by them, and what his rights were in the matter of sale of marketing. He claims that the marketing delivered him belonged to him as much as the grain and hay raised on the land 5 that as none of it was paid for, the groceries, etc., provided for in the agreements were necessarily paid for by sales to other persons. It is not pretended on the plaintiff’s part, that all the marketing taken from the farm was delivered to the defendant.
The learned counsel for the plaintiff objected strongly to the introduction of these agreements between her husband and the defendant in evidence before yon; but the Court admitted them, and we think them proper to be submitted to you and instruct you to consider them as part of the testimony which you are to deliberate upon.
And now, with respect to those agreements, we have to say to you that it was perfectly competent for Isaac Engle Valentine and the defendant to make them, and there is no more ground for their exclusion because the former is her husband, than if they being relevant testimony, had been made by any one else. The husband had the right to make them, and to stipulate for the services of his family including his wife: for notwithstanding the legislation quoted, the husband is still the head of his household, the several members of which are under his lawful control. "Whatever therefore a wife does, in the performance of the duties devolving upon her as such (as all of you no doubt know what they are in the case of a farmer’s wife in good health) cannot be looked upon otherwise than as her wifely service, for which her best compensation must always be the consciousness that she has done her part. No contract to pay for them, can ever be implied against a landlord • but can only arise by express engagement.
I know of nothing else to be said in explanation of the case before you; for I am quite sure you are able to see exactly what it is. The right of the plaintiff to sue upon the facts presented, is a [418]*418question of law for the Court; and we say to you, that the plaintiff has not shown a case which brings her within any one of the enabling clauses of the married woman legislation, as I have cited them to you.
Verdict for defendant.