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ADVANCE SHEET HEADNOTE January 19, 2021
2021 CO 5
No. 19SC356, Perez v. People—Criminal Law—Miranda Warnings—Public Safety Exception to Miranda.
After an extended foot chase and discovery of live shotgun shells on the
defendant’s person, a police officer asked the defendant about the location of a gun and
the defendant answered that he had thrown the gun away. After being charged with
possession of a dangerous weapon by a previous offender (“POWPO”), the defendant
moved to suppress his answer, arguing that the statement was obtained in violation of
Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966), because he was not provided Miranda warnings
before the officer asked the question. Ultimately, the defendant’s answer to the question
“Where’s the gun?” was admitted at trial under the public safety exception to Miranda,
and he was convicted.
The defendant appealed, and the court of appeals affirmed, holding that the public
safety exception did not apply but that the error was harmless. The defendant petitioned
the supreme court for certiorari review.
The supreme court holds that the public safety exception applies and therefore
affirms on other grounds. Whether the public safety exception applies turns on whether, under the totality of the circumstances, the officer’s questioning relates to an objectively
reasonable need to protect the public from immediate danger, not whether the officer had
“every reason to believe” that a weapon is in play. Moreover, whether an officer was
aware of the existence of a potential weapon at the time of dispatch is not dispositive; the
relevant time to evaluate whether there was an objectively reasonable need to protect the
public is when the officer asked the question. The Supreme Court of the State of Colorado 2 East 14th Avenue • Denver, Colorado 80203
Supreme Court Case No. 19SC356 Certiorari to the Colorado Court of Appeals Court of Appeals Case No. 15CA546
Petitioner/Cross-Respondent:
Marcus Perez,
v.
Respondent/Cross-Petitioner:
The People of the State of Colorado.
Judgment Affirmed and Opinion Vacated en banc January 19, 2021
Attorneys for Petitioner/Cross-Respondent: Laura E. Schwartz Denver, Colorado
The Noble Law Firm, LLC Antony Noble Lakewood, Colorado
Attorneys for Respondent/Cross-Petitioner: Philip J. Weiser, Attorney General Brittany L. Limes, Assistant Attorney General Denver, Colorado
CHIEF JUSTICE BOATRIGHT delivered the Opinion of the Court. ¶1 As Marcus Perez was being arrested after a lengthy foot pursuit, Officer
Walsh found two live shotgun shells in Perez’s pocket. Without giving Perez
Miranda warnings, Officer Walsh asked him, “Where’s the gun?” Perez answered
that he had thrown the gun away. At a suppression hearing, Perez argued that his
answer should be suppressed because he was not Mirandized before the officer
questioned him. The trial court disagreed, finding that the public safety exception
to Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966), applied. A jury convicted Perez of
second-degree assault on a peace officer and four counts of possession of a
dangerous weapon by a previous offender (“POWPO”).
¶2 Perez appealed, contending that the public safety exception did not apply.
The court of appeals agreed but deemed the error harmless beyond a reasonable
doubt and affirmed the convictions. People v. Perez, 2019 COA 48, ¶¶ 21, 24,
__ P.3d __.
¶3 Perez petitioned this court for certiorari review of the court of appeals’
decision, arguing that the error was not harmless and that his convictions should
be overturned. The People cross-petitioned, arguing that the court of appeals
erred when it held that the public safety exception did not apply. We granted
2 certiorari on both issues.1 We now hold that, under the facts of this case, the public
safety exception applied, and Officer Walsh was not required to give Miranda
warnings before inquiring about the gun’s location. Therefore, we affirm the court
of appeals’ opinion on other grounds.2
I. Facts and Procedural History
¶4 In February 2014, police officers stopped a vehicle in which Perez was a
passenger. As the officers approached the vehicle, they noticed the occupants
acting as though they were concealing something. As a result, one officer
approached the driver-side door while another approached the passenger-side
door. The officers observed Perez acting nervously, and Perez initially refused to
interact with the officer on his side of the car. Ultimately, Perez provided that
1 We granted certiorari to review the following issues: 1. Whether the court of appeals erred in finding a Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966), violation harmless beyond a reasonable doubt when the prosecutor and a police officer told the jury that the petitioner said he threw the shotgun away. 2. Whether the public safety exception to Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966), applies when an officer asks the arrestee, “Where’s the gun?” 2Because we conclude that the trial court did not err, we do not reach the issue of harmlessness.
3 officer with a name. When the officer discovered that no such name existed in a
police database, he asked Perez to step out of the vehicle.
¶5 Perez got out of the car and immediately fled. The officer followed on foot.
Perez jumped fences, running through residential backyards. He crossed a busy
street and, in the parking lot of a liquor store, attempted to steal an occupied car.
When the occupant refused to get out of the car, Perez ran into the liquor store. At
that point, the officer lost sight of Perez. But after an employee of the liquor store
indicated that Perez had run to the back of the store, the officer regained sight of
Perez as Perez exited the back door.
¶6 Eventually, backup officers, including Officer Walsh, arrived to help. The
officers caught up with Perez in a residential backyard. Perez assumed a fighting
stance and resisted arrest. Throwing punches, Perez broke an officer’s nose before
he was handcuffed.
¶7 Officer Walsh frisked Perez for weapons and found two live shotgun shells
in his pocket. Without providing Perez Miranda warnings, Officer Walsh
immediately asked, “Where’s the gun?” Perez responded that he “threw it away.”
Officer Walsh again asked Perez about the location of the gun. This time, Perez’s
response was unintelligible, and Walsh stopped his questioning. Later, officers
discovered a short shotgun in the stopped vehicle, lodged between the center
4 console and the passenger seat; the shotgun was capable of firing the live shells
found on Perez.
¶8 The People charged Perez with second-degree assault on a peace officer and
eight counts of POWPO.3 Before trial, Perez moved to suppress his statement that
he threw the gun away, arguing that his Fifth Amendment right was violated
because Officer Walsh did not give him Miranda warnings before asking the
whereabouts of the gun. The trial court denied the motion, concluding that Officer
Walsh’s question fell within the public safety exception to Miranda. The statement
was admitted at trial. Ultimately, the jury found Perez guilty of second-degree
assault on a peace officer and four of the eight counts of POWPO.
¶9 Perez appealed, reasserting his Fifth Amendment argument. Perez, ¶ 8. A
split division of the court of appeals agreed with him, holding that Officer Walsh’s
question was not covered by the public safety exception. The majority reasoned
that, because Officer Walsh had no information suggesting a weapon was
involved until discovering the two shotgun shells, he did not have “‘every reason
to believe’ that Perez had just discarded a shotgun while being chased.” Id. at
3Each POWPO charge was related to the short shotgun found in the stopped vehicle. There were two charges—possession of a firearm and possession of a “dangerous weapon”—each connected to four prior felony convictions.
5 ¶¶ 19–20 (quoting New York v. Quarles, 467 U.S. 649, 657 (1984)). The majority thus
concluded that admitting Perez’s response to the impermissible interrogation was
error.
¶10 Nevertheless, the majority affirmed Perez’s convictions, deeming the error
harmlesss beyond a reasonable doubt. Id. at ¶ 24. It reasoned that “evidence of
Perez’s possession of the weapon was overwhelming without regard to the
statement.” Id. at ¶ 25. First, the shotgun was located where Perez had easy access
to it—between the center console and the passenger seat where he had been sitting.
Id. Second, Perez possessed ammunition that was capable of being fired by the
shotgun. Id. Last, Perez fled from the police. Id.4
¶11 Judge Berger specially concurred. People v. Perez, 2019 COA 48, __ P.3d __
(Berger, J., specially concurring). He concluded that this case “presents a
straightforward application of Quarles,” the U.S. Supreme Court case which
established the public safety exception. Id. at ¶ 40. He noted that Perez led police
on a lengthy foot chase across a busy street as well as through commercial and
residential areas. Id. at ¶ 45. He reasoned that the possibility of Perez having left
4The court of appeals also reversed the portion of the judgment that imposed multiple POWPO convictions arising from the same incident involving the same weapon. Perez, ¶¶ 29–30. This issue is not before the court.
6 a loaded gun in any of those locations posed a safety threat to police and members
of the public. Id. Therefore, in Judge Berger’s view, the question “Where’s the
gun?” fell squarely within the public safety exception to Miranda. Id. at ¶ 46.
¶12 We granted certiorari and now affirm on other grounds.
II. Analysis
¶13 We begin by outlining the appropriate standard of review. Next, we detail
relevant case law on the Fifth Amendment’s right against self-incrimination,
including the warnings prescribed by the U.S. Supreme Court in the Miranda
decision. We then turn to the exception to Miranda relevant in this case—the public
safety exception—reviewing Quarles and Colorado law applying Quarles. Finally,
we apply the relevant law and hold that, under the facts of this case, the public
safety exception applied, meaning Officer Walsh was not required to give Miranda
warnings before asking Perez where the gun was. Accordingly, we affirm the
court of appeals’ opinion on other grounds.
A. Standard of Review
¶14 Whether a custodial interrogation occurred in violation of Miranda is a
mixed question of law and fact. People v. Barraza, 2013 CO 20, ¶ 15, 298 P.3d 922,
925. We defer to the trial court’s factual findings if they are supported by the
record, but we review the legal effect of those findings de novo. Id., 298 P.3d at
926.
7 B. Miranda v. Arizona
¶15 The Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution ensures that no
criminal defendant may be compelled to testify against himself. In Miranda, the
U.S. Supreme Court held that police must inform a person of his right against self-
incrimination when he is subjected to custodial interrogation. 384 U.S. at 478–79.
The Court held that such a rule is necessary to protect the Fifth Amendment right
against self-incrimination because custodial interrogations create inherently
coercive environments that make Miranda warnings necessary to remind
defendants of their constitutional right. Id. at 445–58.
¶16 The rule, however, is not absolute. In some circumstances, officers may
question a suspect in custody without first offering Miranda warnings. One such
circumstance involves the public safety exception.
C. The Public Safety Exception
¶17 The public safety exception applies if “the exigency of the circumstances
warrant[s] the momentary omission of Miranda warnings.” People v. Ingram,
984 P.2d 597, 605 (Colo. 1999) (citing Quarles, 467 U.S. at 658). The exception exists
because, in such cases, the need to protect the public from perceived immediate
danger outweighs Miranda’s prophylactic purpose of guarding a defendant’s Fifth
Amendment right. See Quarles, 467 U.S. at 657. In cases involving weapons, the
exception applies only where the officer’s questioning relates to an objectively
8 reasonable need to protect the public from the immediate danger associated with
a weapon. See id. at 656–57; Ingram, 984 P.2d at 605. To determine whether officers
had a reasonable concern for public safety, a court must consider the totality of the
circumstances. See Quarles, 467 U.S. at 656–57 (discussing the facts that indicated
a threat to public safety); People v. Janis, 2016 COA 69, ¶ 56, 441 P.3d 1, 13 (same),
rev’d on other grounds, 2018 CO 89, 429 P.3d 1198.
¶18 The U.S. Supreme Court adopted the public safety exception in Quarles.
467 U.S. at 657–58. In that case, a rape victim told police that her assailant had
entered a supermarket with a weapon. Id. at 651–52. Officers arrived at the
supermarket and spotted the suspect, Quarles. Id. at 652. Quarles ran toward the
back of the store and an officer pursued him. Id. At one point, the officer lost sight
of Quarles. Id. When the officer finally caught up to Quarles, the officer detained
him and discovered that he had an empty shoulder holster. Id. The officer
immediately asked Quarles where the gun was, and Quarles gestured toward
some empty cartons and responded, “The gun is over there.” Id.
¶19 The Court held that a public safety exception to the Miranda rule existed
because “the need for answers to questions in a situation posing a threat to the
public safety outweighs the need for the prophylactic rule protecting the Fifth
Amendment’s privilege against self-incrimination.” Id. at 657. The Court
explicitly held that “the availability of th[e] exception does not depend upon the
9 motivation of the individual officers involved.” Id. at 656. Rather, where “officers
ask questions reasonably prompted by a concern for the public safety,” Miranda
should not apply “in all its rigor.” Id. The Court concluded that because the facts
of the case “confronted [officers] with the immediate necessity of ascertaining the
whereabouts of a gun which they had every reason to believe . . . [was] in the
supermarket,” the officer’s question about the location of the gun was not barred
by Miranda. Id. at 657, 659.
¶20 Prior to Quarles, this court adopted its own public safety exception in
People v. Mullins, 532 P.2d 733 (Colo. 1975). In that case, police had arrived at the
scene of a homicide and were informed that there had been a shooting. Id. at 735.
Upon learning this information, in an exchange similar to the one in the instant
case, an officer—without giving Miranda warnings—asked the suspect about the
location of the gun. Id. The suspect answered that he had thrown it out the
window. Id. We held that the officer’s question was “entirely reasonable” to
protect the public. Id. We highlighted that the question was related to a “proper
defensive purpose” and was not “in the nature of fact gathering as a part of the
preparation of proof to be used against a defendant.” Id. (quoting State v. Hudson,
325 A.2d 56, 62 (Me. 1974)).
¶21 But the public safety exception has its limits. For example, in Ingram, we
held that the exception did not apply when the custodial interrogation occurred
10 hours after the suspect had been detained. 984 P.2d at 605. There, we reasoned
that there was no “immediate necessity” or “exigency” which would justify
questioning the suspect about the ownership of a weapon without first giving
Miranda warnings. Id. Indeed, the officer’s interrogation “did not relate to an
objectively reasonable need to protect the police or the public from any immediate
danger associated with the weapon.” Id. (citing Orozco v. Texas, 394 U.S. 324
(1969)).
¶22 As Quarles demonstrates, the application of the public safety exception turns
on whether the questioning relates to an objectively reasonable need to protect the
public from immediate danger—a necessarily fact-specific determination. See
Quarles, 467 U.S. at 656–57. The court of appeals has repeatedly employed this
fact-intensive analysis. See, e.g., People v. Requejo, 919 P.2d 874, 879 (Colo. App.
1996) (holding that an officer’s question about the location of a knife fell within the
exception because it was justified to “protect the safety of officers engaged in
immediate, on-scene investigation of a crime”); Janis, ¶ 56, 441 P.3d at 13 (holding
that an officer’s question about the location of a knife fell under the exception
because, given the surrounding facts, it was clear that the question was asked for
safety purposes); People v. Wakefield, 2018 COA 37, ¶ 57, 428 P.3d 639, 651 (holding
that officers were justified in asking the suspect whether there was anyone else in
11 the residence because there was “legitimate concern that there could be other
armed suspects or injured victims in the vicinity”).
¶23 In sum, Quarles and Colorado law applying Quarles demonstrate that
whether the public safety exception applies depends on whether, under the
totality of the circumstances, the officer’s questioning relates to an objectively
reasonable need to protect the public from immediate danger. With this
framework in mind, we now turn to the issue of whether Officer Walsh’s question,
“Where’s the gun?,” fell within the public safety exception.
D. Application
¶24 The court of appeals held that the public safety exception did not apply here
because the shotgun shells were the “sole suggestion that Perez may have
discarded or abandoned a shotgun.” Perez, ¶ 21. The court of appeals
distinguished cases such as Quarles, Requejo, Janis, and Wakefield, noting that in
those cases, “the very nature of the dispatch informed the officers that a weapon
might be present,” whereas here, “when the officer first contacted Perez, he had
no information suggesting that Perez was armed.” Id. at ¶ 19. But while an
officer’s knowledge of the existence of a potential weapon at the time of dispatch
may be relevant, it is not dispositive. The key inquiry, rather, is whether the
totality of the circumstances made it reasonable for the questioning officer to
believe that a threat to public safety existed when the officer asked the question.
12 ¶25 Moreover, the proper standard is not whether the officer has “every reason
to believe” that a weapon is involved or has been discarded. Rather, the proper
standard is whether “police officers ask questions reasonably prompted by a
concern for the public safety.” Quarles, 467 U.S. at 656. It is true that, in Quarles,
the Court noted that officers had “every reason to believe” that a weapon had been
discarded in a supermarket. Id. at 657. The officers’ certainty, however, was not
determinative of whether the public safety exception applied; it was simply part
of the totality of the circumstances that made it reasonable for the officers to
believe that a threat to public safety existed. In the instant case, the court of
appeals erred by assuming that the determination of whether the exception applies
turns on whether the questioning officer is certain of the involvement of a weapon.
The legal standard has been and remains whether, under the totality of the
circumstances, the officer’s questioning relates to an objectively reasonable need
to protect the public from the immediate danger associated with a weapon.
¶26 Here, Officer Walsh’s question met that standard and fell within the public
safety exception. The totality of the circumstances made it reasonable for Officer
Walsh to believe that a threat to public safety existed when he asked, “Where’s the
gun?” From the outset of the encounter, officers had a reasonable belief that Perez
was hiding something from them. When officers first stopped the vehicle, Perez
acted as though he was trying to conceal something. And when contacted by
13 officers, Perez provided them with a false name. Perez then attempted to avoid
capture when he immediately fled upon getting out of the stopped vehicle, leading
police on a lengthy foot chase and trying to steal an occupied car. Finally, Perez
violently resisted arrest when he was ultimately cornered. All of these actions
indicate that he sought to conceal criminal conduct or some incriminating
evidence. Moreover, once Officer Walsh conducted the pat down and recovered
two live shotgun shells from Perez, it was reasonable to believe that Perez had
been armed with a firearm at some point and that the situation posed a public
safety threat. See Quarles, 467 U.S. at 652 (noting that an officer had “frisked [the
defendant] and discovered that he was wearing a shoulder holster which was then
empty” before asking him about the location of the gun). Again, Perez had just
led officers on a lengthy foot chase through commercial and residential areas.
Importantly, officers lost sight of Perez for a period of time, raising the possibility
that Perez had discarded the firearm in an area where people could find it, creating
a public safety threat. Thus, under the totality of the circumstances, at the moment
Officer Walsh asked “Where’s the gun?,” the question related to an objectively
reasonable need to protect the public from immediate danger.
¶27 We hold, therefore, that under the facts of this case, the question about the
location of the gun fell under the public safety exception to Miranda. Because we
conclude that no constitutional error occurred when the trial court admitted
14 Perez’s response that he threw the gun away, we need not consider the court of
appeals’ harmlessness analysis.
III. Conclusion
¶28 Accordingly, we vacate the court of appeals’ opinion and affirm the
judgment of conviction on the grounds that Officer Walsh’s question, “Where’s
the gun?,” fell under the public safety exception to Miranda.