CHERRY, J.
This is a review of proceedings had before the Industrial Commission, under the Workmen’s Compensation Act, relating to the award of compensation to alleged dependents of Elmer C. Williams, wlm died on May 12, 1924, as the result of an accident in the course of his employment by the Utah Apex Mining Company. On August 24, 1924, Sarah E. Williams, the mother of the deceased employee, claiming to be a dependent, made application for compensation. After a hearing an order was made on October 18, 1924, awarding her compensation as a partial dependent in the sum of $16 per week for not to exceed 90 weeks. Pursuant to this order the compensation awarded was paid to the mother for the period from the date of the employee’s death to February 22, 1925. On March 3, 1925, Pearl Mitchell Williams, the wife of the deceased employee, appeared for the first time and applied to the commission for compensation, claiming to have been wholly dependent upon deceased at the time of his death. The former award to the mother was thereupon ordered suspended pending the hearing and
determination of tbe wife’s claim. After a bearing tbe commission made an order yacating tbe first award to tbe mother, and awarding compensation to tbe wife at tbe rate of $16 per week, dating from February 23, 1925, and to continue for a period of 262 weeks thereafter. It is sought by this proceeding to annul tbe order of tbe commission last made upon tbe grounds that there is not sufficient evidence to support tbe finding that tbe wife, to whom compensation was awarded, was dependent upon tbe deceased employee at the time of death. This is the sole question in dispute.
.The provisions of tbe act relating to tbe question under consideration are contained in Comp. Laws Utah 1917, §' 3140, and are:
“The following persons shall he presumed to he wholly dependent for support upon a deceased employe: (a) A wife upon a husband with whom she lives at the time of his death. * * * In all other cases, the question of dependency, in whole or in part, shall he determined in accordance with the facts in each particular case existing at the time of the injury resulting in the death of such employe. * *
*”
No claim was made that tbe wife was living with tbe deceased employee at the time of bis death, but it was admitted that she bad lived separate and apart from him for more than two years nest preceding bis death. Tbe dependency of tbe wife was therefore not presumed by virtue of tbe relationship, but was to be determined “in accordance with tbe facts * * * existing at tbe time of tbe injury resulting in tbe death of such employe.” And tbe burden of establishing dependency was upon tbe applicant.
Utah Apex Min. Co.
v.
Ind.
Com., 228 P. 1078, 64 Utah, 221. It is plainly deducible from the statute itself that dependency is not presumed from or established by tbe existence of tbe legal relation of tbe wife to tbe husband, unless they are living together, and when, as in this case, they were not living together, dependency is not established unless something tending to show dependency, in addition to tbe legal duty of tbe husband, is shown.
In 28 R. C. L. 771, it is said:
“The purpose of the statute is to provide the workman’s dependent in future with something in substitution for what has
been lost by the workman’s death, and, consequently to establish dependency the applicant for compensation must show that he or she had reasonable grounds to anticipate future support from the decedent. This reasonable expectation of continuing or future support and maintenance seems to be the true criterion as to who are dependents.”
And at page 773:
“If the applicant for compensation is unaided by the statutory presumption of dependency, he must present proof of the fact. Among the principal indicia of the state of dependency may be mentioned the legal obligation of support; the fact that contributions have been made in the past; the fact that the applicant has taken some action in anticipation of future contributions, and the fact that the applicant has-no means of support in substitution for the anticipated contributions of the deceased. It is not to be understood, of course, that all of these elements must be proven in any particular case; but it will be true in a great majority of cases, though there will be well defined exceptions, that contribution in the past is an essential, as it is the most cogent, evidentiary fact in the proof of dependency. The legal obligation of support, when considered alone, will rarely, if ever, establish a state of dependency, or give rise to a presumption that a person is a dependent; but it may very well strengthen a weak inference arising from small or irregular contributions, or it may aid a promise of future support. Where it appears that the legal obligation had been neglected by the deceased immediately prior to his death, the issue of dependency must be resolved ordinarily with reference to the duration of the period of non-support. ♦ * *”
In cases where the employee upon whom the legal duty of support rests has deserted his dependents, and has wrongfully evaded or neglected his obligation to them, it is a proper inquiry whether the facts and circumstances warrant the reasonable probability that the legal obligation would have been enforced in future. And it can easily be supposed that when such reasonable probability exists, a state of dependency, under the statute, might be found.
In the ease at bar, to establish her dependency upon .deceased, it was incumbent upon the applicant to show not only that deceased owed her that legal duty of support, but that there was a reasonable expectation that the duty would be fulfilled; in other words, that the legal obligation of support must be coupled with such other facts and circumstances
as to warrant tbe reasonable probability that sucb obligation would be performed. Tbe commission baving ing found tbe fact of dependency in tbis case, that finding will not be disturbed by tbis court if there is competent evidence to support it. It remains to examine tbe record and to ascertain, as a matter of law, if it contains evidence supporting tbe ultimate fact that tbe applicant was a dependent of deceased at tbe time of bis death within the meaning of tbe statute.
The facts as testified to by applicant are that she and deceased were married at Blaekfoot, Idaho, on October 29, 1918. She was then 15 years of age and be was 20. They lived together at Blaekfoot for two weeks, after which she says, “I bad to go to work in order to get food and stuff and necessary things of life.” Shortly thereafter she and her husband went to bis mother’s ranch near Blaekfoot, where they lived for a short period, and where she testified that “his mother was really supporting him.” She then left him and went to live with her sister at Aberdeen, Idaho, “because he didn’t have the means to support me.” She afterwards worked at Pocatello in the railroad shops and in confectionaries to support herself, and later went back to the ranch, where she lived with her husband “the biggest part of that winter. He just did chores, and such as that. Just a little farming, not much.” While on the ranch her husband gave her no money.
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CHERRY, J.
This is a review of proceedings had before the Industrial Commission, under the Workmen’s Compensation Act, relating to the award of compensation to alleged dependents of Elmer C. Williams, wlm died on May 12, 1924, as the result of an accident in the course of his employment by the Utah Apex Mining Company. On August 24, 1924, Sarah E. Williams, the mother of the deceased employee, claiming to be a dependent, made application for compensation. After a hearing an order was made on October 18, 1924, awarding her compensation as a partial dependent in the sum of $16 per week for not to exceed 90 weeks. Pursuant to this order the compensation awarded was paid to the mother for the period from the date of the employee’s death to February 22, 1925. On March 3, 1925, Pearl Mitchell Williams, the wife of the deceased employee, appeared for the first time and applied to the commission for compensation, claiming to have been wholly dependent upon deceased at the time of his death. The former award to the mother was thereupon ordered suspended pending the hearing and
determination of tbe wife’s claim. After a bearing tbe commission made an order yacating tbe first award to tbe mother, and awarding compensation to tbe wife at tbe rate of $16 per week, dating from February 23, 1925, and to continue for a period of 262 weeks thereafter. It is sought by this proceeding to annul tbe order of tbe commission last made upon tbe grounds that there is not sufficient evidence to support tbe finding that tbe wife, to whom compensation was awarded, was dependent upon tbe deceased employee at the time of death. This is the sole question in dispute.
.The provisions of tbe act relating to tbe question under consideration are contained in Comp. Laws Utah 1917, §' 3140, and are:
“The following persons shall he presumed to he wholly dependent for support upon a deceased employe: (a) A wife upon a husband with whom she lives at the time of his death. * * * In all other cases, the question of dependency, in whole or in part, shall he determined in accordance with the facts in each particular case existing at the time of the injury resulting in the death of such employe. * *
*”
No claim was made that tbe wife was living with tbe deceased employee at the time of bis death, but it was admitted that she bad lived separate and apart from him for more than two years nest preceding bis death. Tbe dependency of tbe wife was therefore not presumed by virtue of tbe relationship, but was to be determined “in accordance with tbe facts * * * existing at tbe time of tbe injury resulting in tbe death of such employe.” And tbe burden of establishing dependency was upon tbe applicant.
Utah Apex Min. Co.
v.
Ind.
Com., 228 P. 1078, 64 Utah, 221. It is plainly deducible from the statute itself that dependency is not presumed from or established by tbe existence of tbe legal relation of tbe wife to tbe husband, unless they are living together, and when, as in this case, they were not living together, dependency is not established unless something tending to show dependency, in addition to tbe legal duty of tbe husband, is shown.
In 28 R. C. L. 771, it is said:
“The purpose of the statute is to provide the workman’s dependent in future with something in substitution for what has
been lost by the workman’s death, and, consequently to establish dependency the applicant for compensation must show that he or she had reasonable grounds to anticipate future support from the decedent. This reasonable expectation of continuing or future support and maintenance seems to be the true criterion as to who are dependents.”
And at page 773:
“If the applicant for compensation is unaided by the statutory presumption of dependency, he must present proof of the fact. Among the principal indicia of the state of dependency may be mentioned the legal obligation of support; the fact that contributions have been made in the past; the fact that the applicant has taken some action in anticipation of future contributions, and the fact that the applicant has-no means of support in substitution for the anticipated contributions of the deceased. It is not to be understood, of course, that all of these elements must be proven in any particular case; but it will be true in a great majority of cases, though there will be well defined exceptions, that contribution in the past is an essential, as it is the most cogent, evidentiary fact in the proof of dependency. The legal obligation of support, when considered alone, will rarely, if ever, establish a state of dependency, or give rise to a presumption that a person is a dependent; but it may very well strengthen a weak inference arising from small or irregular contributions, or it may aid a promise of future support. Where it appears that the legal obligation had been neglected by the deceased immediately prior to his death, the issue of dependency must be resolved ordinarily with reference to the duration of the period of non-support. ♦ * *”
In cases where the employee upon whom the legal duty of support rests has deserted his dependents, and has wrongfully evaded or neglected his obligation to them, it is a proper inquiry whether the facts and circumstances warrant the reasonable probability that the legal obligation would have been enforced in future. And it can easily be supposed that when such reasonable probability exists, a state of dependency, under the statute, might be found.
In the ease at bar, to establish her dependency upon .deceased, it was incumbent upon the applicant to show not only that deceased owed her that legal duty of support, but that there was a reasonable expectation that the duty would be fulfilled; in other words, that the legal obligation of support must be coupled with such other facts and circumstances
as to warrant tbe reasonable probability that sucb obligation would be performed. Tbe commission baving ing found tbe fact of dependency in tbis case, that finding will not be disturbed by tbis court if there is competent evidence to support it. It remains to examine tbe record and to ascertain, as a matter of law, if it contains evidence supporting tbe ultimate fact that tbe applicant was a dependent of deceased at tbe time of bis death within the meaning of tbe statute.
The facts as testified to by applicant are that she and deceased were married at Blaekfoot, Idaho, on October 29, 1918. She was then 15 years of age and be was 20. They lived together at Blaekfoot for two weeks, after which she says, “I bad to go to work in order to get food and stuff and necessary things of life.” Shortly thereafter she and her husband went to bis mother’s ranch near Blaekfoot, where they lived for a short period, and where she testified that “his mother was really supporting him.” She then left him and went to live with her sister at Aberdeen, Idaho, “because he didn’t have the means to support me.” She afterwards worked at Pocatello in the railroad shops and in confectionaries to support herself, and later went back to the ranch, where she lived with her husband “the biggest part of that winter. He just did chores, and such as that. Just a little farming, not much.” While on the ranch her husband gave her no money. “All we got was what we ate and a place to sleep.” In the spring he went to Salt Lake City and joined the army, and she went to Pocatello to work. In three or four months he visited her at Pocatello, and “went back to the camps and stayed about another month, and then'he got out.” Thereafter she and her husband again went to the ranch and stayed there for two weeks, at the end of which time they again separated. She went to Pocatello, where she stayed with her brother and worked at odd jobs until about the month of June, 1922, when she went to her mother at Morehead, Kan. She did not thereafter see her husband, wrote no letters to him, and received none from him, although she testified that she “kept track of him” through her sister. She remained in Kansas about two
years, during which time she supported herself by canvassing. In the spring of 1924 she came from Kansas to Price, Utah, when she made no effort to locate her husband, to see him, or communicate with him. She supported herself by canvassing while at Price, and did not learn of her husband’s death until three or four months after it occurred. She testified, and there was other proof to show, that about a year after her marriage some steps were taken towards obtaining a divorce for nonsupport, but that the matter was dismissed upon her husband’s promise to support-her. She said that he did not keep his promise, that he did not try to get work, was lazy, and did not support himself; that the reason she was required to go to work was because he could not furnish her with the necessaries of life. She testified that she was able to and had earned about $15 per week by her own labor ever since her marriage, except during the short periods when she lived with her husband. She further stated that she wrote to her sister “all the time asking about him,” and to find out whether he was working, and that she would have gone back to live with him and demanded his support if he had been working; that her sister lost track of him when he came to Utah; and that she never knew he had been working in Utah until after his death.
jMrs. Jennie Nelson, a sister of applicant, testified to the marriage of the applicant and deceased; that “when he was able to maintain a home they were together, and when he wasn’t they both worked;” that when they were not together witness tried to keep track of the whereabouts of the husband as near as she could, with an idea of keeping them together; that her sister was willing to live with her husband and manifested a desire to go back to him; that when her sister went to Kansas she wrote to her telling her where her husband was located; that she never entirely lost track of the deceased, but did not learn of his death until two or three months thereafter, when she promptly notified his wife at Price.
The foregoing is the sum of the evidence depended upon to support the finding of dependency. There was other uncontradicted evidence produced by the opposing side tend
ing to show that the separation between deceased and his wife was permanent; that deceased had been employed on numerous occasions and for considerable periods after he had separated from his wife, at which times he had made substantial contributions for the support of his mother, that he contemplated a divorce from his wife and marriage with another woman.
But, viewing the matter from the standpoint alone of the evidence adduced by the applicant wife, we look in vain for any fact or circumstance, other than the legal duty of deceased, to indicate that there was a reasonable probability that that duty would have been fulfilled, either voluntarily or involuntarily. On the contrary, the additional facts and circumstances elicited plainly tended against the probability of future support.
The case as stated by the applicant presented three outstanding facts: First, that the parties were living separate and apart for a considerable period of time; second, that the husband during that period made no contribution whatever towards the support of his wife; and, third, that the wife was able to and did support herself. The natural presumption from these facts is against dependency. Of course that presumption might be overcome by proof explaining the separation and nonsupport as temporary, and indicating a mutual purpose and intent to live together again and be supported by the husband. But here the explanation, so far as given, indicates the very contrary. The facts and circumstances show that the separation occurred by reason of the neglect of the husband, which continued so long that the wife finally removed to a distant state and remained two years, during which time she did not see nor communicate with her husband or look to him for support, but supported herself by her own efforts. There was nothing in her conduct during this time from which it can be inferred that she entertained the least expectation of ever being supported by her husband. When she returned' to Utah before the death of her husband she lived independently upon her own earnings, and did nothing towards discovering her husband and reuniting with him or demanding that he support her.
In this state of facts we are compelled to conclude that there was no proof, aside from the legal obligation of deceased, npon which to base the conclusion that there was a reasonable expectation of future support by the deceased. This conclusion is not opposed to what was said or decided in
McGarry
v.
Ind. Com.,
which was twice before this court. 222 P. 592, 63 Utah, 81; 232 P. 1090, 64 Utah, 592, 39 A. L. R. 306. That case involved the claim of a minor child, seven years of age, whose father had deserted it, and left for parts unknown, and concealed his whereabouts and identity for two or three years and until his death. This court decided that it was further shown that the child was actually dependent; that the peculiar and exceptional circumstances present would support a finding that the child was a dependent of its father, within the meaning of the statute. The actual dependency of the child, its lack of legal capacity to assert or waive its legal right to support from its father, and the conduct of the father in concealing himself to avoid his legal duty are features which clearly distinguish that case from the one under review. In
Utah Apex Min. Co.
v.
Ind. Com.,
228 P. 1078, 64 Utah, 221, the claim of a wife to be adjudged a dependent was denied. The parties had lived apart for four years, during which time the husband had made no contributions to his wife’s support. She testified, that her husband had left her, and that she did not expect him to come back or to support her or furnish her with any financial assistance. In each of the cases last cited there was present the legal obligation of support,- and the ultimate test in each case was the probability of future support.
It follows that the finding that applicant was a dependent upon deceased at the time of his death must be set aside for lack of evidence to support it.
The award is annulled.
GIDEON, C. J., and THURMAN, and FRICK, JJ., concur.