UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT DISTRICT OF NEW HAMPSHIRE
United States of America
v. Criminal No. 11-cr-84-JL Opinion No. 2015 DNH 094 Rafael Humberto Celaya Valenzuela
MEMORANDUM ORDER
This case raises the question of whether the defendant,
Rafael Humberto Celaya Valenzuela (“Celaya”), validly waived his
Fifth Amendment rights, and therefore, whether his alleged
inculpatory statements were admissible at trial. In moving to
suppress the statements, Celaya makes two arguments. First, he
argues that he was never advised of his rights under Miranda v.
Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1960), despite the apparent presence of
his signature on a form advising him of his rights and
acknowledging his waiver of them; he claims his signature was
forged. Second, Celaya argues, even if the form is genuine, he
did not knowingly, voluntarily, and intelligently waive his
rights.
After an evidentiary hearing, the court orally denied the
motion to suppress.1 This order serves to set forth the bases
for the ruling in greater detail. See, e.g., United States v.
1 Though captioned as a motion in limine, Celaya’s challenge to the admissibility of his confession was, in fact, a motion to suppress, filed after the applicable deadline. See L.R. Crim. 12.1(b). The prosecution did not object to the motion as untimely, however, so the court has ignored that issue. Joubert, 980 F.Supp.2d 53, 55 n.1 (D.N.H. 2014) (noting a
district court’s authority to later reduce its prior oral
findings and rulings to writing), aff’d, 778 F.3d 247 (1st Cir.
2015). As fully explained infra, Part II, the evidence
establishes that Celaya did, in fact, sign the Miranda waiver.
This finding is supported by, inter alia, testimony of Special
Agent Tucker Heap, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (“FBI”)
302 Form summarizing Agent Heap’s interrogation of Celaya, the
waiver form itself, and Celaya’s testimony. Celaya’s second
argument also fails. The totality of the circumstances strongly
supports the finding that Celaya—an attorney who described his
own treatment as “friendly”—knowingly, voluntarily, and
intelligently waived his rights. Therefore, the prosecution has
met its burden of proving that Celaya’s alleged statements to law
enforcement personnel on August 7, 2012 were lawfully obtained.
I. Applicable Legal Standard
Under Miranda, law enforcement personnel must employ certain
warnings to suspects before subjecting them to “custodial
interrogation” in order to protect their Fifth Amendment
privilege against self-incrimination. United States v. Jackson,
544 F.3d 351, 356 (1st Cir. 2008); see also U.S. Const. amend. V.
(“No person . . . shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a
witness against himself.”). “Any statements obtained as a result
2 of custodial interrogation in the absence of Miranda warnings
must be suppressed.” Jackson, 544 F.3d at 356. The prosecution
bears the burden of proving by a preponderance of the evidence
that the suspect was given Miranda warnings and validly waived
his rights. Miranda, 384 U.S. at 475; U.S. v. Rojas-Tapia, 446
F.3d 1, 4 (1st Cir. 2006).
II. Background
The court makes the following findings of fact on testimony
and other evidence received at the suppression hearing.
On August 7, 2012, around 1:30 p.m., Spanish authorities
arrested Celaya based on warrants issued by this Court in
connection with indictments charging him, and others, with
conspiracy to distribute, and to possesses with intent to
distribute, a quantity of illicit drugs, including cocaine.
Several hours later, sometime between 5:30 p.m. and 6:30 p.m.,
FBI Agents Heap and Foley and Boston Police Detective Juan Seoane
arrived at the AC Hotel Cuzco in Madrid, Spain to interview
Celaya in his hotel room, where he was being held. When the
agents arrived, Celaya was sitting on the couch dressed in slacks
and a collared shirt, and his hands were handcuffed in front of
his body. Agent Heap sat beside Celaya on the couch, Detective
Seoane sat across from Celaya on a chair, and Agent Foley sat
behind everyone on the bed.
3 Agent Heap explained “why [they] were there” and “what
[they] were doing,” i.e., they had been investigating Celaya and
his associates for drug trafficking. Agent Heap then asked
Celaya if he preferred to converse in English or Spanish, and
after electing Spanish, Celaya received a Spanish-language
version of the form containing Miranda warnings.2 This
conversation occurred “before [they] asked [Celaya] any
question[s].” Aware that Celaya had been educated as a lawyer,
Agent Heap asked Celaya if he understood the form. Celaya stated
that he did and signed it in the agents’ presence, indicating
that he understood his rights but was waiving them. Agent Heap
also testified that, to avoid creating any confusion, he let the
form serve as the sole explanation of Celaya’s rights. Neither
Agent Heap nor other agents verbalized any Miranda warnings.
Shortly thereafter, Agent Heap and Detective Seoane signed the
form as witnesses. Questions and answers ensued. Celaya never
asked for a lawyer or to terminate the interview. In his
testimony at the suppression hearing, Celaya described his
treatment by Special Agent Heap as if “he were a friend.” Upon
completion of the interview, lasting less than an hour,3 Agent
2 While Celaya denied receiving the form, he does not contest the translation or content of the warnings contained on the form. 3 The prosecution says the interview lasted about 45 minutes, while Valenzuela says it lasted between ten and fifteen minutes.
4 Heap summarized the interview on a 302 Form, which included a
statement that “Celaya waived his rights.”
Roughly three months later, in November of 2012, Celaya,
then incarcerated in the United States, mailed Agent Heap two
handwritten letters. The first letter asked Agent Heap to visit
Celaya in prison without any attorneys to discuss something “very
important,” but did not provide any more details. The second
letter explicitly asked Agent Heap to strike a deal with Celaya
in exchange for cooperating with the prosecution in this case and
another. In the letter, Celaya refers to Agent Heap as a
“friend” and someone that inspires “confidence” in him, and that
he hopes they “can be a great team.”
III. Analysis
Celaya makes two arguments: (1) claiming his signature on
the form was forged, that he was never given his Miranda warnings
and (2) regardless, he did not knowingly, voluntarily, and
intelligently waive his rights. For the reasons stated infra,
the prosection has met its burden of proving that Celaya’s
statements were lawfully obtained.
A. Allegedly forged Miranda warning form
Celaya first argues that, while the signature on the Miranda
waiver “looks like” his, it was in fact forged, and he has never
5 before seen the document--which, on the prosecution’s own
account, was the sole means by which Celaya was given his Miranda
warnings.
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UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT DISTRICT OF NEW HAMPSHIRE
United States of America
v. Criminal No. 11-cr-84-JL Opinion No. 2015 DNH 094 Rafael Humberto Celaya Valenzuela
MEMORANDUM ORDER
This case raises the question of whether the defendant,
Rafael Humberto Celaya Valenzuela (“Celaya”), validly waived his
Fifth Amendment rights, and therefore, whether his alleged
inculpatory statements were admissible at trial. In moving to
suppress the statements, Celaya makes two arguments. First, he
argues that he was never advised of his rights under Miranda v.
Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1960), despite the apparent presence of
his signature on a form advising him of his rights and
acknowledging his waiver of them; he claims his signature was
forged. Second, Celaya argues, even if the form is genuine, he
did not knowingly, voluntarily, and intelligently waive his
rights.
After an evidentiary hearing, the court orally denied the
motion to suppress.1 This order serves to set forth the bases
for the ruling in greater detail. See, e.g., United States v.
1 Though captioned as a motion in limine, Celaya’s challenge to the admissibility of his confession was, in fact, a motion to suppress, filed after the applicable deadline. See L.R. Crim. 12.1(b). The prosecution did not object to the motion as untimely, however, so the court has ignored that issue. Joubert, 980 F.Supp.2d 53, 55 n.1 (D.N.H. 2014) (noting a
district court’s authority to later reduce its prior oral
findings and rulings to writing), aff’d, 778 F.3d 247 (1st Cir.
2015). As fully explained infra, Part II, the evidence
establishes that Celaya did, in fact, sign the Miranda waiver.
This finding is supported by, inter alia, testimony of Special
Agent Tucker Heap, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (“FBI”)
302 Form summarizing Agent Heap’s interrogation of Celaya, the
waiver form itself, and Celaya’s testimony. Celaya’s second
argument also fails. The totality of the circumstances strongly
supports the finding that Celaya—an attorney who described his
own treatment as “friendly”—knowingly, voluntarily, and
intelligently waived his rights. Therefore, the prosecution has
met its burden of proving that Celaya’s alleged statements to law
enforcement personnel on August 7, 2012 were lawfully obtained.
I. Applicable Legal Standard
Under Miranda, law enforcement personnel must employ certain
warnings to suspects before subjecting them to “custodial
interrogation” in order to protect their Fifth Amendment
privilege against self-incrimination. United States v. Jackson,
544 F.3d 351, 356 (1st Cir. 2008); see also U.S. Const. amend. V.
(“No person . . . shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a
witness against himself.”). “Any statements obtained as a result
2 of custodial interrogation in the absence of Miranda warnings
must be suppressed.” Jackson, 544 F.3d at 356. The prosecution
bears the burden of proving by a preponderance of the evidence
that the suspect was given Miranda warnings and validly waived
his rights. Miranda, 384 U.S. at 475; U.S. v. Rojas-Tapia, 446
F.3d 1, 4 (1st Cir. 2006).
II. Background
The court makes the following findings of fact on testimony
and other evidence received at the suppression hearing.
On August 7, 2012, around 1:30 p.m., Spanish authorities
arrested Celaya based on warrants issued by this Court in
connection with indictments charging him, and others, with
conspiracy to distribute, and to possesses with intent to
distribute, a quantity of illicit drugs, including cocaine.
Several hours later, sometime between 5:30 p.m. and 6:30 p.m.,
FBI Agents Heap and Foley and Boston Police Detective Juan Seoane
arrived at the AC Hotel Cuzco in Madrid, Spain to interview
Celaya in his hotel room, where he was being held. When the
agents arrived, Celaya was sitting on the couch dressed in slacks
and a collared shirt, and his hands were handcuffed in front of
his body. Agent Heap sat beside Celaya on the couch, Detective
Seoane sat across from Celaya on a chair, and Agent Foley sat
behind everyone on the bed.
3 Agent Heap explained “why [they] were there” and “what
[they] were doing,” i.e., they had been investigating Celaya and
his associates for drug trafficking. Agent Heap then asked
Celaya if he preferred to converse in English or Spanish, and
after electing Spanish, Celaya received a Spanish-language
version of the form containing Miranda warnings.2 This
conversation occurred “before [they] asked [Celaya] any
question[s].” Aware that Celaya had been educated as a lawyer,
Agent Heap asked Celaya if he understood the form. Celaya stated
that he did and signed it in the agents’ presence, indicating
that he understood his rights but was waiving them. Agent Heap
also testified that, to avoid creating any confusion, he let the
form serve as the sole explanation of Celaya’s rights. Neither
Agent Heap nor other agents verbalized any Miranda warnings.
Shortly thereafter, Agent Heap and Detective Seoane signed the
form as witnesses. Questions and answers ensued. Celaya never
asked for a lawyer or to terminate the interview. In his
testimony at the suppression hearing, Celaya described his
treatment by Special Agent Heap as if “he were a friend.” Upon
completion of the interview, lasting less than an hour,3 Agent
2 While Celaya denied receiving the form, he does not contest the translation or content of the warnings contained on the form. 3 The prosecution says the interview lasted about 45 minutes, while Valenzuela says it lasted between ten and fifteen minutes.
4 Heap summarized the interview on a 302 Form, which included a
statement that “Celaya waived his rights.”
Roughly three months later, in November of 2012, Celaya,
then incarcerated in the United States, mailed Agent Heap two
handwritten letters. The first letter asked Agent Heap to visit
Celaya in prison without any attorneys to discuss something “very
important,” but did not provide any more details. The second
letter explicitly asked Agent Heap to strike a deal with Celaya
in exchange for cooperating with the prosecution in this case and
another. In the letter, Celaya refers to Agent Heap as a
“friend” and someone that inspires “confidence” in him, and that
he hopes they “can be a great team.”
III. Analysis
Celaya makes two arguments: (1) claiming his signature on
the form was forged, that he was never given his Miranda warnings
and (2) regardless, he did not knowingly, voluntarily, and
intelligently waive his rights. For the reasons stated infra,
the prosection has met its burden of proving that Celaya’s
statements were lawfully obtained.
A. Allegedly forged Miranda warning form
Celaya first argues that, while the signature on the Miranda
waiver “looks like” his, it was in fact forged, and he has never
5 before seen the document--which, on the prosecution’s own
account, was the sole means by which Celaya was given his Miranda
warnings.
Celaya’s sole evidence supporting his theory is his own
testimony that he never received the form. While Celaya’s
attorney cautiously began the examination of her client by asking
if Celaya “remember[ed] ever seeing” the form,4 Celaya testified,
definitively, that he never received it. The court did not find
Celaya to be a credible witness, particularly on this point. His
delivery, demeanor, and tone were calculated and calm, as if he
were advocating a position or argument rather than merely
reporting recollected facts. Furthermore, Celaya offered no
other testimony in support of his forgery claim--including by a
witness familiar with his handwriting or a handwriting expert.
See Fed. R. Evid. 901(b)(2)-(3). Indeed, as noted at the outset,
Celaya admitted that the signature on the form “look[ed] like”
his signature.
The prosecution’s evidence, on the other hand, is extensive.
Agent Heap testified both by affidavit and live at the hearing,
clearly stating in detail that Celaya had read and signed the Spanish-
language Miranda waiver form in Agent Heap’s presence. The FBI 302
4 This question was consistent with counsel’s pre-hearing proffer that Celaya would testify to not remembering having seen the form.
6 Form, setting forth a more contemporaneous account of that exchange
(which was entered into evidence at the hearing) provides further
corroboration, clearly stating Celaya was advised of and waived his
rights. Also contemporaneously, Detective Seoane and Agent Heap also
signed the Miranda waiver as witnesses. Last, there is no apparent
reason why the agents would forge Celaya’s signature, at least while
not doing the same for another defendant in this case who refused to
sign such a form.5
Based on this evidence, and the lack of any credible
contradictory evidence from Celaya, the prosecution has carried
its burden to prove by a preponderance of evidence that Celaya
was given Miranda warnings before he made the incriminating
statements.
B. Knowing, voluntary, and intelligent waiver
Celaya also argues that he did not knowingly, voluntarily,
and intelligently waive his Fifth Amendment rights against self-
incrimination. After receiving Miranda warnings, an accused may
waive his rights “provided the waiver is made voluntarily,
knowingly and intelligently.” Miranda, 384 U.S. at 444. To show
5 On the same day as Celaya’s interview, the agents interviewed Celaya’s accused co-conspirators, Jesus Manuel Gutierrez Guzman and Samuel Zazueta Valenzuela, regarding the same matters. While Guzman signed the Miranda waiver, Zazueta Valenzuela did not, and, in addition to leaving the signature line blank, the agents wrote “did not sign.”
7 a valid Miranda waiver, the prosecution proves by a preponderance
of the evidence that the “totality of the circumstances
surrounding the interrogation reveal [sic] both an uncoerced
choice and the requisite level of comprehension.” Moran v.
Burbine, 475 U.S. 412, 421 (1986); Rojas-Tapia, 446 F.3d at 4.
Courts consider several factors under the totality of the
circumstances test, including, inter alia: (1) the intelligence
of the accused; (2) the age of the accused; (3) his familiarity
with criminal justice system; (4) the physical and mental
condition of the accused; (5) any drug or alcohol influence; (6)
the explicitness of the waiver; and (7) the time lapse between
the waiver and the statements made. See Schneckloth v.
Bustamonte, 412 U.S. 218, 226 (1973) (using, inter alia,
intelligence, age, and various physical conditions resulting from
officer treatment as factors); Colorado v. Connelly, 479 U.S.
157, 165 (1986) (discussing drug influence); Michigan v. Mosley,
423 U.S. 96, 102–03 (1975) (discussing time lapse between waiver
and statements made); U.S. v. Rosario-Diaz, 202 F.3d 54, 69 (1st
Cir. 2000) (discussing prior involvement with the criminal
justice system); see also Correll v. Thompson, 63 F.3d 1279, 1288
(4th 1995) (“[T]he totality of the circumstances . . . include
the suspect’s intelligence and education, age and familiarity
with the criminal justice system, and the proximity of the waiver
8 to the giving of the Miranda warnings.”) (quotations and brackets
omitted). Consideration of these factors, insofar as they come
into play here, readily leads to the conclusion that Celaya’s
waiver of his rights was knowing, voluntary, and intelligent.
1. Intelligence, age, and familiarity with the criminal justice system
Celaya understood his actions and their consequences. He is
a middle-aged adult who has attended primary school, secondary
school, college, and taken post-college studies in law and
foreign commerce. He is “trained as a lawyer,” and he has
practiced civil law. Although he has never practiced criminal
law, he has had some exposure to it in his studies. Furthermore,
on two separate occasions, following his arrest, Celaya wrote to
law enforcement agents attempting to negotiate a deal in exchange
for information. This required at least some understanding of
our criminal justice system.6 Celaya stated he speaks “65, 75
percent” English, and his native language is Spanish. However,
Celaya elected to conduct the interview in Spanish, and to
receive the Miranda waiver in Spanish.
6 Celaya’s attorney also seemed to suggest at the hearing that he was confused whether his charges were Spanish or American and also that he was fearful because he had never been arrested before. However, the evidence did not support these assertions and, and even true, they would have little if any impact on the validity of his waiver.
9 2. Physical and mental condition and drug or alcohol influence
Celaya’s will was not overborne. The agents interviewed
Celaya in his hotel room for under an hour while he sat on the
couch. Although Celaya was handcuffed, he testified that Agent
Heap treated him as if “he were a friend.” Celaya also wrote
letters to Agent Heap from prison, describing him as a “friend,”
and someone that inspires “confidence” in him. There is no
evidence that the other agents treated Celaya any differently.
While Spanish authorities detained Celaya several hours prior to
the agents’ interview, there was no evidence that Celaya was
subjected to any sort of undue pressure or coercion. Also, there
is no evidence Celaya was under the influence of any drugs or
alcohol.
3. The explicitness of the waiver and the time lapse
The form Celaya was given explicitly enumerated his rights,
and his statements to the agents directly followed his receipt of
the form. At no point did he ask to terminate the interview.
Celaya read the Miranda waiver in his native language, and he
indicated he understood it orally and by signature. Based on
this evidence, the prosecution has sustained its burden to show
by a preponderance of evidence that Celaya validly waived his
Fifth Amendment rights against self-incrimination.
10 IV. Conclusion
For the foregoing reasons, Celaya’s motion to suppress7 is
DENIED.
SO ORDERED.
Joseph N. Laplante United States District Judge
Dated: May 11, 2015
cc: Donald A. Feith, AUSA Andrew S. Feldman, Esq. Jeffrey E. Feiler, Esq. Julie K. Connolly, Esq.
7 Document no. 160.