OPINION
GOLDBERG, Senior Judge.
Before the Court is a Motion for a Preliminary Injunction from plaintiff U.S. Association of Importers of Textiles and Apparel, dated December 1, 2004. Plaintiff requests that the Court enjoin defendant, during the pendency of this action, from accepting, considering, or taking any further action on requests filed under the procedures issued by the Committee for the Implementation of Textile Agreements (“CITA”) in 68 Fed.Reg. 27787 (May 21, 2003) that are based on the
threat
of market disruption upon the elimination of quotas or safeguards on textile or textile products from the People’s Republic of China (“China”). Defendant United States opposes the Motion and also moves to dismiss.
A hearing was held on Monday, December 20, 2004 concerning plaintiffs Motion for a Preliminary Injunction. As conceded by both parties at the hearing and in their briefs, the Court has subject matter jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C.
§ 1681(0(8).
Background
On January 1, 2005, all quotas on the importation of textile and apparel products made in World Trade Organization (“WTO”) member countries will be eliminated, pursuant to the Uruguay Round Agreements.
See Agreement on Textiles and Clothing
(“ATC”), Apr. 15, 1994, Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization, Annex 1A;
see also
19 U.S.C. § 3511 (codifying approval of and general provisions relating to the Uruguay Round Agreements). Although China is entitled to the benefits of the ATC, under the terms of China’s accession to the WTO, the United States may impose temporary textile-specific safeguard measures on Chinese imports of textile and apparel products under certain circumstances (“textile-specific safeguards”).
See Protocol on the Accession of the People’s Republic of China,
§ 1.2, WT/L/432 (Nov. 23, 2001);
Report of the Working Party on the Accession of China,
paras. 241-42, 342, WT/ MIN(01)/3 (Nov. 10, 2001) (together “China’s Accession Agreement”).
On behalf of defendant, CITA has assumed the administration of the textile-specific safeguards based on its general authority to “supervise the implementation of all textile trade agreements.” Exec. Order 11651, 37 Fed.Reg. 4699 (Mar. 3, 1972),
as amended by
Exec. Order 11951, 42 Fed.Reg. 1453 (Jan. 6, 1977),
as further amended by
Exec. Order 12188, 45 Fed. Reg. 989 (Jan. 2, 1980);
see also
7 U.S.C. § 1854 (delegating authority to executive branch to negotiate agreements with foreign governments limiting the exportation of textiles and textile products to the United States and to promulgate regulations to carry out such agreements). CITA is an interagency committee that includes representatives of the Office of the U.S. Trade Representative, the U.S. Department of Commerce, the U.S. Department of Labor, the U.S. Department of State, and the U.S. Department of the Treasury.
In May 2003, CITA published in the
Federal Register
a
Notice of Procedures
describing the rules that would govern CITA’s consideration of requests from the public for textile-specific safeguards on Chinese imports (the “China Textile Safe
guard Regulations”)-
See Procedures for Considering Requests from the Public for Textile and Apparel Safeguard Actions on Imports from China,
68 Fed.Reg. 27787 (May 21, 2003). As a procedural matter, CITA explained that it had determined that its
Notice of Procedures
was not subject to the Administrative Procedure Act (“APA”) requirements to provide prior notice and opportunity for public comment, pursuant to 5 U.S.C. § 553(a)(1) (foreign affairs exception) and 5 U.S.C. § 553(b)(A) (exception for interpretative rules, general statements of policy, or rules of agency organization, procedure, or practice).
Id.
at 27788. CITA further stated that it believed that any of its actions under the textile-specific safeguards were not subject to the APA rulemaking provisions under the foreign affairs exception.
Id.
Substantively, in describing the scope of the China Textile Safeguard Regulations, the
Notice of Procedures
directed that:
A request [for a textile-specific safeguard] will only be considered if the request includes the specific information set forth below in support of a claim that the Chinese origin textile or apparel product is,
due to market disruption,
threatening to impede the orderly development of trade in like or directly competitive products.
Id.
(emphasis added). Supporting information was specified as: (A) a product description; (B) import data, which “should demonstrate that imports of Chinese origin textile and apparel products ... are increasing rapidly in absolute terms”; (C) production data; and (D) market share data.
Id.
at 27788-89.
Further, the
Notice of Procedures
specified a three-tier process for CITA’s consideration of requests under the China Textile Safeguard Regulations.
Id.
at 27789. First, upon receipt of a safeguard request from the public, CITA determines within 15 days whether the request falls within the scope of the China Textile Safeguard Regulations.
Id.
Second, if CITA determines that a request meets the necessary requirements, CITA publishes a Notice Seeking Public Comments in the
Federal Register
and opens a 30-day public comment period.
Id.
Third, within 60 days of the close of the public comment period, CITA determines whether to impose the safeguard.
Id.
In case of an affirmative determination, CITA simultaneously imposes the safeguard (calculated pursuant to the terms of China’s Accession Agreement) and initiates negotiations with China “with a view to easing
or avoiding
market disruption.”
Id.
(emphasis added).
Beginning in July 2003, domestic textile producers filed four safeguard requests on a variety of textiles, including Chinese gloves that were still under quota.
See
68 Fed.Reg. 49440 (Aug. 18, 2003). In August 2003, CITA agreed to consider three requests.
See id.
at 49441, 49445, 49449. However, CITA rejected consideration of the fourth request concerning Chinese gloves still under quota. In a letter to the National Textile Association, CITA’s Chairman indicated that the request was rejected because CITA would not accept requests for safeguards on products still under quota.
See
Plaintiffs Memorandum of Points and Authorities in Support of Plaintiffs Motion for a Preliminary Injunction (“Pl.’s Br.”) at Ex. 4 (Letter from James C. Leonard III to National Textile
Association of 8/13/03). However, in June 2004, CITA accepted for consideration a request for safeguards on several merged categories of Chinese socks, including cotton socks that were still under quota. Thereafter, CITA decided to act on the merged request for safeguards because it determined that “imports of socks from China play a significant role in the existence of and
threat
of market disruption.” 69 Fed.Reg. 63371, 63372 (Nov. 1, 2004) (emphasis added). CITA imposed quotas on the merged categories of Chinese socks, resulting in a double quota on Chinese cotton socks for the remainder of 2004, and initiated negotiations with the Chinese government.
Id.
From July to August 2004, CITA and U.S. Department of Commerce officials made statements to various publications indicating that the China Textile Safeguard Regulations “were intended for cases of actual market disruption rather than the threat of such disruption.” BNA Daily Report for Executives, No. 141,
China Textile Safeguards to Focus on Market Disruption Cases, Official Says,
at A-28 (July 23, 2004). Then, in September 2004, CITA announced that “existing U.S. regulations would allow safeguards based on threat of a possible surge in imports, rather than an actual surge.” China Trade Extra,
Aldonas Insists China Textile Regs Can Handle Import Threat Cases
(Sept. 3, 2004). None of these statements were made in the
Federal Register.
Since October 2004, CITA has accepted for consideration 12 requests for safeguards under the China Textile Safeguard Regulations which allege threat of market disruption (rather than actual market disruption) by Chinese textile imports (“threat-based requests”).
See
69 Fed. Reg. 64034 (Nov. 3, 2004); 69 Fed.Reg. 64911 (Nov. 9, 2004); 69 Fed.Reg. 64912 (Nov. 9, 2004); 69 Fed.Reg. 64913 (Nov. 9, 2004); 69 Fed.Reg. 64914 (Nov. 9, 2004); 69 Fed.Reg. 64915 (Nov. 9, 2004); 69 Fed. Reg. 68133 (Nov. 23, 2004); 69 Fed.Reg. 70661 (Dec. 7, 2004); 69 Fed.Reg. 71781 (Dec. 10, 2004); 69 Fed.Reg. 75516 (Dec. 17, 2004); 69 Fed.Reg. 77232 (Dec. 27, 2004); 69 Fed.Reg. 77998 (Dec. 29, 2004). CITA has not yet acted on any of these requests.
Plaintiff commenced this action by filing a complaint on December 1, 2004. In its complaint, plaintiff alleges that its members made their business plans for 2005 in reliance on CITA’s rules and public representations that it would not consider threat-based requests. However, given CITA’s recent acceptance of threat-based requests, plaintiffs members have felt compelled to reconfigure their sourcing plans for 2005, since they fear that China will be subject to extremely tight quota restrictions earlier than they had anticipated. As a result, plaintiff asks the Court to enjoin CITA from further accepting, considering, or otherwise proceeding with requests for safeguard measures based on a threat of market disruption.
Discussion
To prevail on its Motion for a Preliminary Injunction, plaintiff must show: (1) that it will be immediately and irreparably injured; (2) that the balance of hardship on all the parties favors the petitioner; (3) that there is a likelihood of success on the merits; and (4) that the public interest would be better served by the relief requested.
Zenith Radio Corp. v. United States,
710 F.2d 806, 809 (Fed.Cir. 1983).
The Court agrees with plaintiff in both its Motion for a Preliminary Injunction and arguments made at the hearing. Accordingly, the Court finds that plaintiff is entitled to injunctive relief.
1.
Immediate and Irreparable Injury
To demonstrate immediate and irreparable injury, “plaintiff must prove that unless the injunction is awarded, some harm will result to it that cannot be reasonably redressed in a court of law.”
Am. Customs Brokers Co. v. United States Customs Serv.,
10 CIT 385, 386, 637 F.Supp. 218, 220 (1986).
Plaintiff alleges that, unless a preliminary injunction is issued, its members have been and will continue to be irreparably harmed by CITA’s consideration of threat-based requests under the China Textile Safeguard Regulations. Pl.’s Br. at 9. Plaintiff contends that CITA’s consideration of these requests is unsupported by the text of the China Textile Safeguard Regulations and represents an impermissible departure from CITA’s precedent and public statements.
Id.
at 10. Plaintiff alleges that its members reasonably relied on CITA’s rules and precedent with regard to the textile-specific safeguards in designing 2005 business plans.
Id.
As a result of CITA’s insupportable actions, plaintiff alleges that its members’ operations have been and will continue to be disrupted, and its members are being forced to make sub-optimal business decisions that cannot be undone or reimbursed if plaintiff ultimately succeeds on the merits of the case.
Id.
at 10-11.
The Court finds that several of plaintiffs irreparable harm allegations involve pure economic loss,
see, e.g.,
Declaration of [ ] (“[ ] Deck”) ¶ 6 (describing the company’s “substantial economic harm”); Declaration of [ ] (“[ ] Deck”) ¶ 8 (discussing increased shipping costs). As noted by defendant in its Response in Opposition to Declarations Filed by USA-ITA in Support of its Motion for a Preliminary Injunction (“Def.’s Opp’n”) at 19, economic loss alone is insufficient to justify preliminary injunctive relief.
See, e.g., Wis. Gas Co. v. Fed. Energy Regulatory Comm’n,
758 F.2d 669, 674 (D.C.Cir. 1985). However, the Court also finds that plaintiff has shown much more than just economic loss. Because of CITA’s
mere acceptance
of threat-based requests, plaintiffs members have found it prudent to cancel or consider canceling orders in China and move them to other countries where possible. [ ] Deck ¶7; [ ] Deck ¶¶ 4, 8; Declaration of [ ] (“[ ] Deck”) ¶ 9. However, it has been difficult for plaintiffs members to find suitable substitute factories because other importers are also scrambling to secure alternative production facilities.
See
[ ] Deck ¶ 4. This difficulty is exacerbated by the unrefuted fact that Chinese factories generally have fewer audit failures, ensure more on-time deliveries, employ highly skilled workers, and operate as some of the most efficient production facilities in the world. [ ] Deck ¶ 7. By being forced to move production to less efficient factories in other countries,
id.
¶ 11, plaintiffs members face the real possibility that they may not be able to deliver products to their customers in a timely manner, which will impair their goodwill and business reputation.
See
[ ] Deck
¶ 9; [ ] Decl. ¶ 7. This constitutes irreparable injury.
See Zum Constructors, Inc. v. B.F. Goodrich Co.,
685' F.Supp. 1172, 1181 (D.Kan.l988) (“Numerous cases support the conclusion that loss of customers [and] loss of goodwill ... can constitute irreparable harm.”);
Am. Customs Brokers,
10 CIT at 387, 637 F.Supp. at 221 (finding irreparable injury where plaintiff demonstrated substantial harm to business goodwill, business reputation, and a significant loss of new business).
In addition, plaintiffs members’ inability to stock shelves in a timely manner will create an unquantifiable ripple effect, as shortages of merchandise in one category can affect sales in other categories. [ ] Decl. ¶ 5; [ ] Decl. ¶ 4. Moreover, because of the slower production and transit times from countries other than China,
plaintiffs members are finding it necessary to place orders earlier than they normally would. [ ] Decl. ¶ 15. This, in turn, inhibits the member companies’ ability to respond to trend-specific demand, thereby creating an unquantifiable inventory risk.
Id.;
[ ] Decl. ¶ 7. The slow production and transit times also mean that plaintiffs members will be impeded in reordering and timely delivering high-demand items. [ ] Decl. ¶ 15. All of this constitutes irreparable injury as well.
See Lois Jeans & Jackets, U.S.A., Inc. v. United States,
5 CIT 238, 241-42, 566 F.Supp. 1523, 1526-27 (1983) (finding irreparable injury where plaintiff demonstrated an inability to fill its customers’ orders, injury to its reputation as a reliable supplier, potential unquantifiable costs required for altering its production methods, and a loss of past and future sales);
Am. Air Parcel Forwarding Co. v. United States, 1
CIT 293, 300, 515 F.Supp. 47, 54 (1981) (finding irreparable injury where plaintiff demonstrated significant disruption of its business operations).
Finally, plaintiff provided affidavits indicating that China is the only country from which some of its members are able to obtain certain goods. [ .] Decl. ¶17; [ ] Decl. ¶ 9. For instance, one of plaintiffs members is only able to obtain fine gauge knit sweaters from China. [ ] Decl. ¶ 17. However, these sweaters are the subject of threat-based requests that CITA has already accepted for consideration.
Id.;
Defendant’s Memorandum in Support of its Motion to Dismiss and Opposition to Plaintiffs’ Motion for a Preliminary Injunction (“Def.’s Br.”) at Schedule A. Thus, the member company has been unable to place its full commitment of orders in China for fear that a quota may be filled before it receives the sweaters. [ ] Decl. ¶ 17. This inability of plaintiffs members to obtain certain specialized products from countries other than China constitutes yet another type of irreparable harm.
See Green Stripe, Inc. v. Bemy’s Intemacionale,
159 F.Supp.2d 51, 57 (E.D.Pa.2001) (finding irreparable harm where defendant’s violation of an exclusivity clause in a sales contract prevented plaintiff from being able to sell a unique, perishable product for which there was no available substitute on the market);
Reuters Ltd. v. United Press Int’l, Inc.,
903 F.2d 904, 907-08 (2d Cir.1990) (finding that termination of the delivery of a unique product results in irreparable harm that is nearly impossible to value).
Defendant argues that plaintiffs assertions of irreparable injury are purely speculative because it is unknown whether CITA will actually impose safeguards. Def.’s Br. at 60; Def.’s Opp’n at 20. The
Court disagrees. The irreparable harm suffered by plaintiff arises directly from CITA’s
mere acceptance
of threat-based requests, since such acceptance makes it necessary for plaintiffs members to detrimentally alter their 2005 business plans. Moreover, contrary to defendant’s assertion, Def.’s Opp’n at 3, this irreparable harm is ongoing because plaintiffs members typically place about 30 percent of their orders for the second half of 2005 by January 2005. Pl.’s Br. at Ex. 1 (Declaration of Laura E. Jones) ¶ 18;
see also
[ ] Decl. ¶ 3. Thus, a full 70 percent of plaintiffs members’ orders for this period remain in limbo as a result of CITA’s actions.
Id.
For all these reasons, the Court finds that plaintiff has suffered, and will continue to suffer, irreparable injury if the Court does not enjoin CITA from accepting, considering, or taking any further action on threat-based requests.
2.
Balance of Hardships
Before granting the requested injunctive relief, the Court must also evaluate the balance of hardships in this case,
ie.,
“determine which party will suffer the greatest adverse effects as a result of the grant or denial of the preliminary injunction.”
Ugine-Savoie Imphy v. United States,
24 CIT 1246, 1250, 121 F.Supp.2d 684, 688 (2000).
The balance of hardships favors granting the requested relief. As discussed above, plaintiff will suffer irreparable injury if an injunction is not issued enjoining CITA’s consideration of threat-based requests under the China Textile Safeguard Regulations. In contrast, defendant will not suffer any cognizable harm by issuance of the requested injunction. Contrary to defendant’s contention, Def.’s Br. at 67, defendant will still be able to effectively administer the textile-specific safeguards guaranteed by China’s Accession Agreement. For example, under the China Textile Safeguard Regulations, CITA may still consider safeguard requests from the public based on
actual
market disruption caused by Chinese products. 68 Fed.Reg. at 27789. As conceded by defendant, Def.’s Opp’n at 16, CITA may also self-initiate such an inquiry. 68 Fed.Reg. at 27789. Further, since the commencement of this action, CITA has exercised its authority to deny immediate entry into the United States of any products (including Chinese products) shipped in 2004, in excess of 2004 quota limits, for importation in January 2005.
See
Entry of Shipments of Cotton, Wool, Man-Made Fiber, Silk Blend and Other Vegetable Fiber Textiles and Apparel in Excess of 2004 Agreement Limits or Certain China Safeguard Limits, 69 Fed.Reg. 72181, 72181-82 (Dec. 13, 2004). This measure will certainly enable CITA to limit the volume of Chinese products entering the United States in early 2005. As such, defendant has failed to show that the requested injunctive relief would adversely affect the ability of the United States to implement the terms of China’s Accession Agreement or protect the domestic textile industry from a surge of Chinese imports.
See Associated Dry Goods Corp. v. United States,
1 CIT 306, 311, 515 F.Supp. 775, 779-80 (1981) (denying preliminary injunction where CITA’s ability to conduct foreign policy, implement trade agreements, and protect domestic industry would be impeded).
Where
“
‘little if any harm will befall other interested persons,’ ” the balance of hardships test favors granting injunctive relief.
Id.
at 312, 515 .F.Supp. 775, (quoting
Wash. Metro. Area Transit Com’n v. Holiday Tours, Inc.,
559 F.2d 841, 844 (D.C.Cir.1977)). However, as argued by defendant, Def.’s Opp’n at 15, even where the balance of hardships favors the mov-
ant, injunctive relief is nonetheless inappropriate where it would effectively grant the relief ultimately requested.
Id.
at 311, 515 F.Supp. at 780 (citing
Selchow & Righter Co. v. W. Printing & Lithographing Co.,
112 F.2d 430, 431, (7th Cir.1940)) (denying preliminary injunction against imposition of quotas by CITA in part because interlocutory injunction would achieve ultimate relief sought). The rationale for this rule is that “[a] court should not grant temporary relief in the form of a preliminary injunction which will dispose of the case on the merits.”
Manhattan Shirt Co. v. United States,
2 CIT 270, 274 (1981) (denying preliminary injunction against enforcement of CITA-embargoed merchandise in part because injunction would dispose of the case on the merits). Here, the scope of plaintiffs complaint clearly exceeds that of the requested preliminary injunction. In its complaint, plaintiff has raised an important question as to whether CITA’s delegated authority to administer textile agreements includes the authority to issue regulations pursuant to China’s Accession Agreement. Whether a WTO accession agreement is a “textile agreement” within the meaning of 7 U.S.C. § 1854 is a question of first impression. If plaintiff is fully successful on the merits of the case, CITA’s China Textile Safeguard Regulations will be invalidated
in toto.
Such an order would far exceed the more limited scope of the requested preliminary injunction. As such, the balance of the hardships tips in favor of granting preliminary injunctive relief.
3.
Likelihood of Success on the Merits
The Court must also consider whether plaintiff has demonstrated a likelihood of success on the merits of its ease before a preliminary injunction may be issued.
Sanho Collections, Ltd. v. Chasen,
1 CIT 6, 12, 505 F.Supp. 204, 208 (1980). To satisfy this requirement, it is ordinarily sufficient for the party requesting the preliminary injunction to raise “ ‘serious, substantial, difficult and doubtful’ questions that are the proper subject of litigation” where it is clear that “the moving party will suffer substantially greater harm by the denial of the preliminary injunction than the non-moving party would by its grant.”
Ugine-Savoie Imphy,
24 CIT at 1251, 121 F.Supp.2d at 689 (quoting
PPG Indus., Inc. v. United States,
11 CIT 5, 8 (1987)).
In this case, plaintiff has raised sufficiently serious and difficult questions regarding the propriety of CITA’s actions to warrant issuance of the preliminary injunction. Specifically, plaintiffs complaint alleges that CITA’s acceptance of threat-based requests violates its own regulations and the APA. This allegation raises questions as to the applicability of APA rule-making procedures to CITA’s consideration of public requests for safeguards made pursuant to CITA’s own published regulations. This important issue was not addressed by the Court’s opinion in
Mast Industries, Inc. v. Regan,
8 CIT 214, 596 F.Supp. 1567 (1984) (finding APA rulemaking procedures inapplicable to regulations that define or alter quantitative limitations imposed pursuant to a bilateral trade agreement or unilateral action). In addition, plaintiffs complaint alleges that CITA has exceeded its delegated authority by assuming administration of the textile-specific safeguards without a clear Congressional mandate to do so. CITA’s ability to administer the terms of a WTO accession agreement is a novel question— both as a matter of first impression and in light of express Congressional action to delegate the administration of other aspects of China’s Accession Agreement to the International Trade Commission.
See
19 U.S.C. § 2451. Given the seriousness
of these questions presented, a preliminary injunction is justified in this case.
4.
Public Interest
Finally, “[ajssuming plaintiff has overcome the burden of showing the probability of irreparable harm and the likelihood of success on the merits, or alternatively, that the parties have presented serious questions of law and that the balance of the hardships tips in favor of the plaintiff, the court must still protect the public interest.”
Associated Dry Goods Corp.,
1 CIT at 311, 515 F.Supp. at 779.
In this case, the public interest would be served by granting the requested relief. It is clearly in the public interest that the trade laws be properly administered.
PPG Indus., Inc. v. United States,
14 CIT 18, 22-23, 729 F.Supp. 859, 863 (1990) (finding preliminary injunction against liquidation of entries ordered by the International Trade Administration appropriate to ensure fair interpretation of trade laws). Plaintiff, as the representative of multiple interested parties, has the right to participate in the judicial review process to challenge serious perceived errors in CITA’s administration of those laws.
See Cerámi-ca Regiomontana, S.A. v. United States,
7 CIT 390, 397, 590 F.Supp. 1260, 1265 (1984) (granting preliminary injunction where plaintiff raised serious concerns about the International Trade Administration’s methodology and findings affecting the public interest). Here, plaintiff has raised substantial questions bearing upon the propriety of CITA’s actions when considering requests for textile-specific safeguards from the general public. An injunction will “preserve plaintiffs rights until the merits and the issue of compliance with the law are fully considered. It will provide interim relief until those doubts that have been raised are eliminated.”
PPG Indus.,
11 CIT at 10 (finding preliminary injunction against liquidation of entries ordered by the International Trade Administration to be in public interest). Moreover, although there is a “valid public interest in a policy of quantitative import restrictions on textile products[,j”
Sanho,
1 CIT at 12, 505 F.Supp. at 208, injunctive relief in this case will not impede CITA’s ability to
impose
textile-specific safeguards. Accordingly, the public interest will be served by issuance of the requested injunction.
For the foregoing reasons, the Court grants plaintiffs Motion for a Preliminary Injunction. A separate order will be issued accordingly.