NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS NOV 12 2024 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
BRENDA PATRICIA URZUA-ALDANA No. 23-2634 DE RIVERA; MARIE VELO SANQUEZ Agency Nos. RIVERA URZUA; DYLAN JOSUE A206-362-046 RIVERA URZUA, A206-362-047 A206-362-048 Petitioners,
v. MEMORANDUM*
MERRICK B. GARLAND, Attorney General,
Respondent.
On Petition for Review of an Order of the Board of Immigration Appeals
Submitted October 25, 2024** San Francisco, California
Before: S.R. THOMAS, OWENS, and COLLINS, Circuit Judges.
Brenda Patricia Urzua-Aldana de Rivera (“Urzua”) and her two derivative
children, natives and citizens of Guatemala, petition for review of the Board of
* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. ** The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2). Immigration Appeals’ (“BIA”) decision dismissing Urzua’s appeal from an
Immigration Judge’s (“IJ”) decision denying asylum, withholding of removal, and
protection under the Convention Against Torture (“CAT”). As the parties are
familiar with the facts, we do not recount them here. We deny the petition for
review.
“Our review is limited to the BIA’s decision except where the IJ’s opinion is
expressly adopted.” Plancarte Sauceda v. Garland, 23 F.4th 824, 831 (9th Cir.
2022). Where the BIA agrees with the reasoning of the IJ, we “review the IJ’s
decision to the extent incorporated.” Medina-Lara v. Holder, 771 F.3d 1106, 1111
(9th Cir. 2014). We review legal conclusions de novo and factual findings for
substantial evidence. Plancarte Sauceda, 23 F.4th at 831. Factual findings are
conclusive unless a reasonable adjudicator would be compelled to conclude
otherwise. 8 U.S.C. § 1252(b)(4)(B). “When the BIA determines whether
particular acts constitute persecution for purposes of asylum, we have held
alternatively that the BIA’s determination is reviewed de novo or for substantial
evidence.” Singh v. Garland, 97 F.4th 597, 603 (9th Cir. 2024). Because Urzua’s
argument fails under either standard, we do not address the specific standard that
applies to the past persecution analysis in this case. See Fon v. Garland, 34 F.4th
810, 813 n.1 (9th Cir. 2022).
1. For the asylum and withholding of removal claims, Urzua alleges that she
2 23-2634 suffered past persecution because of threats she received in a letter and a phone
call while living in Guatemala. “An applicant alleging past persecution has the
burden of establishing that (1) [her] treatment rises to the level of persecution; (2)
the persecution was on account of one or more protected grounds; and (3) the
persecution was committed by the government, or by forces that the government
was unable or unwilling to control.” Baghdasaryan v. Holder, 592 F.3d 1018,
1023 (9th Cir. 2010).
Urzua does not establish that the harm she suffered rises to the level of
persecution. First, her argument that the BIA improperly “decided that threats
require a physical assault to constitute past persecution” is a mischaracterization of
the BIA’s decision. The BIA reasoned that, in the context of this case, the fact that
Urzua was never physically assaulted in connection with the extortionary threats
confirmed that she had failed to carry her burden to establish past persecution.
That is not the same as ruling that Urzua could not have established past
persecution without a physical assault.
Second, “unfulfilled threats alone generally do not constitute past
persecution.” Ruano v. Ashcroft, 301 F.3d 1155, 1160 (9th Cir. 2002). The only
threats in this case were communicated in one letter and one phone call. See Lim v.
INS, 224 F.3d 929, 936 (9th Cir. 2000) (finding no past persecution where the
petitioner was threatened but “[n]either [he] nor his family was ever touched,
3 23-2634 robbed, imprisoned, forcibly recruited, detained, interrogated, trespassed upon, or
even closely confronted”). The cases Urzua relies on are distinguishable. The
record shows no “violence against family members, vandalism, [or] economic
harm” as in Mashiri v. Ashcroft, 383 F.3d 1112, 1119 (9th Cir. 2004); no “near
face-to-face confrontations” with “men [she] knew to be armed and out to get
[her]” as in Ruano, 301 F.3d at 1160; and no “relentless[] harass[ment]” as in
Baballah v. Ashcroft, 367 F.3d 1067, 1071 (9th Cir. 2004).
Accordingly, Urzua did not establish past persecution. Because we hold that
Urzua’s treatment did not rise to the level of persecution, we do not reach the
parties’ arguments concerning whether Urzua’s proposed particular social groups
are cognizable or whether she met the nexus requirement. See INS v. Bagamasbad,
429 U.S. 24, 25 (1976) (“As a general rule courts and agencies are not required to
make findings on issues the decision of which is unnecessary to the results they
reach.”).
2. Urzua next argues that she has a well-founded fear of future persecution.
“Either past persecution or a well-founded fear of future persecution provides
eligibility for a discretionary grant of asylum.” Ratnam v. INS, 154 F.3d 990, 994
(9th Cir. 1998). “Absent evidence of past persecution, . . . a well-founded fear of
future persecution” is established “by showing both a subjective fear of future
persecution, as well as an objectively ‘reasonable possibility’ of persecution upon
4 23-2634 return to the country in question.” Duran-Rodriguez v. Barr, 918 F.3d 1025, 1029
(9th Cir. 2019). “However, an applicant ‘does not have a well-founded fear of
persecution if the applicant could avoid persecution by relocating to another part of
the applicant’s country of nationality . . . [and] under all the circumstances it would
be reasonable to expect the applicant to do so.’” Id. (quoting 8 C.F.R.
§ 1208.13(b)(2)(ii)).
Substantial evidence supports the BIA’s holding that Urzua did not
“establish[] that her fear of future persecution in Guatemala is objectively
reasonable.” After the threatening letter and phone call, Urzua relocated to
Quesada, where she and her children lived undisturbed for three years. Alex, her
suspected extortionist, never learned of her location nor at any time indicated a
continued interest in threatening or extorting her, even though he was “a family
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NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS NOV 12 2024 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
BRENDA PATRICIA URZUA-ALDANA No. 23-2634 DE RIVERA; MARIE VELO SANQUEZ Agency Nos. RIVERA URZUA; DYLAN JOSUE A206-362-046 RIVERA URZUA, A206-362-047 A206-362-048 Petitioners,
v. MEMORANDUM*
MERRICK B. GARLAND, Attorney General,
Respondent.
On Petition for Review of an Order of the Board of Immigration Appeals
Submitted October 25, 2024** San Francisco, California
Before: S.R. THOMAS, OWENS, and COLLINS, Circuit Judges.
Brenda Patricia Urzua-Aldana de Rivera (“Urzua”) and her two derivative
children, natives and citizens of Guatemala, petition for review of the Board of
* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. ** The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2). Immigration Appeals’ (“BIA”) decision dismissing Urzua’s appeal from an
Immigration Judge’s (“IJ”) decision denying asylum, withholding of removal, and
protection under the Convention Against Torture (“CAT”). As the parties are
familiar with the facts, we do not recount them here. We deny the petition for
review.
“Our review is limited to the BIA’s decision except where the IJ’s opinion is
expressly adopted.” Plancarte Sauceda v. Garland, 23 F.4th 824, 831 (9th Cir.
2022). Where the BIA agrees with the reasoning of the IJ, we “review the IJ’s
decision to the extent incorporated.” Medina-Lara v. Holder, 771 F.3d 1106, 1111
(9th Cir. 2014). We review legal conclusions de novo and factual findings for
substantial evidence. Plancarte Sauceda, 23 F.4th at 831. Factual findings are
conclusive unless a reasonable adjudicator would be compelled to conclude
otherwise. 8 U.S.C. § 1252(b)(4)(B). “When the BIA determines whether
particular acts constitute persecution for purposes of asylum, we have held
alternatively that the BIA’s determination is reviewed de novo or for substantial
evidence.” Singh v. Garland, 97 F.4th 597, 603 (9th Cir. 2024). Because Urzua’s
argument fails under either standard, we do not address the specific standard that
applies to the past persecution analysis in this case. See Fon v. Garland, 34 F.4th
810, 813 n.1 (9th Cir. 2022).
1. For the asylum and withholding of removal claims, Urzua alleges that she
2 23-2634 suffered past persecution because of threats she received in a letter and a phone
call while living in Guatemala. “An applicant alleging past persecution has the
burden of establishing that (1) [her] treatment rises to the level of persecution; (2)
the persecution was on account of one or more protected grounds; and (3) the
persecution was committed by the government, or by forces that the government
was unable or unwilling to control.” Baghdasaryan v. Holder, 592 F.3d 1018,
1023 (9th Cir. 2010).
Urzua does not establish that the harm she suffered rises to the level of
persecution. First, her argument that the BIA improperly “decided that threats
require a physical assault to constitute past persecution” is a mischaracterization of
the BIA’s decision. The BIA reasoned that, in the context of this case, the fact that
Urzua was never physically assaulted in connection with the extortionary threats
confirmed that she had failed to carry her burden to establish past persecution.
That is not the same as ruling that Urzua could not have established past
persecution without a physical assault.
Second, “unfulfilled threats alone generally do not constitute past
persecution.” Ruano v. Ashcroft, 301 F.3d 1155, 1160 (9th Cir. 2002). The only
threats in this case were communicated in one letter and one phone call. See Lim v.
INS, 224 F.3d 929, 936 (9th Cir. 2000) (finding no past persecution where the
petitioner was threatened but “[n]either [he] nor his family was ever touched,
3 23-2634 robbed, imprisoned, forcibly recruited, detained, interrogated, trespassed upon, or
even closely confronted”). The cases Urzua relies on are distinguishable. The
record shows no “violence against family members, vandalism, [or] economic
harm” as in Mashiri v. Ashcroft, 383 F.3d 1112, 1119 (9th Cir. 2004); no “near
face-to-face confrontations” with “men [she] knew to be armed and out to get
[her]” as in Ruano, 301 F.3d at 1160; and no “relentless[] harass[ment]” as in
Baballah v. Ashcroft, 367 F.3d 1067, 1071 (9th Cir. 2004).
Accordingly, Urzua did not establish past persecution. Because we hold that
Urzua’s treatment did not rise to the level of persecution, we do not reach the
parties’ arguments concerning whether Urzua’s proposed particular social groups
are cognizable or whether she met the nexus requirement. See INS v. Bagamasbad,
429 U.S. 24, 25 (1976) (“As a general rule courts and agencies are not required to
make findings on issues the decision of which is unnecessary to the results they
reach.”).
2. Urzua next argues that she has a well-founded fear of future persecution.
“Either past persecution or a well-founded fear of future persecution provides
eligibility for a discretionary grant of asylum.” Ratnam v. INS, 154 F.3d 990, 994
(9th Cir. 1998). “Absent evidence of past persecution, . . . a well-founded fear of
future persecution” is established “by showing both a subjective fear of future
persecution, as well as an objectively ‘reasonable possibility’ of persecution upon
4 23-2634 return to the country in question.” Duran-Rodriguez v. Barr, 918 F.3d 1025, 1029
(9th Cir. 2019). “However, an applicant ‘does not have a well-founded fear of
persecution if the applicant could avoid persecution by relocating to another part of
the applicant’s country of nationality . . . [and] under all the circumstances it would
be reasonable to expect the applicant to do so.’” Id. (quoting 8 C.F.R.
§ 1208.13(b)(2)(ii)).
Substantial evidence supports the BIA’s holding that Urzua did not
“establish[] that her fear of future persecution in Guatemala is objectively
reasonable.” After the threatening letter and phone call, Urzua relocated to
Quesada, where she and her children lived undisturbed for three years. Alex, her
suspected extortionist, never learned of her location nor at any time indicated a
continued interest in threatening or extorting her, even though he was “a family
friend” who “live[d] in a close by colony” and had “visit[ed] [her] mother in law
and brother in law.” Urzua also maintained constant social contact with Alex’s
aunt, but he still never threatened or expressed an interest in Urzua again.
Urzua draws several parallels between her case and Kaiser v. Ashcroft, 390
F.3d 653 (9th Cir. 2004), and Akosung v. Barr, 970 F.3d 1095 (9th Cir. 2020). But
in Kaiser, the petitioner and his family received numerous threatening phone calls
that escalated into death threats, were “followed by . . . assassins in an apparent
attempted kidnapping,” and, despite moving across the country, “received over 30
5 23-2634 calls from the same individual” who threatened to rape the petitioner’s wife and
“kill the entire family.” 390 F.3d at 656-57. And in Akosung, the petitioner
“attempted to hide from her pursuers in several different areas of Cameroon.” 970
F.3d at 1101. After word of her presence in one city was leaked, her pursuers
dispatched a delegation to capture her, which she only escaped after a struggle. Id.
at 1100-01. Urzua’s experience in Quesada sharply contrasts with those cases,
where the petitioners demonstrated that they could not safely internally relocate.
Accordingly, substantial evidence supports the BIA’s determination that
Urzua did not establish a well-founded fear of future persecution. Therefore,
substantial evidence supports the BIA’s denial of asylum and withholding of
removal.
3. Urzua finally contends that she is entitled to CAT protection. For CAT
protection, “an applicant must show ‘it is more likely than not that he or she would
be tortured if removed’” to the relevant home country. Plancarte Sauceda, 23
F.4th at 834 (quoting 8 C.F.R. § 1208.16(c)(2)). Urzua’s sole argument, citing
Cole v. Holder, 659 F.3d 762 (9th Cir. 2011), is that we purportedly have a “well-
settled remand rule” that BIA decisions not referencing country conditions are
remanded. But the Cole court did not announce an automatic rule of remand.
Rather, it reasoned that the BIA need not “discuss each piece of evidence
submitted” and that “a ‘general statement that [the agency] considered all the
6 23-2634 evidence before [it]’ may be sufficient” unless “there is any indication that the BIA
did not consider all of the evidence,” such as by “misstating the record [or] failing
to mention highly probative or potentially dispositive evidence.” Id. at 771-72
(citation omitted). Under 8 C.F.R. § 1208.16(c)(3), only “relevant information
regarding conditions in the country of removal” need be considered.
Urzua claims that “[a]bsent from the [BIA’s] analysis was reference to the
country conditions evidence showing murders against women for failing to comply
with extortion.” But the portion of the record Urzua cites only discusses domestic
violence and sexual harassment against women—the words “extortion” or “threat”
do not appear once. All but one of her other citations to country conditions are not
specific to Guatemala. The one specific to Guatemala cuts against Urzua’s claim,
stating that in “most cases” of extortion, “changing the phone number and/or not
responding to the threats will resolve the matter.”
Accordingly, substantial evidence supports the BIA’s determination that
Urzua was not entitled to CAT protection.
PETITION FOR REVIEW DENIED.
7 23-2634