Urban Outfitters, Inc. v. United Construction Co.

Opinion

3 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

4 DISTRICT OF NEVADA

5 * * *

6 URBAN OUTFITTERS, INC., Case No. 3:21-cv-00109-MMD-CLB

7 Plaintiff, AMENDED ORDER v. 8 DERMODY OPERATING COMPANY, 9 LLC, et al.,

10 Defendants.

11 12 I. SUMMARY 13 This is a breach of contract action involving the construction of a fulfillment and 14 distribution center. Plaintiff Urban Outfitters, Inc., brings claims against Defendants 15 Dermody Operating Company, LLC, the developer of the project, and United Construction 16 Co., the general contractor. (ECF No. 1.) Several motions are before the Court, including: 17 Dermody and United’s motions to dismiss (ECF Nos. 10 (“United’s Motion”), 12 18 (“Dermody’s Motion”)), Plaintiff’s motion for leave to amend the complaint (ECF No. 34), 19 Plaintiff’s motion to file supplemental briefing in support of its motion for leave to amend 20 (ECF No. 49 (“Plaintiff’s First Motion”)), and Plaintiff’s motion to file supplemental briefing 21 in opposition to Defendants’ motions to dismiss (ECF No. 58 (“Plaintiff’s Second 22 Motion”)).1 Plaintiff’s motions for leave to file supplemental briefing include notice of two 23 newly decided Nevada Supreme Court cases, which they argue impact the outcome of 24 the other pending motions. See Somersett Owners Ass’n v. Somersett Dev. Co., Ltd., 25 492 P.3d 534 (Nev. 2021); Dekker/Perich/Sabatini Ltd. v. Eighth Judicial Dist. Ct. in and 26 for Cnty. of Clark, 495 P.3d 519 (Nev. 2021). 27 28 1Defendants responded to both Plaintiff’s motions (ECF Nos. 50, 52, 59, 60), and 2 outcome of Plaintiff’s motion for leave to amend and will therefore deny the First Motion. 3 However, the Court further finds that Dekker is new authority which does affect the 4 outcome of Defendants’ Motions and Plaintiff’s motion for leave to amend, and will 5 therefore grant Plaintiff’s Second Motion. Because the parties included their arguments 6 about Dekker’s applicability to this case, the Court finds further briefing is unnecessary. 7 Having considered the new authority cited in Plaintiff’s Second Motion, the Court will deny 8 in part and grant in part Defendants’ motions to dismiss, and will grant Plaintiff leave to 9 file an amended complaint.2 10 II. BACKGROUND 11 Plaintiff contracted with Defendants on May 11, 2011, for the construction of a 12 warehouse distribution and fulfilment center (the “Center”) in Reno, Nevada. (ECF No. 1 13 at 2-3.) Plaintiff agreed to pay Defendants $25,540,253.00 for the Center, which would 14 encompass approximately 462,720 square feet, as well as associated driveways, parking 15 areas, on-site utilities, and landscaped areas. (Id. at 3.) The construction was 16 substantially completed on January 31, 2012, and Plaintiff took occupancy on February 17 2, 2012.3 (ECF Nos. 13-2, 13-3.) 18 Plaintiff alleges that sometime around September 2019, it became aware that the 19 Center had sustained significant damage, initially believed to be the result of excessive 20 rainfall and the resulting rise of water level in nearby Silver Lake. (ECF No. 1 at 9.) The 21 damage included disruption and cracking of the asphalt and concrete around the truck 22 23 2The language in this sentence was amended to correct a clerical error. As 24 explained below, the Court will grant Defendants’ motions to dismiss in part because Plaintiff’s negligence claim is barred by the economic loss doctrine. Accordingly. the 25 motions to dismiss are denied only in part.

26 3United requests the Court take judicial notice of certain documents, including the Certificate of Substantial Completion issued by the City of Reno. (ECF Nos. 13, 13-2, 13- 27 3.) Dermody joined the request (ECF No. 17), and Plaintiff did not oppose or otherwise respond to the request. Plaintiff did attach to the Complaint a damage evaluation letter 28 prepared for Zurich Insurance Company dated January 29. 2020, which indicates receipt of the Certificate of Occupancy on the same date. (ECF No. 1-1 at 69.) 2 docking bay structure. (Id.) 3 Plaintiff hired Sean Wagner of NewStudio Architecture, LLC, to examine the 4 damage and investigate its cause. (Id. at 6.) Wagner conducted a site visit on September 5 9-12, 2019, and prepared a report dated October 4, 2019. (ECF No. 1-1 at 44-46 6 (“Wagner Report”).) Wagner concluded that the damage was not in fact caused by a one- 7 time weather event, but rather was attributable to conditions that were either improperly 8 assessed or not taken into consideration in the original design and construction of the 9 Center. (ECF No. 1 at 9-10.) 10 After a claim of loss was filed, Zurich Insurance retained an outside consulting 11 firm—Madsen, Kneppers & Associates, Inc. (“MKA”)—to evaluate the roof. (ECF No. 1 at 12 8.) MKA performed two site visits in December 2019 and January 2020, and issued a 13 report dated January 29, 2020 (“MKA Report”). (ECF No. 1-1 at 67.) MKA concluded that 14 the damage to the roof was “not the result of adverse weather conditions or elevated wind 15 speeds, but rather original design and construction.” (Id. at 69.) The MKA Report also 16 notes that “there have been ongoing issues with the roof since original construction,” and 17 details invoices for repairs ranging from November 2018 to March 2019. (Id. at 73-74.) 18 However, Defendants assert that the Center’s roof sustained damage as early as 19 2011, before any time mentioned in the Complaint. (ECF No. 10 at 16.) Sometime in 20 November 2011, before the substantial completion of construction, Defendants claim the 21 Center’s roof was damaged by high wind and moisture, which caused the roof fasteners 22 to pull out of the roofing deck. (Id.) 23 Plaintiff filed suit on March 3, 2021, nine years after the substantial completion of 24 construction. (ECF No. 1.) Defendants now claim that Nevada’s statutes of repose and 25 limitations bar Plaintiff from pursuing its breach of contract claims. (ECF Nos. 10, 12.) 26 Plaintiff opposes Defendants’ Motions, and seeks to file an amended complaint that adds 27 claims and parties to this action. (ECF Nos. 20, 22, 34.) 28 /// 2 Supreme Court issued two decisions that address Nevada’s statute of repose. Plaintiff 3 subsequently filed a motion for leave to file supplemental briefing after each decision was 4 issued. (ECF Nos. 49, 58.) Defendants opposed both of Plaintiff’s motions and included 5 in their briefing arguments not only against granting supplemental briefing, but directly 6 addressing the applicability of the Somersett and Dekker decisions to this action. (ECF 7 Nos. 50, 52, 59.) The Nevada Supreme Court summarily denied a petition for rehearing 8 in Dekker on October 28, 2021.4 9 III. LEAVE TO FILE SUPPLEMENTAL BRIEFING 10 Plaintiff filed two motions for leave to file supplemental briefing. In the First Motion, 11 Plaintiff argued that the Nevada Supreme Court recently indicated in Somersett Owners 12 Ass’n v. Somersett Dev. Co., Ltd., 492 P.3d 534 (Nev. 2021), that a qualifying fraud claim 13 may justify equitable tolling of the statute of repose, and therefore requested leave to file 14 supplemental briefing in support of its motion for leave to amend the complaint. (ECF No. 15 49.) In the Second Motion, Plaintiff argued that the Nevada Supreme Court in 16 Dekker/Perich/Sabatini Ltd. v. Eighth Judicial Dist. Ct. in and for Cnty. of Clark, 495 P.3d 17 519 (Nev. 2021), conclusively found that the 2019 amendments to NRS § 11.202 revives 18 claims which otherwise would have expired under the 2015 version of the statute, and 19 therefore requested leave to file supplemental briefing in support of its opposition to 20 Defendants’ motions to dismiss. (ECF No. 58.) “A party may not file supplemental 21 pleadings, briefs, authorities, or evidence without leave of court granted for good cause.” 22 LR 7-2(g). “Good cause may exist either when the proffered supplemental authority 23 controls the outcome of the litigation, or when the proffered supplemental authority is 24 precedential, or particularly persuasive or helpful.” Alps Prop. & Casualty Ins. C. v. Kalicki 25

26 4The Court takes judicial notice of the post-judgment proceedings in Dekker, available on the Nevada Supreme Court’s website. See Dekker/Perich/Sabatini Ltd. v. 27 Eighth Judicial Dist. Ct. in and for Cnty. of Clark, Case No. 81459, Document No. 21- 31152 (Oct. 28, 2021), available at 28 http://caseinfo.nvsupremecourt.us/public/caseView.do;jsessionid=488CFBCF07B397C8 8EBEE9CA0AE113E2?csIID=59373. 2 the Court finds good cause only as to the Second Motion. 3 A. First Motion (Somersett) 4 The Court finds good cause does not exist to grant the First Motion. While the 5 Nevada Supreme Court did recently decide a case that involves Nevada’s statute of 6 repose for construction defect actions, Somersett Owners Ass’n v. Somersett Dev. Co., 7 Ltd., 492 P.3d 534 (Nev. 2021), that case did not introduce a new development in Nevada 8 law. The Nevada Supreme Court acknowledged in Somersett that whether the statute of 9 repose could be equitably tolled when a plaintiff alleges fraud was an open question of 10 law. Id. at 539-40. However, the Court refrained from directly answering that open 11 question. Id. at 540 (“We therefore leave the question of the existence and scope of any 12 such exceptions open for when that question is actually at issue.”). 13 Plaintiff argues that the dicta in Somersett suggests a qualifying claim for fraud 14 might justify equitable tolling of the statute of repose. (ECF No. 49 at 3.) In fact, though 15 the Nevada Supreme Court refrained from ruling on the issue as it was not properly 16 alleged, the court’s reasoning indicated that equitable tolling arguments, even for fraud, 17 are disfavored because the statute of repose mechanism differs from that of the statute 18 of limitations. See id. at 539. Accordingly, this Court finds that Somersett expressly 19 declines to address whether a fraud claim would justify equitable tolling of the statute of 20 repose, and that therefore supplemental briefing based on its issuance would be neither 21 helpful nor persuasive. 22 B. Second Motion (Dekker) 23 In the Second Motion, Plaintiff argues that the Nevada Supreme Court also 24 recently addressed whether the amended ten-year statute of repose could revive claims 25 that otherwise would have been extinguished under the former six-year statute of repose. 26 See Dekker/Perich/Sabatini Ltd. v. Eighth Judicial Dist. Ct. in and for Cnty. of Clark, 495 27 P.3d 519 (Nev. 2021). Plaintiff asserts that the holding in Dekker is both conclusive and 28 dispositive, and that the Court should refer to that authority and deny Defendants’ motions 2 supplemental briefing on whether Dekker affects the applicable length of the statute of 3 repose. (Id. at 3.) 4 Defendants oppose Plaintiff’s Second Motion, arguing: (1) Dekker did not address 5 due process rights protected by the Fourteenth Amendment, limiting its analysis to the 6 Nevada State Constitution (ECF No. 59 at 2); (2) the Nevada Supreme Court “ignored the 7 distinction between retroactively applying an extension of a statute of repose versus 8 revival of a non-existent claim (id. at 3), and (3) irrespective of Dekker, Defendants’ 9 motions to dismiss should be granted because Plaintiff’s claims are also time-barred 10 under the applicable statute of limitations (id. at 4). 11 Notably, neither party believes that further briefing is required, and both parties 12 have addressed Dekker’s applicability in their briefs. Because Dekker addresses a 13 question previously unanswered by Nevada law and relevant to Defendants’ motions to 14 dismiss, the Court finds that good cause exists to grant Plaintiff’s Second Motion. 15 Accordingly, the Court will consider the parties’ arguments as to Dekker’s applicability as 16 raised in connection with Plaintiff’s Second Motion. 17 IV. MOTIONS TO DISMISS 18 Defendants’ motions to dismiss make three arguments: (1) Plaintiff’s claims are 19 time-barred by Nevada’s statute of repose, (2) Plaintiff’s claims are barred by the statute 20 of limitations, and (3) Plaintiff’s negligence claims are barred by the economic loss 21 doctrine. (ECF Nos. 10, 12.) The Court will address each of Defendants’ arguments in 22 turn. 23 A. Statute of Repose 24 Defendants first argue that Plaintiff’s claims have been extinguished by the statute 25 of repose. (ECF No. 10 at 9-10.) In its present iteration, Nevada’s statute of repose 26 prohibits the commencement of a construction defect action “more than 10 years after the 27 substantial completion” of the project. NRS § 11.202(1). But prior to the statute’s 28 amendment in 2019, the applicable repose period was six years, not ten. See NRS § 2 on January 31, 2012. If the previous version of the statute of repose applies, Plaintiff’s 3 claims would have been extinguished on January 31, 2018. But if the present statute of 4 repose applies, Plaintiff’s claims would survive until January 31, 2022, and would not be 5 time-barred. 6 As explained above, while Defendants’ Motions were pending, the Nevada 7 Supreme Court issued an opinion which addressed whether the extended statute of 8 repose period applied retroactively. See Dekker/Perich/Sabatini Ltd. v. Eighth Judicial 9 Dist. Ct. in and for Cnty. of Clark, 495 P.3d 519 (Nev. 2021). The Nevada Supreme Court 10 found that it did: 11 As amended in 2019, NRS 11.202’s extended ten-year repose period retroactively applies to [plaintiff’s] claims against [defendant]. The 12 Legislature lengthened the statute of repose because the shorter repose period prejudiced Nevada residents, and the Legislature clearly intended 13 the amendment to apply retroactively. Furthermore, as amended, the plain language of NRS 11.202 allows a claim to be brought so long as it was filed 14 within ten years after the date of substantial completion of the construction work, regardless of whether the claim would have been barred under the 15 previous six-year statute of repose at the time the complaint was filed.

16 Id. at 525. 17 Defendants insist that the holding in Dekker does not control the outcome of this 18 action. (ECF Nos. 59, 60.) First, Defendants argue that the Nevada Supreme Court only 19 considered due process rights under the Nevada Constitution, but did not decide whether 20 retroactive application violated federal substantive due process rights arising from the 21 Fourteenth Amendment. Second, Defendants argue that even if the Nevada Supreme 22 Court did decide Dekker under both the Nevada and U.S. Constitutions, the holding in 23 Dekker conflicts with federal law because reviving an otherwise extinguished claim 24 violates the Fourteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution. (ECF Nos. 59 at 2, 25 60 at 2.) Finally, Defendants argue that another case, Salloum v. Boyd Gaming 26 Corporation, 495 P.3d 513 (Nev. 2021), contradicts the reasoning in Dekker and supports 27 Defendants’ Motions, permitting this Court to find that the Nevada Supreme Court’s 28 2 what aspects of Dekker control its reasoning, then addresses each objection in turn. 3 1. The Erie Doctrine 4 Typically, federal courts sitting in diversity “follow state substantive law and federal 5 procedural law when adjudicating state law claims.” Sonner v. Premier Nutrition Corp., 6 971 F.3d 834, 839 (9th Cir. 2020) (citing Hanna v. Plumer, 380 U.S. 460, 465 (1965)). 7 When deciding whether a law is substantive or procedural, courts use an “outcome- 8 determination” test—in other words, “does it significantly affect the result of a litigation for 9 a federal court to disregard a law of a State that would be controlling in an action upon 10 the same claim by the same parties in a State court?” Guaranty Trust Co. v. York, 326 11 U.S. 99, 109 (1945). 12 Outcome, however, is not the only consideration. See Byrd v. Blue Ridge Rural 13 Elec. Co-op., Inc., 356 U.S. 525, 537 (1958). Courts should not “mechanically” apply the 14 outcome-determination test, but instead should consider it when doing so would promote 15 “the twin aims of the Erie rule: discouragement of forum-shopping and avoidance of 16 inequitable administration of the laws.” Gasperini v. Ctr. for Humanities, Inc., 518 U.S. 17 415, 428 (1996) (quoting Hanna, 380 U.S. at 468). Because the federal courts comprise 18 “an independent system for administering justice to litigants who properly invoke its 19 jurisdiction,” there are times when “affirmative countervailing concerns” require a federal 20 court to give effect to “essential characteristics” of the federal system. Byrd, 356 U.S. at 21 537; see also Snead v. Metropolitan Prop. & Cas. Ins. Co., 237 F.3d 1080, 1091 (9th Cir. 22 2001) (recognizing that in some circumstances, “overriding federal interests require an 23 application of federal law” when state law would otherwise apply). Conversely, when state 24 procedural rules “are ‘intimately bound up with the state’s substantive decision making’ 25 or ‘serve substantive state policies,’” federal courts sitting in diversity must give even a 26 procedural state rule “full effect.” In re Cnty. of Orange, 784 F.3d 520, 530 (9th Cir. 2015) 27 (quoting Feldman v. Allstate Ins. Co., 322 F.3d 660, 667 (9th Cir. 2003)). Courts are 28 2 properly balance the interests of both systems. Sonner, 971 F.3d at 940. 3 The parties do not dispute that Nevada’s statute of repose is a substantive state 4 law. It is further undisputed that “[t]he Nevada Supreme Court is controlling authority on 5 questions of Nevada law.” Nev. Power Co. v. Monsanto Co., 955 F.2d 1304, 1306 (9th 6 Cir. 1992); see also U.S. Bank, N.A. Tr. for Banc of Am. Funding Corp. Mortg. Pass- 7 Through Certificates, Series 2005-F v. White Horse Estates Homeowners Ass’n, 987 F.3d 8 858, 863 (9th Cir. 2021) (“In a diversity case, the published decisions of the Nevada 9 Supreme Court bind federal courts as to the substance of Nevada law.”). Moreover, the 10 Nevada Supreme Court directly held that NRS § 11.202(1) permits a construction defect 11 action to be initiated within ten years of the date of substantial completion, irrespective of 12 whether the claim would have been barred under the previous six-year repose period. 13 Dekker, 495 P.3d at 525. Accordingly, traditional Erie considerations mandate that we 14 apply NRS § 11.202(1) as the Nevada Supreme Court would have had this action 15 proceeded in state court, which would permit Plaintiff’s claims. See Guaranty Trust, 326 16 U.S. at 109. 17 Defendants argue, however, that applying the holding in Dekker would violate their 18 substantive due process rights under the Fourteenth Amendment. (ECF Nos. 59 at 4.) 19 Accordingly, the Court must first determine whether the Nevada Supreme Court decided 20 Dekker on federal as well as state grounds. If so, the Court must consider whether federal 21 law conflicts with the holding in Dekker. If it does, the Court must decide if disregarding 22 the Nevada Supreme Court’s clear holding in Dekker is warranted, despite that doing so 23 would create disparate outcomes for cases proceeding in state and federal court. 24 2. Scope of the Dekker Decision 25 As a preliminary matter, the Court finds the Nevada Supreme Court did not limit its 26 holding in Dekker to claims brought under the Nevada State Constitution, despite 27 Defendants’ assertions. (ECF No. 59 at 2, 60 at 1.) The court clearly contemplated both 28 federal and state constitutional protections and precedent in finding that its holding did 2 Clause mirrors its federal counterpart, see U.S. Const. amends. V and XIV, § 1; Nev. 3 Const. art. 1, § 8(2), and Dekker thus urges us to look to federal law in resolving its 4 argument.”). The court cited not only to Nevada law, but also to American Jurisprudence 5 and authority from the Federal Circuit interpreting the Fifth Amendment’s Due Process 6 Clause. See id. at 525 (citing Schaeffler Grp. USA, Inc. v. United States, 786 F.3d 1354, 7 1362 (Fed. Cir. 2015) and 16B Am. Jur. 2d Constitutional Law § 964). Accordingly, the 8 Court finds that the Nevada Supreme Court did not intend to limit its holding to matters 9 arising under the Nevada State Constitution and must consider whether its holding 10 conflicts with federal law. 11 3. Conflict with Federal Due Process Law 12 Defendants argue that the Court should not apply the holding in Dekker to this 13 case because it is contrary to federal law. (ECF No. 59 at 3.) Arguing that federal law 14 prohibits retroactive revival of previously exhausted claims, Defendants aver the United 15 States Supreme Court has held such an action violates their substantive due process 16 rights.5 (ECF No. 60 at 2.) In Dekker, the Nevada Supreme Court did not decide whether 17 NRS § 11.202 created a vested property right, but reasoned instead that even if it had, 18 the amendment’s retroactive application was rationally related to a legitimate legislative 19 purpose. See 495 P.3d at 524. The Court finds the same is true under a federal 20 substantive due process analysis, and therefore no conflict justifies disregarding Dekker. 21 There are two steps to a federal substantive due process claim. First, the claimant 22 must show that they were “deprived of a ‘constitutionally protected life, liberty, or property 23 interest.’” Hotop v. City of San Jose, 982 F.3d 710, 718 (9th Cir. 2020) (citation omitted). 24 Second, the claimant must demonstrate the legislature acted impermissibly by infringing 25 on that right. If the right is “fundamental,” then “substantive due process provides 26 ‘heightened protection against government interference.’” Krainski v. Nev. ex rel. Bd. of 27

28 5Defendants do not make a takings argument, only a substantive due process argument. 2 Washington v. Glucksberg, 521 U.S. 702, 720 (1997)); see also Albright v. Oliver, 510 3 U.S. 266, 272 (1994) (“The protections of substantive due process have for the most part 4 been accorded to matters relating to marriage, family, procreation, and the right to bodily 5 integrity.”). But “state actions that implicate anything less than a fundamental right require 6 only that the government demonstrate ‘a reasonable relation to a legitimate state interest 7 to justify the action.’” Fields v. Legacy Health Sys., 413 F.3d 943, 956 (9th Cir. 2005) 8 (emphasis in original) (quoting Doe v. Tandeske, 361 F.3d 594, 597 (9th Cir. 2004)); see 9 also Gadda v. State Bar of Cal., 511 F.3d 933, 938 (9th Cir. 2007) (“Retrospective 10 economic legislation need only survive rational basis review in order to pass constitutional 11 muster.”); Jackson Water Works, Inc. v. Pub. Util. Comm’n of Cal., 793 F.2d 1090, 1093- 12 94 (9th Cir. 1986) (“The proper test for judging the constitutionality of statutes regulating 13 economic activity . . . is whether the legislation bears a rational relationship to a legitimate 14 state interest.”). 15 Defendants argue that because they had a vested property interest in not facing 16 suit once the six-year repose period expired, any legislative action which infringed on that 17 property right violates their substantive due process rights. As explained below, this is not 18 the case. 19 a. Constitutionally Protected Right 20 Defendants characterize their right in immunity from suit as a fundamental right. 21 (ECF No. 10 at 12.) Apart from several state supreme court cases which are not 22 applicable here, Defendants cite two Supreme Court cases to support this proposition. 23 See Chase Secs. Corp. v. Donaldson, 325 U.S. 304 (1945); William Danzer & Co. v. Gulf 24 & S.I.R. Co., 268 U.S. 633 (1925). Both opinions are in dialogue with Campbell v. Holt, 25 115 U.S. 620 (1885). In Danzer, the Supreme Court found that an amendment extending 26 a limitations period could not be applied retroactively because to do so “would be to 27 deprive defendant of its property without due process of law in contravention of the Fifth 28 Amendment.” 268 U.S. at 637. Reasoning that the limitations period was not simply a 2 implication that once the limitations period had expired, the defendant had a property right 3 in not being sued. Id. Consequently, the amendment extending the limitations period 4 deprived the defendant of that right. See id. 5 The Court revisited the link between a lapsed period to bring suit and 6 constitutionally recognized property rights in Chase Securities Corporation v. Donaldson. 7 See 325 U.S. at 315-16. The Court spoke broadly in Chase about the relationship 8 between retroactively extended statutes of limitation and their relationship to the Due 9 Process Clause: 10 The Fourteenth Amendment does not make an act of state legislation void merely because it has some retrospective operation. What it does forbid is 11 taking of life, liberty or property without due process of law. Some rules of law probably could not be changed retroactively without hardship and 12 oppression, and this whether wise or unwise in their origin, Assuming that statutes of limitation like other types of legislation could be so manipulated 13 that their retrospective effects would offend the Constitution, certainly it cannot be said that lifting the bar of a statute of limitation so as to restore a 14 remedy lost through mere lapse of time is per se an offense against the Fourteenth Amendment. 15 16 Id. at 315-16. The Court further reasoned that the defendant in Chase could show no way 17 in which it would have behaved differently had “the present rule been known and the 18 change foreseen.” Id. at 316. Instead, the defendant merely “expected to be able to 19 defend by invoking [state] public policy that lapse of time had closed the courts to the 20 case, and its legitimate hopes have been disappointed.” Id. However, the existence of the 21 statute of limitations did not give the defendant “a constitutional right against change of 22 policy before final adjudication.” Id. In no sense were statutes of limitation considered “a 23 ‘fundamental’ right.” Id. at 314. Instead, the defendant may “have the protection of the 24 policy while it exists, but the history of pleas of limitation shows them to be good only by 25 legislative grace and to be subject to a relatively large degree of legislative control.” Id. 26 Defendants argue that Chase further found statutes of repose, by contrast, do 27 create fundamental rights. (ECF No. 10 at 14.) The Court disagrees. While it is clear the 28 Supreme Court found statutes of limitations do not implicate fundamental rights, it 2 See Chase, 325 U.S. at 312 n.8. But in Chase, the Court explained that a state legislature 3 may pass legislation that inconveniences a party, even imposing liability on a defendant 4 from which they had reason to believe they were free, but still not violate due process. 5 See id. at 315-16. Extensions of limitation periods are not “per se” due process violations, 6 but instead prompt courts to consider whether the defendant relied on the extinguishment 7 of liability and would have otherwise acted differently had it known it would be subject to 8 liability, or whether the extension of time to bring suit merely reflected a change in public 9 policy. See id. 10 Since Chase was decided in 1945, courts have used its reasoning to find that 11 violations of statutes of repose that affect “economic” interests require only rational-basis 12 review. In Usery v. Turner Elkhorn Mining Company, the Court rejected a due process 13 violation claim when Congress retroactively created liability for defendants, reasoning that 14 “legislative Acts adjusting the burdens and benefits of economic life come to the Court 15 with a presumption of constitutionality, and [ ] the burden is on one complaining of a due 16 process violation to establish that the legislature has acted in an arbitrary and irrational 17 way.” 428 U.S. 1 (1976). As Plaintiff points out, the Supreme Court has repeatedly 18 reaffirmed that adjusting a party’s potential financial civil liability does not implicate a 19 fundamental right that would require heightened scrutiny of the legislature’s actions. See 20 Pension Benefit Guar. Corp. v. R.A. Gray & Co., 467 U.S. 717, 729 (1984) (finding that 21 retroactively applying penalties to employers who withdrew early from pension plans 22 focused on matters of economic policy of which Congress was due “strong deference”); 23 Gen. Motors Corp. v. Romein, 503 U.S. 181, 191 (1992) (finding a retroactive application 24 of a statute requiring a company to repay worker’s compensation benefits preserved the 25 balance of state policy). As these cases show, with the end of the Lochner era, the 26 Supreme Court developed a more nuanced approach to legislative action that reorders 27 economic responsibilities between parties in the almost 100 years since Danzer. Because 28 the property right Defendants assert is not “fundamental,” federal law only supports a 2 review. 3 b. Rational Relationship to Legitimate Government Purpose 4 The Court finds the 2019 amendment clearly passes constitutional muster. 5 Substantive due process claims concern “the exercise of power without any reasonable 6 justification in the service of a legitimate governmental objective.” Cnty. of Sacramento v. 7 Lewis, 523 U.S. 833, 846 (1998) (citing Daniels v. Williams, 474 U.S. 327, 331 (1986)); 8 see also Wolff v. McDonnell, 418 U.S. 539, 558 (1974) (“The touchstone of due process 9 is protection of the individual against arbitrary action of the government.”). Because the 10 Nevada Legislature heard testimony that the prior repose period was preventing property 11 owners from bringing valid construction defect claims, and that a longer repose period 12 would rebalance the equities between owners and construction professionals, the Court 13 finds the 2019 amendment was rationally related to a legitimate legislative purpose. 14 The statute of repose has twice been amended in the last ten years. Each time, 15 the Nevada Legislature endeavored to find the “right balance” when setting a repose 16 period for construction defect claims. (ECF No. 20-2.) Before passing the 2019 17 amendment, the Nevada Legislature heard testimony from law makers, local attorneys, 18 homeowners, and civil engineers, each explaining why a ten-year repose period is 19 required to give force to the protections of Nevada’s construction defect laws. (ECF No. 20 20-1.) Edred Marsh, an engineer, testified that in most states he practices there is a ten- 21 year statute of response because “soil problems take a long time to manifest,” explaining 22 that the seven-year drought in Nevada is a good example of why a six-year repose period 23 is too short. (Id. at 12.) Eva Segerblom, a local attorney, noted that in the year prior to the 24 proposed amendment only 20 construction defect lawsuits were filed in the entire state 25 “because changes in the law have made it impossible for homeowners to have a remedy.” 26 (ECF No. 20-1 at 10.) Kelly Cruz, a homeowner, testified that after her home experienced 27 substantial damage due to construction defect, she was barred from seeking relief by the 28 six-year repose period, though the damage had only recently occurred. (Id. at 11.) 2 before voting. (ECF No. 20-2 at 11.) But the Legislature also heard from the Nevada 3 Home Builders Association and considered the impact it may have on the construction 4 industry. (Id. at 18-20.) Indeed, after noting that the national average for construction 5 defect repose period was somewhere between eight and nine years, the representative 6 from the Home Builders Association raised the retroactivity issue and the potential 7 constitutional concern. (Id. at 19.) Despite those objections, the Nevada Legislature 8 enacted the 2019 amendment. 9 The Court finds that the Nevada Legislature’s actions were clearly rationally related 10 to a legitimate interest. Accordingly, there is no conflict between the Nevada Supreme 11 Court’s finding in Dekker with federal law, and no “overriding federal interest[]” the Court 12 must vitiate. See Snead, 237 F.3d at 1091. Not only would the outcome be the same 13 under Nevada law and federal law, but the twin aims of the Erie doctrine—discouraging 14 forum shopping and avoiding inequitable application of the law—is clearly better served 15 by applying NRS § 11.202 uniformly between state and federal courts. See Gasperini, 16 518 U.S. at 428. There is therefore no reason to disregard the Nevada Supreme Court’s 17 holding in Dekker. 18 4. Salloum and Alleged Disparities in Nevada Law 19 As a final matter, Defendants argue that another case decided on the same day 20 as Dekker supports the arguments in their Motions and contradicts the holding in Dekker. 21 (ECF No. 60 at 2.) Salloum v. Boyd Gaming Corporation holds that the “general 22 principle—that statutory enlargements of limitation periods do not operate to revive a 23 previously barred action absent clear expression of such application by the Legislature— 24 applies in Nevada.” 495 P.3d 513, 517 (Nev. 2021). Not only did the Nevada Supreme 25 Court decline to rehear Dekker in light of Salloum, but this Court also finds Salloum does 26 not preclude the result in Dekker or in this case. The Nevada Supreme Court found that 27 the Legislature clearly expressed an intent to revive actions otherwise barred by an 28 2 authority” on Nevada law. See Nev. Power Co., 955 F.2d at 1306. 3 The Court therefore adopts the holding in Dekker and finds that the statute of 4 repose does not bar Plaintiff’s claims because the Complaint was filed within ten years of 5 the date of substantial completion. 6 B. Statute of Limitations and Rule 12(d) 7 Defendant United attached five exhibits to its Motion to attempt to prove the statute 8 of limitations has run on Plaintiff’s claims.6 (ECF No. 10 at 20-52 (collectively, “United’s 9 Exhibits”).) Defendants claim that the Court may consider these exhibits without 10 converting United’s Motion into a motion for summary judgment by incorporating the 11 exhibits by reference into the Complaint. (Id. at 7.) Plaintiff argues this is improper, and 12 that if the Court decides to consider United’s Motion as a Rule 12(c) motion, it must be 13 converted to a motion for summary judgment pursuant to Rule 12(d). (ECF No. 20 at 13.) 14 Moreover, if the Court does decide to consider United’s Exhibits, Plaintiff requests that 15 the Court also order a continuance for the motion so that Plaintiff may conduct discovery. 16 (Id.) 17 First, the Court agrees with Plaintiff that consideration of United’s Exhibits would 18 mandate conversion of United’s Motion into a motion for summary judgment. However, 19 as further explained below, the Court declines to consider United’s Exhibits and will deny 20 United’s Motion without prejudice as to its state of limitations defense. 21 1. Incorporation-by-Reference 22 Defendants first argue the Court may consider the exhibits attached to United’s 23 Motion because the exhibits attached to Plaintiff’s Complaint “all reference and rely upon” 24 the proffered exhibits attached to United’s Motion. (ECF No. 10 at 7-8.) Defendants seek 25 to incorporate-by-reference: (1) a letter from GAF dated January 24, 2013, addressed to 26 6Defendant Dermody did not raise a statute of limitations defense in its separate 27 Motion, but later joined United’s Motion. (ECF No. 15.) Accordingly, the Court refers to the statute of limitations defense initially asserted by United as collectively asserted by 28 Defendants. For ease of reference, the Court will continue to refer to the disputed exhibits as “United’s Exhibits,” attached to “United’s Motion.” 2 No. 10 at 21-23); (2) a letter from GAF dated May 7, 2015, addressed to Dave Ziel of 3 Urban Outfitters, reporting that United had been working with other groups “to repair the 4 wind damage” to the Center “which was report as early as November 2011” (id. at 25); 5 (3) a letter from GAF dated June 18, 2015, also addressed to Ziel, informing Ziel that GAF 6 was reinstating the original roof guarantee (id. at 27); (4) a report from Rimkus Consulting 7 Group dated April 7, 2014, prepared for C.N.A. Construction Defect Claims, detailing 8 damage to the roof attributed to wind and ongoing moisture content (id. at 29-50); and (5) 9 an email from Michael Wood at Urban Outfitters to a Mike Clements, dated April 11, 2019, 10 regarding roof repairs and whether roofing companies would accept their warranty (id. at 11 52). Because none of these documents were relied upon in the Complaint, the Court will 12 not incorporate them by reference. 13 “Unlike rule-established judicial notice, incorporation by reference is a judicially 14 created doctrine that treats certain documents as though they are part of the complaint 15 itself.” Khoja v. Orexigen Therapeutics, Inc., 899 F.3d 988, 1002 (9th Cir. 2018). “[A] 16 defendant may seek to incorporate a document into the complaint ‘if the plaintiff refers 17 extensively to the document or the document forms the basis of the plaintiff’s claim.’” Id. 18 (quoting United States v. Ritchie, 342 F.3d 903, 907 (9th Cir. 2003)). United States v. 19 Corinthian Colleges, Inc.655 F.3d 954 (9th Cir. 2011). But when a document “merely 20 creates a defense to the well-pled allegations in the complaint, then that document did 21 not necessarily form the basis of the complaint.” Id. “Submitting documents not mentioned 22 in the complaint to create a defense is nothing more than another way of disputing the 23 factual allegations in the complaint, but with a perverse added benefit: unless the district 24 court converts the defendant's motion to dismiss into a motion for summary judgment, the 25 plaintiff receives no opportunity to respond to the defendant's new version of the facts.” 26 Id. at 1003. 27 In the Complaint, Plaintiff never even mentions any of United’s Exhibits, and 28 certainly did not “extensively” reference the documents or their contents. There is no 2 and no discussion of the GAF warranty. Permitting Defendants to attach documents never 3 mentioned in the Complaint, which address intervening issues that may form a statute of 4 limitations defense but certainly do not form the basis of Plaintiff’s claims, is precisely the 5 type of angling that the Ninth Circuit cautioned against in Khoja. See 899 F.3d at 1003. 6 Because it stretches credulity to consider that United’s Exhibits were “extensively” 7 referenced in the Complaint, the Court finds that incorporation-by-reference would be 8 inappropriate.7 9 2. Rule 12(d) Conversion to Summary Judgment 10 Because United’s exhibits are newly introduced and may not be considered part 11 of the original Complaint, the Court must determine whether it should consider the exhibits 12 at all. The Court begins with the presumption it should not consider the exhibits, and 13 recognizes it may only consider them if it converts United’s Motion into one for summary 14 judgment. “If, on a motion under Rule 12(b)(6) or 12(c), matters outside the pleadings are 15 presented to and not excluded by the court, the motion must be treated as one for 16 summary judgment under Rule 56.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(d). “[F]ederal courts have complete 17 discretion to determine whether or not to accept the submission of any material beyond 18 the pleadings that is offered in conjunction with a Rule 12(b)(6) motion and rely on it, 19 thereby converting the motion, or to reject it or simply not consider it.” 5C Charles Alan 20 Wright & Arthur R. Miller, Federal Practice and Procedure § 1366 (3d ed. April 2021 21 Update); see also Collins v. Palczewski, 841 F. Supp. 333, 334 (D. Nev. 1993) (“This 22 Court retains discretion to exclude the consideration of matters outside the pleadings on 23 a motion to dismiss under Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6).”). “The central question is whether 24

25 7Even if the Court were to accept United’s assertion that incorporation-by- reference is appropriate when documents are extensively referenced by third parties in a 26 complaint’s attached exhibits—a proposition not clearly supported by the case law they cite to—Defendants’ argument is nevertheless tenuous. The exhibits Plaintiff attached to 27 its Complaint also never mention the Rimkus report, do not refer to the November 2011 wind damage, and only refer to the GAF warranty in passing. Plaintiff focuses its 28 allegations and proffered exhibits on the construction of the Center and the investigation of damage in 2019 forward. 2 disposition of the action or whether the court can base its decision upon the face of the 3 pleadings.” Collins, 841 F. Supp. at 335. 4 The Court agrees with Plaintiff that United’s Exhibits do not definitely determine 5 Plaintiff’s claims are time-barred. Setting aside for the moment that Defendants appear 6 to argue that Plaintiff should have been aware of the alleged breach before construction 7 was completed (ECF No. 10 at 8), none of the documents attached to United’s Motion 8 definitively show that Plaintiff was aware that Defendants had breached their construction 9 agreement at an earlier time than October 2019, as Plaintiff asserts in the Complaint. The 10 Court agrees with Plaintiff that, if it were to consider United’s Exhibits, Rule 56(d) relief 11 would be warranted so that both parties could conduct additional discovery. Because 12 considering the additional exhibits would not quickly “facilitate the disposition of the 13 action,” the Court declines to consider United’s exhibits. 14 3. United’s Limitations Defense 15 Defendants argue that Plaintiff’s claims accrued in November 2011, when Plaintiff 16 was put on notice that the roof membrane was damaged by wind and moisture. (ECF No. 17 25 at 11.) By contrast, Plaintiff argues that its contract claims accrued in 2019, when 18 Wagner reported that the roof was likely defectively designed or built. (ECF No. 1 at 9.) 19 Because allegations in the Complaint are taken as true when considering a Rule 12(b)(6) 20 motion to dismiss, the Court finds that Defendants have failed to meet their burden and 21 will deny United’s Motion on its statute of limitations defense. 22 “A federal court sitting in diversity applies the substantive law of the state, including 23 the state’s statute of limitations.” Albano v. Shea Homes Ltd. P’ship, 634 F.3d 524, 530 24 (9th Cir. 2011). Nevada law imposes a six-year statute of limitations for contract actions. 25 See NRS 11.190(1)(b). Limitations periods are computed “from the day the cause of 26 action accrued.” Clark v. Robison, 944 P.2d 788, 789 (Nev. 1997). “A cause of action 27 ‘accrues’ when a suit may be maintained thereon.” Id. Nevada applies the discovery rule 28 to contract actions, holding “an action for breach of contract accrues as soon as the 2 967 P.2d 437, 440 (Nev. 1998) (emphasis in original). “Dismissal on statute of limitations 3 grounds is only appropriate ‘when uncontroverted evidence irrefutably demonstrates 4 plaintiff discovered or should have discovered’ the facts giving rise to the cause of action.” 5 Id. at 441. 6 Defendants have not provided “uncontroverted evidence” that Plaintiff knew or 7 should have known of a breach of the contract before receipt of the Wagner Report. 8 Taking the allegations in the Complaint as true, Plaintiff asserts that prior to October 2019, 9 it believed that damage to the roof was not in fact caused by construction defect, but 10 rather by high wind and unprecedented rainfall. (ECF No. 1 at 6-7.) Plaintiff alleges it was 11 only after receiving the Wagner Report that it learned the installation was inadequate 12 under the terms of the contract. (Id. at 7.) Assuming Plaintiff discovered that Defendants 13 had breached their agreement in October 2019, as it claims, its contract claims are timely. 14 Even if the Court were to reject Plaintiff’s assertion, which would be improper on a 15 motion to dismiss, Defendants’ arguments to the contrary are unpersuasive. Defendants 16 argue that Plaintiff’s claims accrued in November 2011 when Plaintiff was “on notice” of 17 the damage to the roof. (ECF No. 10 at 16.) First, the Court is disinclined to believe that 18 Plaintiff should have known Defendants were in breach in November 2011, before the 19 City had issued a certificate of substantial completion and before Plaintiff had even taken 20 occupancy of the Center. But more importantly, the representations of both parties 21 suggest that not only did Plaintiff believe the damage was attributable to extreme weather 22 events, but third parties did as well. Defendants argue only that Plaintiff knew the roof 23 had been damaged, but fail to articulate that Plaintiff was or should have been on notice 24 that Defendants had potentially breached their agreement. 25 Because Defendants have failed to irrefutably show that Plaintiff was on notice that 26 Defendants may have breached their agreement, the Court will deny United’s Motion 27 without prejudice as to the statute of limitations argument. 28 /// 2 Defendants also argue that Plaintiff’s negligence claim is barred by the economic 3 loss doctrine. (ECF Nos. 10 at 17, 12 at 13-15.) Specifically, Defendants rely on Halcrow, 4 Inc. v. Eighth Judicial District Court, 302 P.3d 1148 (Nev. 2013), arguing the Nevada 5 Supreme Court has found negligence claims are barred in breach of contract actions 6 involving construction defects. (ECF Nos. 10 at 17, 12 at 13-14.) Plaintiff counters that 7 Halcrow and its predecessor, Terracon Consultants Western, Inc. v. Mandalay Resort 8 Group, 206 P.3d 81 (Nev. 2009), are limited to actions against design professionals, 9 which Defendants are not. (ECF Nos. 20 at 22, 22 at 16.) Plaintiff further argues that it 10 clearly pleaded that Defendants violated their ordinary duty of care to avoid reasonably 11 foreseeable damage to the Center. (ECF No. 22 at 17.) 12 Whether Halcrow and Terracon apply to contractors is immaterial to the outcome 13 of the negligence claim pleaded in the Complaint.8 As pleaded, Plaintiff’s negligence claim 14

15 8But contrary to Defendants’ assertions, the Nevada Supreme Court did not clarify whether its holdings in Halcrow and Terracon apply to contractors. Both Halcrow and 16 Terracon were actions against “design professionals.” See Halcrow, 302 P.3d at 1150 (involving a negligent misrepresentation claim against a structural steel engineer); 17 Terracon, 206 P.3d at 89 (involving a professional negligence claim against engineers and architects”); see also NRS § 40.623 (defining “design professional” as licensed 18 architects, interior designers, landscape architects, and engineers, but excluding contractors). Even though the parties in Terracon had asked the Nevada Supreme Court 19 to resolve “whether the economic loss doctrine precluded tort claims brought against contractors who solely provide services,” the Court reframed the question and expressly 20 declined to address whether its analysis would apply equally to contractors. See 206 P.3d at 85. 21 Pertinently, the Halcrow Court noted that Terracon “left open the door for exceptions to the economic loss doctrine for negligent misrepresentations claims ‘in [a] 22 certain categor[y] of cases when strong countervailing considerations weigh in favor of imposing liability.’” Halcrow, 302 P.3d at 1153 (quoting Terracon, 206 P.3d at 86). The 23 Court in Halcrow then largely closed that door, finding the economic loss doctrine barred negligent misrepresentation claims “in the context of commercial construction design 24 professionals.” Id. Other judges in this district have declined to strictly limit Halcrow to “design professionals.” See, e.g., Nev. Power Co. v. Trench France, S.A.S., 2020 WL 25 6689340, at *6 (D. Nev. Nov. 12, 2020) (finding a negligent misrepresentation claim barred by the economic loss doctrine because the defendant “provide[d] no justification 26 for why a bushings manufacturer should be treated differently than the design professionals in Halcrow”). Only when a plaintiff can articulate “‘strong countervailing 27 considerations [that] weigh in favor of imposing liability’ . . . where there is a significant risk that ‘the law would not exert significant financial pressures to avoid such negligence’” 28 will a court permit negligent misrepresentation claims in cases that assert purely economic losses. Halcrow, 302 P.3d at 1153 (quoting Terracon, 206 P.3d at 86, 88). 2 no recovery in tort for purely economic losses.’” Calloway v. City of Reno, 993 P.2d 1259, 3 1263 (Nev. 2000) (internal citation omitted), overruled on other grounds by Olson v. 4 Richard, 89 P.3d 31 (2004). “[E]conomic losses are not recoverable in negligence absent 5 personal injury or damage to property other than the defective entity itself.” Id. at 1267. 6 Plaintiff asserts what amounts to a professional negligence claim against parties 7 with whom it is in privity of contract, without claiming injury to any property beyond the 8 allegedly defectively constructed Center. Plaintiff alleges only that Defendants “failed and 9 neglected to perform the work, labor and services properly or adequately” and “knew or 10 should have foreseen with reasonable certainty that [Plaintiff] would suffer monetary 11 damages.” (ECF No. 1 at 14.) These facts are very similar to those in Calloway, where 12 townhouse owners brought claims in tort against contractors and subcontractors after the 13 townhouses built with defective roofs sustained damage due to excessive rain and snow. 14 See 993 P.2d at 1261-62. There, the Nevada Supreme Court found that because the 15 owners failed to allege damage to property “other than the defective entity itself,” their tort 16 claims were barred by the economic loss doctrine. Id. at 1267. Plaintiff’s negligence claim 17 is therefore squarely barred per the holding in Calloway. Accordingly, the Court will 18 dismiss Plaintiff’s negligence claim. 19 In sum, the Court dismisses Plaintiff’s negligence claim because it is barred by the 20 economic loss doctrine. The Court finds the statute of repose of ten years does not bar 21 Plaintiff’s claims. The Court rejects Defendants’ arguments that the statute of limitations 22 has lapsed as raised in the Motions. denies Defendants’ motion to dismiss. 23 V. LEAVE TO AMEND 24 Plaintiff first requested leave to amend its Complaint as part of its opposition to 25 Defendants Motions. (ECF Nos. 20, 22.) However, Plaintiff later filed a standalone motion 26 for leave to amend so that it can assert additional claims for intentional concealment and 27 misrepresentation. (ECF No. 34 at 4.) Plaintiff’s proposed first amended complaint (ECF 28 No. 34-3 (“PFAC”)) adds GAF Materials Corporation as a defendant and adds new claims 2 fraud statute, civil conspiracy, and civil aiding and abetting.9 Defendants’ sole argument 3 opposing Plaintiff’s motion for leave to amend the Complaint is that the PFAC would not 4 cure the alleged statute of limitations and statute of repose defects. As discussed above, 5 the statute of repose does not bar Plaintiff’s claims and Defendants have not 6 demonstrated that the statute of limitations does either. 7 “The court should freely give leave [to amend] when justice so requires.” Fed. R. 8 Civ. P. 15(a)(2). “The decision of whether to grant leave to amend nevertheless remains 9 within the discretion of the district court, which may deny leave to amend due to ‘undue 10 delay, bad faith or dilatory motive on the part of the movant, repeated failure to cure 11 deficiencies by amendments previously allowed, undue prejudice to the opposing party 12 by virtue of allowance of the amendment, [and] futility of the amendment.’” Leadsinger, 13 Inc. v. BMG Music Publ’g, 512 F.3d 522, 532 (9th Cir. 2008) (quoting Foman v. Davis, 14 371 371 U.S. 178, 182 (1962)). Because Defendants argue only—unpersuasively—that 15 amendment would be futile because Plaintiff’s claims are time-barred, Plaintiff’s motion 16 for leave to amend is granted. 17 VI. CONCLUSION 18 The Court notes that the parties made several arguments and cited to several 19 cases not discussed above. The Court has reviewed these arguments and cases and 20 determines that they do not warrant discussion as they do not affect the outcome of the 21 motions before the Court. 22 It is therefore ordered that Plaintiff’s motion for leave to file supplemental briefing 23 in support of its motion for leave to amend its complaint (ECF No. 49) is denied. 24 It is further ordered that Plaintiff’s motion for leave to file supplemental briefing in 25 support of its opposition to Defendants’ motions to dismiss (ECF No. 58) is granted as 26 specified herein. 27 /// 28 9Plaintiff also includes a request for punitive damages. (ECF No. 34-3 at 30.) 1 It is further ordered that Defendant United’s motion to dismiss (ECF No. 10) is 2 || granted in part and denied in part, as specified herein. 3 It is further ordered that Defendant Dermody’s motion to dismiss (ECF No. 12) is 4 || granted in part and denied in part, as specified herein. 5 It is further ordered that Plaintiff's motion for leave to amend its complaint (ECF 6 || No. 34) is granted. 7 DATED THIS 16" Day of November 2021. 8 — LGD 10 aReNDA-oo————— 4 CHIEF UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE

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