Universal Connectivity Technologies Inc. v. HP Inc.

Opinion

UNIVERSAL CONNECTIVITY Case No. 24-cv-04097-NW (SVK) TECHNOLOGIES INC., ORDER GRANTING IN PART AND Plaintiff, DENYING IN PART DEFENDANT’S RENEWED MOTION TO STRIKE v. INFRINGEMENT CONTENTIONS; RESOLVING DISCOVERY DISPUTE HP INC., AT DKT. 230 Defendant. Re: Dkt. Nos. 199, 230 This is the latest in a series of orders related to Plaintiff Universal Connectivity Technologies Inc.’s (“UCT”) infringement contentions in this case. Pending before the Court is Defendant HP Inc.’s (“HP”) Renewed Motion to Strike Plaintiff’s Third Amended Infringement Contentions, (Dkt. 199 (the “Motion”)), following this Court’s September 8, 2025 Order granting in part (with partial leave to amend) and denying in part HP’s first motion to strike, (see Dkt. 160, motion for relief from nondispositive pretrial order denied, Dkt. 192). The Motion was referred to the undersigned on December 1, 2025. Dkt. 204. The matter came on for hearing on February 3, 2026. Having considered the Parties’ submissions and oral arguments, the relevant law, and the record in this matter, the Court GRANTS IN PART and DENIES IN PART HP’s Motion. The Parties are familiar with the factual and procedural history of this dispute, as set forth in Dkts. 137 (“Order re Motion to Amend”) and 160 (“First Order re MTS”). The Court thus summarizes the history only briefly, below. In short, “this action was originally filed in the Western District of Texas on September 28, 2023, accusing certain “HP laptops, desktops, monitors, and docking stations” of infringing eight DisplayPort, PCIe power and HDMI connections.” Dkt. 160 at 2 (citing, generally, Dkt. 1; Dkt. 101 at 2).1 Subsequent to this Court’s First Order re MTS, the Parties stipulated to dismissal of two patents; six patents remain at issue in this litigation. See Dkt. 160 at 2-3; Dkts. 183, 223 (the Honorable Noël Wise entering partial judgment re U.S. Patent Nos. ’520 and ’265). A. Procedural History re UCT’s Infringement Contentions UCT served two rounds of infringement contentions in the Western District in the Spring of 2024, (see Dkt. 101 at 2), and on July 8, 2024, the Western District transferred venue to this District, (Dkt. 52). After UCT initially served updated contentions on October 21, 2024, HP informed UCT of purported deficiencies in its contentions; UCT moved to amend its contentions, while HP sought leave to move to strike the contentions in February 2025. See Dkt. 101 at 3; Dkt. 130 at 2 (recounting history). On May 29, 2025, this Court granted UCT’s motion to amend, denied HP’s request to move to strike the original contentions as moot and ordered abbreviated briefing on a motion to strike the contentions as amended, to the extent any asserted deficiencies remained. Dkt. 130 at 6-7. The Court’s First Order re MTS ultimately approved of certain parts of UCT’s infringement contentions, struck certain parts of the contentions with leave to amend and struck certain parts of the contentions without leave to amend. See, generally, Dkt. 160. In relevant part, the Court struck UCT’s contentions as to representative products with leave to amend. Id. The Court explained that because UCT’s infringement theories were based on “both compliance with [industry standards] and HP’s implementation of those standards,” UCT “must provide at least a preliminary explanation as to how it expects HP’s implementation in the representative products to be the same as HP’s implementation in other products” even prior to discovery of technical information such as source code. Dkt. 160 at 5-7 (emphasis omitted). Judge Wise denied UCT’s motion for relief from the First Order re MTS on October 28, 2025. Dkt. 192. UCT served the operative, third amended infringement contentions (“TAIC”) on October 15, 2025. Dkt. 208 at 6. The TAIC accuse, as did UCT’s prior contentions, over 2,000 of HP’s products of infringement. See Dkt. 230 at 2; Dkt. 160 at 3 (citing Dkt. 138-2 at 5; Dkt. 101-4 at 3); Dkts. 199-3–4. In its TAIC, UCT does not chart each of the accused products but rather continues to rely on representative products. See Dkts. 199-3–4. On November 18, 2025, HP renewed its motion to strike on the narrower grounds that UCT’s “representativeness” contentions remain deficient. See Dkt. 199. The Motion was fully briefed on December 19, 2025. Dkts. 208, 211. On January 29, 2026, the Court issued a tentative ruling explaining that it was inclined to grant the Motion as to peripheral products but deny the Motion as to accused laptops and desktops and order certain discovery as to Intel-based products. Dkt. 234. The Court heard oral argument on February 3, 2026. Dkt. 241. B. Other Relevant Procedural History HP’s initial challenge to UCT’s contentions was brought before the Court in February, 2025. See Dkts. 101, 102. Judge Wise held a claim construction hearing on October 15, 2025, and issued a Claim Construction Order on November 7, 2025. Dkts. 183, 197. Fact discovery in this case was segmented per agreement of the Parties: “discovery of documents and things from third parties” has been open since April 3, 2024, but discovery as between the Parties was closed2 “until one day after issuance of the Markman order” in this case. Dkt. 116 at 6 (citing the Parties’ agreement in Dkt. 31, ¶ 10). Fact discovery is currently scheduled to close February 27, 2026, with opening expert reports due March 20, 2026. Dkt. 220. Dispositive and Daubert motions are due May 8, 2026. Id. After multiple case schedule amendments, Judge Wise noted that “the Court is not inclined to alter the deadline to file dispositive and Daubert motions or the trial date.” Dkt. 220 at 1. A. Patent Local Rule 3-1 “This District’s Patent Local Rules aim to make the parties more efficient, to streamline the litigation process, and to articulate with specificity the claims and theory of a plaintiff’s infringement claims.” Unicorn Energy AG v. Tesla Inc., No. 21-cv-07476-BLF (SVK), 2023 WL 4670294, at *1 (N.D. Cal. July 19, 2023) (quotation marks and citations omitted). The purpose of the infringement and invalidity contentions required under the Patent Local Rules is to “require the parties to crystallize their theories of the case early in the litigation” in order to “further the goal of full, timely discovery and provide all parties with adequate notice of and information with which to litigate their claims.” Finjan, Inc. v. Blue Coat Sys., Inc., No. 13-cv-03999-BLF, 2015 WL 3640694, at *1 (June 11, 2015) (citations omitted). Under Patent Local Rule 3-1, the party alleging patent infringement must serve infringement contentions. Patent L.R. 3-1. Among other things, the contentions must identify each claim of each patent in suit that is allegedly infringed and, for each asserted claim, “each accused apparatus, product, device, process, method, act, or other instrumentality (‘Accused Instrumentality’) of each opposing party of which the party is aware.” Patent L.R. 3-1(a), (b). In general, this District does “not tolerate broad categorical identifications or the use of mere representative examples,” and demands “a full list of accused products … if they are known to the plaintiff.” Oyster Optics, LLC v. Ciena Corp., No. 20-cv-02354-JSW (LB), 2022 WL 561931, at *2 (N.D. Cal. Feb. 24, 2022) (cleaned up) (citation omitted). However, “representative products may … be charted when supported by adequate analysis showing that the accused products share the same critical characteristics” as the representative products. Id. at *3 (internal quotations and citations omitted). The infringement contentions “must be sufficient to provide reasonable notice to the defendant why the plaintiff believes it has a reasonable chance of proving infringement and to raise a reasonable inference that all accused products infringe.” SAGE Electrochromics Inc v. View Inc, No. 12-cv-06441-JST (DMR), 2013 WL 4777164, at *1 (N.D. Cal. Sept. 6, 2013) (citing, inter alia, Antonious v. Spalding & Evenflo Cos., Inc., 275 F.3d 1066, 1075 (Fed. Cir. 2002)). //// //// //// //// B. The Court’s Prior Guidance on Representative Products In its First Order re MTS, the Court held that “UCT has properly identified one ‘critical characteristic’ shared by [the] accused products (which standards they are [allegedly] compliant with) but failed to identify another equally critical characteristic (common implementation of the standard in an allegedly infringing manner).” Dkt. 160 at 20. Even in the absence of discovery as to implementation (e.g., source code), the Court explained that “UCT must [] provide [a] preliminary explanation for how it expects HP’s implementation in the representative products to be the same as its implementation in other products.” Dkt. 160 at 20.

HP’s Motion renews its challenge to UCT’s reliance on representative products. See, generally, Dkt. 199. So, as an initial matter, the Court determines what those products are. UCT’s infringement contentions set forth a variety of “exemplary” accused products, including laptops, desktops and peripheral products such as monitors, cameras, and solid-state drives (“SSDs”). See Dkts. 208-16, 208-18–21. However, as HP points out, “[w]hile some of UCT’s claim charts list an “exemplary” monitor and/or docking station in the introductory paragraphs to the chart, in each case the product charted for each limitation is a laptop.” Dkt. 199 at 6. HP asserts that the only products charted for each limitation of each asserted claim are: • HP EliteBook 655 G9 (laptop) for U.S. Patent no. 7,154,905 (the “’905 Patent”); • HP EliteBook 655 G9 (laptop) for U.S. Patent no. 7,187,307 (the “’307 Patent”); • HP Pavilion 15z (laptop) for U.S. Patent no. 7,746,798 (the “’798 Patent”); • HP EliteBook 655 G9 (laptop) for U.S. Patent no. 8,680,712 (the “’712 Patent”); • HP EliteBook 865 G9 AMD Ryzen 5 Pro (laptop) for U.S. Patent no. 7,921,231 (the “’231 Patent”); and • HP EliteBook 845 G9 AMD Ryzen 7 (laptop) for U.S. Patent no. 9,852,103 (the “’103 Patent”). Dkt. 199 at 5-6. Although UCT points to certain claim charts where its other “exemplary” products are mentioned, it does not refute the assertion that these other “exemplary” products are identifying two HP monitors and including “exemplary evidence about the features of those monitors,” but never arguing that its monitors or other peripheral products are charted for each limitation of the relevant claims); see also, generally, February 3, 2026 Hearing3 (UCT’s counsel did not argue it had any representative monitors, docking stations, or cameras). It is axiomatic that, to be a representative product, a product must be fully charted, i.e., charted for each limitation. See Patent L.R. 3-1(c) (infringement contentions must include charts “identifying specifically where and how each limitation of each asserted claim is found within each Accused [or, in this case, representative] Instrumentality.” (Emphasis added)). Accordingly, only the above laptops are properly representative products. HP’s challenge is divided into three parts: (1) a challenge to all devices except the HP EliteBook 655 G9, HP Pavilion 15z and HP EliteBook 865 G9 laptops for the ’905, ’307, ’798, and ’103 Patents; (2) a challenge to all peripheral devices (i.e., devices which are not personal computers (“PCs”) such as laptops or desktops, i.e., monitors, docking stations, cameras and SSDs) for all asserted patents; and (3) a challenge to Intel-based products for the ’905, ’307, ’798 and ’103 Patents. The Court addresses each argument in turn. A. UCT’s Contentions Are Sufficient to Provide HP with Notice of UCT’s Theories of Infringement for Some of the Accused Personal Computers HP does not dispute that, for the ’905, ’307, ’798 and ’103 Patents, UCT has sufficiently charted the HP EliteBook 655 G9, HP Pavilion 15z and HP EliteBook 865 G9 laptops. See Dkt. 199 at 7-8. Rather, HP points out that UCT’s contentions are “based on [the] use of common components,” AMD or Qualcomm processors4, and that the only example UCT provides in the TAIC is “the AMD Carrizo architecture [] used by certain AMD processors.” Id.; Dkt. 209-1 at 4-11. However, HP avers the AMD Carrizo is not present in the representative products. Dkt. 199 at 5, 8. As a result, it argues UCT’s use of the HP EliteBook 655 G9, HP Pavilion 15z and HP

3 Citations to the February 3, 2026 hearing in this Order are based on the audio recording available to the Court, because no transcript is available as of the date of this Order. The Court elects not to delay issuance of the Order due to the upcoming close of fact discovery. EliteBook 865 G9 laptops as representative products is insufficient as to all other accused products – which may include AMD processors from different processor “families” or from different manufacturers. See Dkt. 199 at 5, 7-8. UCT responds that HP’s argument misses the fact that UCT has alleged alternate infringement theories based on the CPU or integrated processor or based on graphics cards (GPUs) supplied by AMD and NVIDIA. Dkt. 208 at 6-7. UCT urges that because HP’s Motion did not address these GPU theories, it should be denied. Id. UCT also responds that its representative products do include AMD processors, e.g., an AMD Ryzen7 processor that “is part of the more recent ‘Renoir’ product family,” and that, being an AMD processor, its contentions are sufficient. Id. at 7-9. HP, in reply and at the hearing, raised an additional, related argument that, given UCT’s reliance on GPUs, there is a more fundamental deficiency because UCT’s contentions do not make clear whether the CPU and GPU theories of infringement are “alternatives” or “standalone” theories, or whether UCT intends to assert them in some form of combination. See Dkt. 211 at 4-5. The Court addresses HP’s latter argument first, before returning to HP’s primary argument. 1. UCT’s Contentions Provide Reasonable Notice for Its GPU Theories and the Court Will Consider them in the Representativeness Analysis At their core, “infringement contentions must be sufficient to provide reasonable notice to the defendant why the plaintiff believes it has a reasonable chance of proving infringement and to raise a reasonable inference that all accused products infringe.” SAGE Electrochromics, 2013 WL 4777164, at *1 (N.D. Cal. Sept. 6, 2013) (citations and quotation marks omitted). HP is correct that it is entitled to know whether UCT’s theories are “standalone” or “combination” theories. UCT’s contentions make clear the following: • For the ’905 and ’307 Patents, the TAIC accuse AMD and Qualcomm CPUs or integrated processors, as well as AMD and NVIDIA GPUs in the alternative, i.e., as standalones, of implementing the accused DisplayPort functionality. Dkt. 209-1 at 4-7. processors of implementing the accused USB and PCIe functionality, as well as AMD and NVIDIA GPUs in the alternative, i.e., as standalones, of implementing the accused PCIe functionality. Id. at 7-8. • For the ’103 Patent, the TAIC accuse only CPUs and integrated processors supplied by AMD of implementing the accused functionality. Id. at 11. For the ’905 and ’307 Patents, the Court finds that UCT’s contentions employ parallel language that is readily apparent as being in the alternative – not as referring to some undisclosed combination. Id. at 4-7. UCT’s counsel confirmed this understanding of the contentions both in its brief and unambiguously at the hearing. See Dkt. 208 at 7-9; see also, generally, February 3, 2026 Hearing. For the ’798 Patent, at least as to the PCIe functionality accused by UCT, there is similarly no issue. See Dkt. 209-1 at 7-8; see also, generally, February 3, 2026 Hearing. As for the ’103 Patent, and the ’798 Patent as to USB functionality, the omission of such parallel language makes equally clear that UCT accuses only the AMD/Qualcomm CPUs and integrated processors of performing the infringing functionality. Dkt. 209-1 at 7-8, 11. Thus, for all four patents, UCT’s contentions provide reasonable notice to HP of whether UCT’s theories are asserted as standalone theories or as combinations. 2. Nonetheless, UCT Has Not Met the Standard for Accusing All Accused Products Based on the Representative Products However, UCT’s additional contentions as to GPU functionality do not fully resolve HP’s primary argument. Even when the Court considers UCT’s additional NVIDIA or AMD GPU architecture, this does not change the fact, as HP points out, that there will be some accused products which do not rely on the specific CPUs, integrated processors or GPUs as those included in the representative products. See Dkt. 211 at 4-5. The Court agrees with HP in part. As the Court previously explained, representative-product contentions require “adequate analysis showing that the accused products share the same critical characteristics” as the representative products. Oyster Optics, 2022 WL 561931, at *3 (cleaned up) (citations omitted). For any PCs that share the same CPU, integrated processor or GPU as the representative laptops, (allegedly) meet the same industry standards (as this Court found in the First Order re MTS) and has now pointed to actually shared components that UCT expects will yield the same implementation of those standards. Although the analysis in UCT’s contentions is not complete (and cannot be complete in the absence of source code, which the Court understands is being produced in the coming days), it is sufficient for the Court to draw the reasonable inference that all of the accused PCs with the same components will implement the standards in the same way as the representative laptops to place HP on notice of UCT’s infringement theories. The analysis is more complicated with regard to accused products that do not share a precise component accused of infringing with a representative product. Here, the thrust of UCT’s argument is its contention that one type of AMD processor (e.g., the AMD “Renior,” “Zen 2” or “Zen 3” processor families, which are included in at least one of the charted, representative products) will operate in much the same way as other processors (e.g., the AMD “Carrizo” architecture / processor family) which are not. See Dkt. 208 at 8-9. HP argues that UCT does not explain why the Court (or HP) should expect that to be the case. See Dkt. 211 at 4-6. To be sure, the “representative product” “analysis cannot just be based on the patentee’s say-so. … A patentee must state how [products are representative].” Oyster Optics, 2022 WL 561931, at *3. Accordingly, UCT’s contentions are only sufficient as to representativeness if there is sufficient analysis to place HP on notice of the theory of infringement and “to raise a reasonable inference that all accused products infringe.” See SAGE Electrochromics, 2013 WL 4777164, at *1 (N.D. Cal. Sept. 6, 2013) (citations and quotation marks omitted). UCT relies principally on inferences, and in the absence of more concrete analysis, whether the inferences baked into UCT’s argument, (see Dkt. 208 at 8-9), are reasonable is critical. The Court finds that the reasonableness of the inference that an accused product will implement the accused standards in the same way as a representative product varies and is more attenuated for some products than for others. Based on the TAIC, and in the absence of any analysis based on source code or technical documents in the TAIC, the Court finds that: • It is reasonable to expect that the same kinds of processors (e.g., CPUs) in the same industry standards at issue here in the same way when used in the same kinds of devices (here, PCs). • It is also reasonable to expect that same kinds of processors by the same manufacturer will implement the industry standards at issue here in the same way when used in the same kinds of devices (here, PCs). • However, it is not reasonable to expect, in light of the bare analysis provided by UCT, that either different processors (e.g., CPUs versus GPUs) or the same kinds of processors from different manufacturers (e.g., AMD versus Qualcomm) would implement the relevant industry standards in the same way, even in the same kinds of devices (here, PCs).5 Accordingly, the Court GRANTS IN PART and DENIES IN PART HP’s Motion insofar as it seeks to strike PCs (i.e., laptops and desktops) aside from the charted HP EliteBook 655 G9, HP Pavilion 15z and HP EliteBook 865 G9 laptops from the ’905, ’307, ’798 and ’103 Patents: • UCT’s contentions are sufficient to accuse only desktops and laptops that contain a CPU, integrated processor or GPU (any one of the three, based on UCT’s representation that its theories of infringement are alternative) from the same manufacturer as the representative product for the asserted patent; in other words, • UCT’s contentions are STRICKEN insofar as they accuse products wherein the accused functionality is implemented by processors from manufacturers whose processors are not charted via the representative product for the asserted patent. UCT shall serve conforming amendments to its infringement contentions to remove stricken products as discussed in Section III.D., below. B. UCT’s Contentions Are Insufficient with Regard to Peripheral Products With regard to peripheral products—i.e., monitors, docking stations, solid-state drives (SSDs) and cameras—as the Court explained above at the outset, (see Section III), UCT did not

5 In holding that UCT has satisfied its burden of raising a “reasonable inference” and providing rebut HP’s assertion, either in its opposition or at the hearing, that only laptops are fully charted and thus constitute representative products. See, supra at 5-6. Thus, the only basis for the TAIC to accuse peripheral products of infringement is because they include the same processors, whether CPUs, integrated processors or GPUs, as the representative laptops. However, engaging in the same analysis as in Section III.A.2., above, the Court does not agree that UCT has raised a reasonable inference of infringement or put HP on notice as to UCT’s theories of infringement. Contra supra, § III.A. (discussing the bedrock requirements of the Patent Local Rules). To the contrary, whereas the Court explained that, for example, it is reasonable to expect that processors in the same architecture family will implement the industry standards at issue here in the same way for the same kinds of devices (e.g., PCs), there is no basis for such an inference as to peripheral devices. Id. UCT has not explained how, for example, a docking station utilizes a graphics card in the same way as a laptop in order to implement the same DisplayPort, PCIe or USB industry standards. See Dkt. 200-1 at 9-16. Thus, HP’s Motion is GRANTED as to peripheral products for all asserted patents.6 Peripheral products are STRICKEN from UCT’s TAIC without leave to amend.7 C. The Parties Agree that UCT is Not Accusing Intel-based Products that Lack Other Third-Party Processors for the ’905, ’307, ’798 and ’103 Patents Finally, as made clear at the hearing, there is not a true dispute between the Parties as to whether licensed, Intel-based products may be properly accused in this case. UCT agrees that, to the extent a product performs the accused functionality solely using an Intel CPU or Intel GPU (or integrated processor), such a product is not accused of infringement. See Dkt. 208 at 16-17; see also February 3, 2026 Hearing. HP seeks clarity and seeks to have any such products that remain in the TAIC stricken from the contentions. See Dkt. 211 at 11-12; February 3, 2026 Hearing. The Court agrees with HP. However, UCT cannot yet know which Intel-based products

6 At the hearing, UCT did not present further argument as to peripheral products. See, generally, February 3, 2026 Hearing. Rather, UCT represented it would stand on the arguments made in its opposition brief with regards to any appeal. must be removed from the contentions versus which products remain, because HP has not produced a component list for these products. See Dkt. 230; see also, infra, § III.D (resolving discovery dispute). The Parties both acknowledge that, if a product includes an Intel CPU but, for example, an NVIDIA GPU, it may yet be accused of infringement. See February 3, 2026 Hearing. Accordingly, the Court GRANTS IN PART and DENIES IN PART HP’s Motion as to Intel-based products: • Intel-based products are STRICKEN from the contentions as to the ’103 Patent, because this patent accused only the CPU (or an integrated processor) of infringement and, thus, there is no possibility of a “mixed” Intel-based product; • Intel-based products in which solely Intel processors perform the alleged functionality are STRICKEN from the ’905, ’307 and ’798 Patents. At the hearing, HP further argued that the Court should “strike” Intel-based products from any theories of infringement for the ’905, ’307 and ’798 Patents wherein the CPU functionality, and not the GPU functionality, is accused of infringement. This request is inappropriate at this juncture because (1) it does not appear fairly raised in HP’s Motion and (2) it is not properly a request to “strike” anything, but rather (as explored at the hearing) seeks to limit the evidence (Intel-CPU functionality) that UCT and/or its experts may present. The Court does not reach the merits of the request in this Order. The Court notes that Parties are held to representations made before the Court, whether in briefing or at a hearing, and UCT has represented that its CPU and GPU theories are “standalone” theories, not combination theories. See, supra, § III.A. UCT shall serve conforming amendments to its infringement contentions to remove stricken products as discussed in Section III.D., below. D. The Parties’ Discovery Dispute re HP’s Identification of Components; Timeline for UCT to Amend its Contentions Finally, in its Motion, HP sought “a limited stay of discovery with respect to the accused products which UCT has not charted” until the Court ruled on HP’s Motion; related thereto, prior to the hearing, the Parties filed a Joint Discovery Statement directed to this issue. Dkt. 199 at 12; include accused products which even UCT agrees, and the Court finds, are not properly accused. See, supra, §§ III.A, C. However, UCT cannot know what to remove (and the Court cannot know which products in particular to strike) absent an identification of components by HP. Thus, and also in accordance with HP’s proposed compromise, the Court ORDERS that: • No later than February 6, 2026, HP shall produce an Excel spreadsheet containing an identification of CPUs, GPUs, and PD controllers for each accused PC product SKU. For the avoidance of doubt, the Court interprets “PC product” to mean any personal computer, including both desktops and laptops. • No later than February 13, 2026, UCT shall amend its contentions to conform with this Order by: o For the ’905, ’307 and ’798 Patents, removing (a) any desktops and laptops that do not share a processor manufacturer (CPU, integrated processor or GPU) with the representative laptop charted for the patent at issue and (b) any Intel-based products that do not include a non-Intel CPU or GPU; and o For the ’103 Patent, removing any desktops and laptops that do not have an AMD CPU or integrated processor. Leave to amend UCT’s contentions is otherwise denied, as further amendments to add additional representative products at this stage would be highly prejudicial to HP. Indeed, as Judge Wise recently noted, albeit in the context of the motion-to-stay analysis, fact discovery closes on February 27, 2026, “[c]laim construction has already occurred” and “this case is not in its early stages.” Dkt. 225 at 2. The undersigned agrees and also finds that amendments to cure the deficiencies identified herein are not justified in light of the four prior infringement contentions served in this case (two in this District, two in the Western District of Texas). For the forgoing reasons, HP’s Renewed Motion to Strike is GRANTED IN PART and DENIED IN PART as set forth above, and leave to amend is denied except as to the conforming //// ] amendments (to be served after the discovery required from HP) identified above. 3 4 Dated: February 4, 2026 5 6 Season □□ SUSAN VAN KEULEN 7 United States Magistrate Judge 8 9 10 1] as 12

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