19‐1357‐cr United States v. Zhi Zeng
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
SUMMARY ORDER
RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT=S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION ASUMMARY ORDER@). A PARTY CITING TO A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.
1 At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, 2 held at the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the 3 City of New York, on the 11th day of March, two thousand twenty. 4 5 PRESENT: REENA RAGGI, 6 RAYMOND J. LOHIER, JR., 7 STEVEN J. MENASHI, 8 Circuit Judges. 9 ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 10 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 11 12 Appellee, 13 14 v. No. 19‐1357‐cr 15 16 ZHI ZENG, 17 18 Defendant‐Appellant. 19 ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 1 FOR DEFENDANT‐APPELLANT: CHI ENG, Eng Law Firm, 2 Newark, NJ. 3 4 FOR APPELLEE: RAJIT S. DOSANJH, Assistant 5 United States Attorney, for 6 Grant C. Jaquith, United States 7 Attorney for the Northern 8 District of New York, 9 Syracuse, NY.
10 Appeal from an April 24, 2019 judgment of the United States District Court
11 for the Northern District of New York (Thomas J. McAvoy, Judge).
12 UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED,
13 AND DECREED that the judgment of the District Court is AFFIRMED.
14 Zhi Zeng appeals from a judgment of conviction entered after a jury trial
15 in the United States District Court for the Northern District of New York
16 (McAvoy, J.), at which he was found guilty of one count of transporting illegal
17 aliens for purposes of commercial advantage or private financial gain, in
18 violation of 8 U.S.C. § 1324(a)(1)(A)(ii) and 8 U.S.C. § 1324(a)(1)(B)(i). Zeng
19 challenges the District Court’s denial of his pretrial motion to suppress evidence
20 and of his posttrial motions for acquittal or a new trial.1 We assume the parties’
1 Zeng’s suppression motion was denied by Chief Judge Suddaby. The case was then reassigned to Judge McAvoy, who presided over Zeng’s trial, posttrial motions, and sentencing.
2 1 familiarity with the underlying facts and the record of prior proceedings, to
2 which we refer only as necessary to explain our decision to affirm.
3 1. Motion to Suppress Evidence
4 Zeng first argues that the District Court should have suppressed
5 statements he made while in custody and evidence obtained as the result of a
6 search of his cellphone. “In considering challenges to the denial of a
7 suppression motion, we review the district court’s conclusions of law de
8 novo and its findings of fact for clear error,” viewing the record in the light most
9 favorable to the Government. United States v. O’Brien, 926 F.3d 57, 72 (2d Cir.
10 2019).
11 Zeng acknowledges that he signed forms in English that purport to both
12 waive his Miranda rights and consent to the cellphone search. But he claims
13 that an intellectual disability that severely limits his ability to comprehend
14 English prevented him from understanding the forms he signed. Neither
15 intellectual limitations nor limited English language proficiency necessarily
16 prevents a defendant from making a knowing and intelligent waiver of his
17 rights. See United States v. Male Juvenile (95‐CR‐1074), 121 F.3d 34, 40 (2d Cir.
3 1 1997); Campaneria v. Reid, 891 F.2d 1014, 1020 (2d Cir. 1989). Instead, the
2 District Court considers the totality of the circumstances to determine whether
3 the Government has proven, by a preponderance of the evidence, that a Miranda
4 waiver was both knowing and voluntary, or that consent to a search was “given
5 freely and voluntarily.” O’Brien, 926 F.3d at 73, 76.
6 Here, the District Court found that Zeng’s intellectual limitations did not
7 prevent him from understanding the content of the waiver and consent forms
8 that he signed. In doing so, the District Court credited the testimony of three
9 Border Patrol agents involved in Zeng’s interviews. We discern no error in the
10 District Court’s decision. Before the agents explained Zeng’s rights to him,
11 Zeng stated that he was comfortable proceeding in English. He did not request
12 an interpreter after being told that one was available. One of the agents
13 carefully and deliberately reviewed and read the advice‐of‐rights form both
14 verbatim and aloud to Zeng, pausing at the end of each line. Zeng then read the
15 form himself. When the agent asked Zeng if he had any questions about his
16 Miranda rights, Zeng replied, “No.” Zeng signed the form after the agent
17 explained that Zeng should do so only if he understood his rights and was
4 1 willing to speak. A nearly identical exchange followed with the consent‐to‐
2 search form. Zeng’s subsequent conduct and responses to the agents’ questions
3 confirmed that he spoke English and understood the agents.
4 Having credited the testimony of the agents and after acknowledging that
5 Zeng was classified as learning disabled in high school, the District Court did not
6 thereafter err in according the opinions of Zeng’s two experts “somewhat less
7 weight” because they rested on testing and interview methods that the experts
8 failed to establish were reliable. Joint App’x 558.
9 For these reasons, we affirm the District Court’s decision denying the
10 motion to suppress.
11 2. Sufficiency of the Evidence
12 Next, Zeng argues that the trial evidence was insufficient to prove two of
13 the elements of the offense of conviction, and that the District Court accordingly
14 should have granted his Rule 29 motion for acquittal or Rule 33 motion for a new
15 trial on that basis. Specifically, Zeng contends that the evidence failed to
16 establish that he knew or consciously avoided knowing that his passengers were
17 non‐citizens present in the United States illegally, or that he willfully furthered
5 1 their illegal entry. We disagree. There was ample evidence of Zeng’s
2 knowledge and willfulness: Zeng traveled several hours from New York City to
3 pick up the passengers in an area near the Canadian border frequently used to
4 smuggle individuals illegally into the United States; Zeng was to be paid $850 for
5 transporting the passengers; both passengers arrived without luggage and
6 appeared anxious; Zeng falsely told Border Patrol agents that he was working for
7 a car service and “that he was up on a fare today,” Joint App’x 838; and a month
8 prior to the events leading to his prosecution, Zeng had made a similar trip,
9 arranged by the same person, to pick up two passengers at the same spot. For
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19‐1357‐cr United States v. Zhi Zeng
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
SUMMARY ORDER
RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT=S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION ASUMMARY ORDER@). A PARTY CITING TO A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.
1 At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, 2 held at the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the 3 City of New York, on the 11th day of March, two thousand twenty. 4 5 PRESENT: REENA RAGGI, 6 RAYMOND J. LOHIER, JR., 7 STEVEN J. MENASHI, 8 Circuit Judges. 9 ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 10 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 11 12 Appellee, 13 14 v. No. 19‐1357‐cr 15 16 ZHI ZENG, 17 18 Defendant‐Appellant. 19 ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 1 FOR DEFENDANT‐APPELLANT: CHI ENG, Eng Law Firm, 2 Newark, NJ. 3 4 FOR APPELLEE: RAJIT S. DOSANJH, Assistant 5 United States Attorney, for 6 Grant C. Jaquith, United States 7 Attorney for the Northern 8 District of New York, 9 Syracuse, NY.
10 Appeal from an April 24, 2019 judgment of the United States District Court
11 for the Northern District of New York (Thomas J. McAvoy, Judge).
12 UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED,
13 AND DECREED that the judgment of the District Court is AFFIRMED.
14 Zhi Zeng appeals from a judgment of conviction entered after a jury trial
15 in the United States District Court for the Northern District of New York
16 (McAvoy, J.), at which he was found guilty of one count of transporting illegal
17 aliens for purposes of commercial advantage or private financial gain, in
18 violation of 8 U.S.C. § 1324(a)(1)(A)(ii) and 8 U.S.C. § 1324(a)(1)(B)(i). Zeng
19 challenges the District Court’s denial of his pretrial motion to suppress evidence
20 and of his posttrial motions for acquittal or a new trial.1 We assume the parties’
1 Zeng’s suppression motion was denied by Chief Judge Suddaby. The case was then reassigned to Judge McAvoy, who presided over Zeng’s trial, posttrial motions, and sentencing.
2 1 familiarity with the underlying facts and the record of prior proceedings, to
2 which we refer only as necessary to explain our decision to affirm.
3 1. Motion to Suppress Evidence
4 Zeng first argues that the District Court should have suppressed
5 statements he made while in custody and evidence obtained as the result of a
6 search of his cellphone. “In considering challenges to the denial of a
7 suppression motion, we review the district court’s conclusions of law de
8 novo and its findings of fact for clear error,” viewing the record in the light most
9 favorable to the Government. United States v. O’Brien, 926 F.3d 57, 72 (2d Cir.
10 2019).
11 Zeng acknowledges that he signed forms in English that purport to both
12 waive his Miranda rights and consent to the cellphone search. But he claims
13 that an intellectual disability that severely limits his ability to comprehend
14 English prevented him from understanding the forms he signed. Neither
15 intellectual limitations nor limited English language proficiency necessarily
16 prevents a defendant from making a knowing and intelligent waiver of his
17 rights. See United States v. Male Juvenile (95‐CR‐1074), 121 F.3d 34, 40 (2d Cir.
3 1 1997); Campaneria v. Reid, 891 F.2d 1014, 1020 (2d Cir. 1989). Instead, the
2 District Court considers the totality of the circumstances to determine whether
3 the Government has proven, by a preponderance of the evidence, that a Miranda
4 waiver was both knowing and voluntary, or that consent to a search was “given
5 freely and voluntarily.” O’Brien, 926 F.3d at 73, 76.
6 Here, the District Court found that Zeng’s intellectual limitations did not
7 prevent him from understanding the content of the waiver and consent forms
8 that he signed. In doing so, the District Court credited the testimony of three
9 Border Patrol agents involved in Zeng’s interviews. We discern no error in the
10 District Court’s decision. Before the agents explained Zeng’s rights to him,
11 Zeng stated that he was comfortable proceeding in English. He did not request
12 an interpreter after being told that one was available. One of the agents
13 carefully and deliberately reviewed and read the advice‐of‐rights form both
14 verbatim and aloud to Zeng, pausing at the end of each line. Zeng then read the
15 form himself. When the agent asked Zeng if he had any questions about his
16 Miranda rights, Zeng replied, “No.” Zeng signed the form after the agent
17 explained that Zeng should do so only if he understood his rights and was
4 1 willing to speak. A nearly identical exchange followed with the consent‐to‐
2 search form. Zeng’s subsequent conduct and responses to the agents’ questions
3 confirmed that he spoke English and understood the agents.
4 Having credited the testimony of the agents and after acknowledging that
5 Zeng was classified as learning disabled in high school, the District Court did not
6 thereafter err in according the opinions of Zeng’s two experts “somewhat less
7 weight” because they rested on testing and interview methods that the experts
8 failed to establish were reliable. Joint App’x 558.
9 For these reasons, we affirm the District Court’s decision denying the
10 motion to suppress.
11 2. Sufficiency of the Evidence
12 Next, Zeng argues that the trial evidence was insufficient to prove two of
13 the elements of the offense of conviction, and that the District Court accordingly
14 should have granted his Rule 29 motion for acquittal or Rule 33 motion for a new
15 trial on that basis. Specifically, Zeng contends that the evidence failed to
16 establish that he knew or consciously avoided knowing that his passengers were
17 non‐citizens present in the United States illegally, or that he willfully furthered
5 1 their illegal entry. We disagree. There was ample evidence of Zeng’s
2 knowledge and willfulness: Zeng traveled several hours from New York City to
3 pick up the passengers in an area near the Canadian border frequently used to
4 smuggle individuals illegally into the United States; Zeng was to be paid $850 for
5 transporting the passengers; both passengers arrived without luggage and
6 appeared anxious; Zeng falsely told Border Patrol agents that he was working for
7 a car service and “that he was up on a fare today,” Joint App’x 838; and a month
8 prior to the events leading to his prosecution, Zeng had made a similar trip,
9 arranged by the same person, to pick up two passengers at the same spot. For
10 this reason, we agree with the District Court’s decision to deny Zeng’s Rule 29
11 and Rule 33 motions. See United States v. Alston, 899 F.3d 135, 143 (2d Cir.
12 2018).
13 3. The Prosecutor’s Summation
14 Finally, Zeng argues that he was denied due process when the
15 Government “tainted the jury with racial prejudice” in its closing argument.
16 We have recognized that “racial remarks in a prosecutor’s summation can
17 constitute a violation of a defendant’s right under the Due Process Clause to a
6 1 fair trial,” and that “[e]ven a reference that is not derogatory may carry
2 impermissible connotations, or may trigger prejudiced responses in the listeners
3 that the speaker might neither have predicted nor intended.” McFarland v.
4 Smith, 611 F.2d 414, 416, 417 (2d Cir. 1979). “We have stated that, at least when
5 the evidence of guilt . . . is not overwhelming, the correct test for determining
6 whether a defendant’s due process rights were violated by a prosecutor’s racially
7 prejudicial remarks is whether those remarks resulted in a probability of
8 prejudice.” United States v. Weiss, 930 F.2d 185, 196 (2d Cir. 1991) (quotation
9 marks omitted). On review of the record, we agree with the District Court that
10 the Government’s jury summation implied at most that the language and
11 ethnicity of the passengers were among several factors relevant to establishing
12 Zeng’s knowledge that they had entered illegally into the United States.
13 Indeed, Zeng does not contend that it is entirely impermissible to consider these
14 factors in establishing knowledge under § 1324(a)(1)(A)(ii). We conclude that
15 the Government’s reference to ethnicity and language in this case did not convey
16 any “impermissible connotations” to the jury, McFarland, 611 F.2d at 417, result
17 in a “probability of prejudice,” Weiss, 930 F.2d at 196 (quotation marks omitted),
7 1 or otherwise deprive Zeng of due process or a fair trial.
2 We have considered Zeng’s remaining arguments and conclude that they
3 are without merit. For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the District Court
4 is AFFIRMED.
5 FOR THE COURT: 6 Catherine O’Hagan Wolfe, Clerk of Court 7