F I L E D United States Court of Appeals Tenth Circuit PU BL ISH August 14, 2006 UNITED STATES CO URT O F APPEALS Elisabeth A. Shumaker Clerk of Court TENTH CIRCUIT
UNITED STATES OF AM ERICA, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. No. 05-3341 C UI Q IN ZH A N G , Defendant-Appellant.
A PPE AL FR OM T HE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR T HE DISTRICT OF KANSAS (D .C . No. 04-CR-40084-JAR)
Ronald E. W urtz, Assistant Federal Public Defender for the District of Kansas (David J. Phillips, Federal Public Defender, and Kirk C. Redmond, Assistant Federal Public D efender, with him on the brief), Topeka, Kansas, for D efendant- Appellant.
Anthony W . M attivi, Assistant United States Attorney (Eric F. M elgren, United States Attorney, with him on the brief), District of Kansas, Topeka, Kansas, for Appellee.
Before M U RPH Y, HOL LOW AY, and M cK AY, Circuit Judges.
M cK A Y, Circuit Judge. As a black Lexus w hizzed eastbound along I-70, swerving in and out of its
lane, Sergeant Schneider of the Russell County Sheriff’s office pulled over the
speeding car. Upon approaching the Lexus, Sergeant Schneider found the driver,
M s. Zhang, and a male passenger later identified as M r. Chen who was sitting in
the rear passenger seat.
Sergeant Schneider asked for M s. Zhang’s driver’s license and proof of the
vehicle’s insurance, which she promptly handed over to him. He asked M s.
Zhang where she was headed, and she responded that she was en route to
Columbus, Ohio, to visit her family and that she owned the Lexus. Sergeant
Schneider did not observe any luggage in the backseat, and he also noted that M s.
Zhang seemed very nervous and was fidgeting in her seat.
Upon confirming that M s. Zhang owned the Lexus and issuing her a written
warning, he asked M s. Zhang if he could ask her a question. She agreed, and
Sergeant Schneider inquired about the presence of contraband in her vehicle.
Sergeant Schneider testified that M s. Zhang responded, “No. Never. Never.” H e
then asked for her permission to search the vehicle, to which she consented.
After M s. Zhang pressed a button to release the trunk lid, she walked back with
Sergeant Schneider and stood behind the vehicle. Inside the trunk was one small
yellow bag containing female clothing and a cardboard box.
Sergeant Schneider asked M s. Zhang if he could open the box. W hen she
agreed, he asked to her to step to the front of the vehicle. As M s. Zhang walked
-2- down the driver’s side and Sergeant Schneider busied himself with opening the
box, M s. Zhang leapt into the car, slammed the door, and sped away. Sergeant
Schneider jumped into his vehicle and gave chase to the Lexus, which was driving
approximately 130 miles per hour. Nearly eight miles later, the Lexus exited the
interstate and attempted a right turn at the top of the ramp. The vehicle lost
control, flipped, and rolled down the other side of the off-ramp. The passenger,
M r. Chen, was transported by ambulance and M s. Zhang was transported by
Lifewatch helicopter to the hospital.
Strewn about the field were a number of packages shaped like bricks.
These w ere found to contain cocaine. Officers also discovered a pillow case
w hich contained several packages of pills. The pills proved to contain M DM A,
comm only known as Ecstasy. In all, there were fifteen packages of cocaine and
seven packages of pills found among the wreckage, totaling approximately fifteen
kilogram s of cocaine and fifteen kilograms of M DM A.
M s. Zhang was detained pretrial at a correctional facility in Leavenworth.
A number of her calls from that facility were recorded. Because the language in
the calls was a Chinese dialect, the Government asked Detective Sun, of the Los
Angeles Police Department, to translate them. Prior to Detective Sun’s testimony
regarding the content of those calls, the parties stipulated that M s. Zhang, during
a phone call from Leavenworth, made a statement that should be translated as
“[r]eally, didn’t I used to tell you, after I came in, it’s like . . . I knew the car had
-3- drugs.” The parties also stipulated that the phrase “it’s like” is a transitional
phrase similar to “you know” or other similar English transitional phrases. The
court interpreter also read into the record the remainder of the call from which the
phrase was extracted. During the remainder of the call, M s. Zhang stated that “I
know for a fact that I didn’t do it.”
After a jury trial, M s. Zhang was convicted of possession with intent to
distribute fifteen grams of cocaine and possession with intent to distribute fifteen
grams of Ecstasy, each count a violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1). She was
sentenced to 180 months of imprisonment. M s. Zhang appeals her conviction and
sentence, arguing that (1) the evidence presented at trial was legally insufficient
to sustain her conviction, and (2) the district court erred by failing to perform its
gatekeeping function before admitting expert testimony that M s. Zhang had
confessed to the crime.
W e review de novo an appellant’s claim of insufficiency of the evidence to
support her conviction. United States v. Serrata, 425 F.3d 886, 895 (10th Cir.
2005). Additionally, the evidence presented at trial is viewed in a light most
favorable to the government “to determine whether any rational juror could have
found the elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” United States v.
Dazey, 403 F.3d 1147, 1159 (10th Cir. 2005). The sufficiency challenge focuses
entirely on M s. Zhang’s knowledge of the presence of drugs in the car.
M s. Zhang’s dangerous and precipitous decision to jump back into her car
-4- and speed away at 130 miles per hour, disobeying Sergeant Schneider’s direction
to stay put, strongly conveys guilt. The Supreme Court has recognized that a
defendant’s flight is suggestive of wrongdoing. Illinois v. Wardlow, 528 U.S.
119, 124 (2000) (finding that “[h]eadlong flight–wherever it occurs–is the
consummate act of evasion: It is not necessarily indicative of wrongdoing, but it
is certainly suggestive of such.”). Likewise, we have stated that “[i]t is well
recognized that a defendant’s intentional flight from police officers may be used
as circumstantial evidence of guilt.” United States v. Fernandez, 18 F.3d 874,
879 n.4 (10th Cir. 1994) (citing United States v. Slater, 971 F.2d 626, 636 n.4
(10th Cir. 1992)).
Testimony about M s. Zhang’s generally nervous behavior is another factor
that the jury may have evaluated in considering the evidence presented. W e have
held, in a similar case, that nervous behavior, only when considered with all other
evidence presented against the defendant, was sufficient for a rational jury to find
the defendant guilty of possession with intent to distribute cocaine. See United
States v. Johnson, 57 F.3d 968, 973 (10th Cir. 1995) (“Viewing the record in the
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
F I L E D United States Court of Appeals Tenth Circuit PU BL ISH August 14, 2006 UNITED STATES CO URT O F APPEALS Elisabeth A. Shumaker Clerk of Court TENTH CIRCUIT
UNITED STATES OF AM ERICA, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. No. 05-3341 C UI Q IN ZH A N G , Defendant-Appellant.
A PPE AL FR OM T HE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR T HE DISTRICT OF KANSAS (D .C . No. 04-CR-40084-JAR)
Ronald E. W urtz, Assistant Federal Public Defender for the District of Kansas (David J. Phillips, Federal Public Defender, and Kirk C. Redmond, Assistant Federal Public D efender, with him on the brief), Topeka, Kansas, for D efendant- Appellant.
Anthony W . M attivi, Assistant United States Attorney (Eric F. M elgren, United States Attorney, with him on the brief), District of Kansas, Topeka, Kansas, for Appellee.
Before M U RPH Y, HOL LOW AY, and M cK AY, Circuit Judges.
M cK A Y, Circuit Judge. As a black Lexus w hizzed eastbound along I-70, swerving in and out of its
lane, Sergeant Schneider of the Russell County Sheriff’s office pulled over the
speeding car. Upon approaching the Lexus, Sergeant Schneider found the driver,
M s. Zhang, and a male passenger later identified as M r. Chen who was sitting in
the rear passenger seat.
Sergeant Schneider asked for M s. Zhang’s driver’s license and proof of the
vehicle’s insurance, which she promptly handed over to him. He asked M s.
Zhang where she was headed, and she responded that she was en route to
Columbus, Ohio, to visit her family and that she owned the Lexus. Sergeant
Schneider did not observe any luggage in the backseat, and he also noted that M s.
Zhang seemed very nervous and was fidgeting in her seat.
Upon confirming that M s. Zhang owned the Lexus and issuing her a written
warning, he asked M s. Zhang if he could ask her a question. She agreed, and
Sergeant Schneider inquired about the presence of contraband in her vehicle.
Sergeant Schneider testified that M s. Zhang responded, “No. Never. Never.” H e
then asked for her permission to search the vehicle, to which she consented.
After M s. Zhang pressed a button to release the trunk lid, she walked back with
Sergeant Schneider and stood behind the vehicle. Inside the trunk was one small
yellow bag containing female clothing and a cardboard box.
Sergeant Schneider asked M s. Zhang if he could open the box. W hen she
agreed, he asked to her to step to the front of the vehicle. As M s. Zhang walked
-2- down the driver’s side and Sergeant Schneider busied himself with opening the
box, M s. Zhang leapt into the car, slammed the door, and sped away. Sergeant
Schneider jumped into his vehicle and gave chase to the Lexus, which was driving
approximately 130 miles per hour. Nearly eight miles later, the Lexus exited the
interstate and attempted a right turn at the top of the ramp. The vehicle lost
control, flipped, and rolled down the other side of the off-ramp. The passenger,
M r. Chen, was transported by ambulance and M s. Zhang was transported by
Lifewatch helicopter to the hospital.
Strewn about the field were a number of packages shaped like bricks.
These w ere found to contain cocaine. Officers also discovered a pillow case
w hich contained several packages of pills. The pills proved to contain M DM A,
comm only known as Ecstasy. In all, there were fifteen packages of cocaine and
seven packages of pills found among the wreckage, totaling approximately fifteen
kilogram s of cocaine and fifteen kilograms of M DM A.
M s. Zhang was detained pretrial at a correctional facility in Leavenworth.
A number of her calls from that facility were recorded. Because the language in
the calls was a Chinese dialect, the Government asked Detective Sun, of the Los
Angeles Police Department, to translate them. Prior to Detective Sun’s testimony
regarding the content of those calls, the parties stipulated that M s. Zhang, during
a phone call from Leavenworth, made a statement that should be translated as
“[r]eally, didn’t I used to tell you, after I came in, it’s like . . . I knew the car had
-3- drugs.” The parties also stipulated that the phrase “it’s like” is a transitional
phrase similar to “you know” or other similar English transitional phrases. The
court interpreter also read into the record the remainder of the call from which the
phrase was extracted. During the remainder of the call, M s. Zhang stated that “I
know for a fact that I didn’t do it.”
After a jury trial, M s. Zhang was convicted of possession with intent to
distribute fifteen grams of cocaine and possession with intent to distribute fifteen
grams of Ecstasy, each count a violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1). She was
sentenced to 180 months of imprisonment. M s. Zhang appeals her conviction and
sentence, arguing that (1) the evidence presented at trial was legally insufficient
to sustain her conviction, and (2) the district court erred by failing to perform its
gatekeeping function before admitting expert testimony that M s. Zhang had
confessed to the crime.
W e review de novo an appellant’s claim of insufficiency of the evidence to
support her conviction. United States v. Serrata, 425 F.3d 886, 895 (10th Cir.
2005). Additionally, the evidence presented at trial is viewed in a light most
favorable to the government “to determine whether any rational juror could have
found the elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” United States v.
Dazey, 403 F.3d 1147, 1159 (10th Cir. 2005). The sufficiency challenge focuses
entirely on M s. Zhang’s knowledge of the presence of drugs in the car.
M s. Zhang’s dangerous and precipitous decision to jump back into her car
-4- and speed away at 130 miles per hour, disobeying Sergeant Schneider’s direction
to stay put, strongly conveys guilt. The Supreme Court has recognized that a
defendant’s flight is suggestive of wrongdoing. Illinois v. Wardlow, 528 U.S.
119, 124 (2000) (finding that “[h]eadlong flight–wherever it occurs–is the
consummate act of evasion: It is not necessarily indicative of wrongdoing, but it
is certainly suggestive of such.”). Likewise, we have stated that “[i]t is well
recognized that a defendant’s intentional flight from police officers may be used
as circumstantial evidence of guilt.” United States v. Fernandez, 18 F.3d 874,
879 n.4 (10th Cir. 1994) (citing United States v. Slater, 971 F.2d 626, 636 n.4
(10th Cir. 1992)).
Testimony about M s. Zhang’s generally nervous behavior is another factor
that the jury may have evaluated in considering the evidence presented. W e have
held, in a similar case, that nervous behavior, only when considered with all other
evidence presented against the defendant, was sufficient for a rational jury to find
the defendant guilty of possession with intent to distribute cocaine. See United
States v. Johnson, 57 F.3d 968, 973 (10th Cir. 1995) (“Viewing the record in the
light most favorable to the government and giving due deference to the jury’s
assessment of the evidence and witness credibility, we conclude that a rational
jury could have found beyond a reasonable doubt that [defendant] possessed the
mens rea required for both offenses.”).
Last, the testimony of M r. Chen implicating M s. Zhang and revealing her
-5- knowledge that the vehicle contained drugs was additional evidence that the jury
could weigh to determine guilt. Although M r. Chen’s testimony has been
characterized by M s. Zhang as “blatantly inconsistent” and “inherently
improbable,” the record establishes that the jury was in the best position to try the
evidence presented. For example, the jury heard from M r. Chen that he
experienced difficulty and confusion in seeking to understand the interpreter
during his second pre-trial interview. W e stand by our pronouncement that we
“may not weigh conflicting evidence or consider the credibility of witnesses, but
must accept the jury’s resolution of the evidence as long as it is within the bounds
of reason.” Valdez v. Bravo, 373 F.3d 1093, 1097 (10th Cir. 2004) (emphasis
added).
For the reasons listed above–M s. Zhang’s flight, nervous behavior, and her
co-passenger’s incriminating testimony–we hold that the evidence presented at
trial was legally sufficient to sustain her conviction.
As to M s. Zhang’s second claim, that the district court did not perform its
gatekeeping function in admitting the expert testimony of Detective Sun, we
review for abuse of discretion. United States v. M cDonald, 933 F.2d 1519, 1522
(10th Cir. 1991).
Specifically at issue is the testimony of Detective Sun regarding a tape
recording of M s. Zhang’s pre-trial telephone call from a correctional facility.
During this phone call, it is uncontroverted that M s. Zhang said, “Really, didn’t I
-6- used to tell you, after I came in, it’s like . . . I knew the car had drugs.” The trial
record indicates that the court and counsel had long colloquies concerning how
the statement from the telephone conversation should be admitted. Ultimately, it
was both read by a court interpreter and played by recording to the jury. Later,
Detective Sun testified that “I knew the car had drugs” is an independent phrase
standing on its own and that M s. Zhang could have used alternative language to
state “after I came to jail, I learned that the car had drugs.”
“W hile the district court has discretion in the manner in which it conducts
its Daubert analysis, there is no discretion regarding the actual performance of
the gatekeeper function.” Goebel v. Rio Grande Western R.R. Co., 215 F.3d
1083, 1087 (10th Cir. 2000). W e went on to say in Goebel:
Our holding recognizes that the district court need not recite the Daubert standard as though it were some magical incantation or apply all of the reliability factors suggested in Daubert and Kumho . . . . But we specifically hold that a district court, when faced with a party’s objection, must adequately demonstrate by specific findings on the record that it has performed its duty as gatekeeper.
Id. at 1088 (citations and quotations omitted). Here, a review of the trial record
reveals the following two responses to M s. Zhang’s counsel’s repeated objections
to Detective Sun’s qualification to interpret as a linguist: (1) “W ell, I’ll overrule.
This is a native M andarin Chinese Speaker who has been speaking English since
he was 10 years old. And I take it . . . he’s probably over 30 since he’s been a
police officer for 14 years;” and (2) “All right, I will overrule, w ith that going to
-7- the weight of the evidence rather than admissibility.” These statements, while
certainly not the most expansive imaginable, nevertheless indicate the district
court’s performance of its gatekeeping function. The district court noted
Detective Sun’s age and the fact that he had grown up speaking M andarin when it
admitted him as an expert to testify about the meaning of a statement. W e
conclude that it was not error for Detective Sun to be qualified as an expert.
Consequently, we A FFIR M the judgment of the district court.
-8-