547 F.2d 380
UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee,
v.
William BRITZMAN and Arthur Rubin, Defendants-Appellants.
Nos. 76-1548, 76-1559.
United States Court of Appeals,
Seventh Circuit.
Decided Jan. 7, 1977.
Argued Dec. 6, 1976.
Arthur J. O'Donnell, Lawrence J. Suffredin, Jr., Chicago, Ill., for defendants-appellants.
Samuel K. Skinner, U. S. Atty., J. Daniel Stewart, Asst. U. S. Atty., Chicago, Ill., for plaintiff-appellee.
Before SWYGERT, PELL and BAUER, Circuit Judges.
SWYGERT, Circuit Judge.
The defendants in this case were convicted of mail fraud in connection with a check-kiting scheme. They contend that their convictions must be vacated because the use of the mails was unrelated to the execution of the scheme. We agree, and reverse the district court's denial of the defendants' motion for acquittal.
* Defendants William Britzman and Arthur J. Rubin were indicted on eight counts of mail fraud under 18 U.S.C. § 1341 because they allegedly utilized the mails in conducting a check-kiting scheme between September 28, 1974 and December 30, 1974. The indictment charged that the scheme revolved around two checking accounts, one opened by Rubin at the Dempster Plaza State Bank in DesPlaines, Illinois, in the name of "A & R Cards & Forms" and the other opened by Britzman at the Citizens Bank and Trust of Park Ridge, Illinois in the name of "Forms & Procedures."
The theory behind the alleged scheme was that each man would draw checks on the account he had established payable to the business name used by the other man. They would then exchange checks and deposit them on the same day in their respective business accounts. Because the checks would take a certain amount of time to clear, the defendants would have the use of the money deposited during that time period even if the accounts on which the checks were drawn lacked sufficient funds to cover them. In addition, the indictment stated, Rubin began withdrawing cash from the A&R account and covering the shortage by promptly exchanging another pair of checks with Britzman. Once Rubin began withdrawing cash, it was necessary for the defendants to continually exchange checks in order to avoid having the banks detect the fraud.
The indictment further alleged that the defendants used three bank statements mailed to Britzman and two bank statements and three overdraft notices mailed to Rubin in furtherance of their scheme.
Britzman and Rubin were both convicted by a jury of all eight counts of mail fraud. During the trial, the judge indicated that although the evidence of fraud against the defendants was very strong, he had grave doubts as to whether there was a connection between their fraudulent conduct and the use of mails. However, he permitted the question of whether the use of mails was in furtherance of the fraudulent scheme to go to the jury. At sentencing, the judge stated;
I am still distressed with what I conceive to be a misuse of the mail fraud statute as represented by these state cases which are brought under the mail fraud statute even though there is no really material use of the mails.
I think given the present status of the 7th Circuit's decisions, I cannot grant the motion for judgment of acquittal. If I were on the court of appeals I would reverse the conviction. . . . and if I were on the Supreme Court I would do the same.
The defendants now appeal their convictions on a number of grounds. Because we find that the mailings were unconnected with the execution of the check- kiting scheme, we do not reach the defendants' other contentions.
II
The starting point for analysis in this case is the Supreme Court's decision in United States v. Maze, 414 U.S. 395, 94 S.Ct. 645, 38 L.Ed.2d 603 (1974). In discussing the connection that must exist between a fraudulent scheme and the use of the mails to support a conviction under 18 U.S.C. § 1341, the Court stated that while it is unnecessary that the scheme contemplate the use of the mails as an essential element, "the mailing must be 'for the purpose of executing the scheme, as the statute requires.' " 414 U.S. at 400, 94 S.Ct. at 648, citing Kann v. United States, 323 U.S. 88, 94, 65 S.Ct. 148, 89 L.Ed. 88 (1944). The Court noted that "Congress could have drafted the mail fraud statute so as to require only that the mails be in fact used as a result of the fraudulent scheme. But it did not do this." 414 U.S. at 405, 94 S.Ct. at 651 (footnote omitted). Accordingly, we can sustain the defendants' convictions only if at least one of the eight mailings at issue aided the execution of their check-kiting scheme.
The Government contends that the five bank statements and three overdraft notices aided the defendants because the statements and overdraft notices permitted them to ascertain whether the time lag between the dates on which they exchanged checks was of the correct duration and to adjust the mechanics of their scheme upon learning that the time period between exchanges they were using was resulting in overdrafts in one of the accounts. Specifically, the Government argues that the statements for October mailed to both Rubin and Britzman showed that the scheme was substantially working, in that only one overdraft occurred in October. However, the November statement for A&R mailed to Rubin showed that the A&R account had been almost continually overdrawn during November. According to the Government's theory, this statement, combined with the overdraft notice that was mailed to Rubin on December 6, made the defendants aware that the six to seven day time lag between check exchange dates they had been using was too long. Thus, the Government says, the defendants began to shorten that time lag throughout December.
A close examination of the defendants' behavior, however, contradicts any inference of a connection between the time lag they used in December, on the one hand, and receipt of Rubin's November bank statement or the December 6 overdraft notice, on the other hand. The November statement, received by Rubin shortly after it was mailed at the end of November, revealed that the A&R account had been overdrawn twelve times during that month. See Appendix C. Since the account was overdrawn once in late October, the defendants knew upon receiving the November statement that the six to seven day time lag they had been using had produced thirteen overdrafts in a little over a month. It strains credulity to assume that news of the fourteenth overdraft, mailed on December 6, would cause the defendants to change their strategy if news of the first thirteen overdrafts would not. If the Government's theory is to stand up, we must assume that Britzman and Rubin would reduce the time lag upon receipt of the November statement.
But the defendants did not do so. On December 5, they exchanged checks for approximately $18,500.
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547 F.2d 380
UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee,
v.
William BRITZMAN and Arthur Rubin, Defendants-Appellants.
Nos. 76-1548, 76-1559.
United States Court of Appeals,
Seventh Circuit.
Decided Jan. 7, 1977.
Argued Dec. 6, 1976.
Arthur J. O'Donnell, Lawrence J. Suffredin, Jr., Chicago, Ill., for defendants-appellants.
Samuel K. Skinner, U. S. Atty., J. Daniel Stewart, Asst. U. S. Atty., Chicago, Ill., for plaintiff-appellee.
Before SWYGERT, PELL and BAUER, Circuit Judges.
SWYGERT, Circuit Judge.
The defendants in this case were convicted of mail fraud in connection with a check-kiting scheme. They contend that their convictions must be vacated because the use of the mails was unrelated to the execution of the scheme. We agree, and reverse the district court's denial of the defendants' motion for acquittal.
* Defendants William Britzman and Arthur J. Rubin were indicted on eight counts of mail fraud under 18 U.S.C. § 1341 because they allegedly utilized the mails in conducting a check-kiting scheme between September 28, 1974 and December 30, 1974. The indictment charged that the scheme revolved around two checking accounts, one opened by Rubin at the Dempster Plaza State Bank in DesPlaines, Illinois, in the name of "A & R Cards & Forms" and the other opened by Britzman at the Citizens Bank and Trust of Park Ridge, Illinois in the name of "Forms & Procedures."
The theory behind the alleged scheme was that each man would draw checks on the account he had established payable to the business name used by the other man. They would then exchange checks and deposit them on the same day in their respective business accounts. Because the checks would take a certain amount of time to clear, the defendants would have the use of the money deposited during that time period even if the accounts on which the checks were drawn lacked sufficient funds to cover them. In addition, the indictment stated, Rubin began withdrawing cash from the A&R account and covering the shortage by promptly exchanging another pair of checks with Britzman. Once Rubin began withdrawing cash, it was necessary for the defendants to continually exchange checks in order to avoid having the banks detect the fraud.
The indictment further alleged that the defendants used three bank statements mailed to Britzman and two bank statements and three overdraft notices mailed to Rubin in furtherance of their scheme.
Britzman and Rubin were both convicted by a jury of all eight counts of mail fraud. During the trial, the judge indicated that although the evidence of fraud against the defendants was very strong, he had grave doubts as to whether there was a connection between their fraudulent conduct and the use of mails. However, he permitted the question of whether the use of mails was in furtherance of the fraudulent scheme to go to the jury. At sentencing, the judge stated;
I am still distressed with what I conceive to be a misuse of the mail fraud statute as represented by these state cases which are brought under the mail fraud statute even though there is no really material use of the mails.
I think given the present status of the 7th Circuit's decisions, I cannot grant the motion for judgment of acquittal. If I were on the court of appeals I would reverse the conviction. . . . and if I were on the Supreme Court I would do the same.
The defendants now appeal their convictions on a number of grounds. Because we find that the mailings were unconnected with the execution of the check- kiting scheme, we do not reach the defendants' other contentions.
II
The starting point for analysis in this case is the Supreme Court's decision in United States v. Maze, 414 U.S. 395, 94 S.Ct. 645, 38 L.Ed.2d 603 (1974). In discussing the connection that must exist between a fraudulent scheme and the use of the mails to support a conviction under 18 U.S.C. § 1341, the Court stated that while it is unnecessary that the scheme contemplate the use of the mails as an essential element, "the mailing must be 'for the purpose of executing the scheme, as the statute requires.' " 414 U.S. at 400, 94 S.Ct. at 648, citing Kann v. United States, 323 U.S. 88, 94, 65 S.Ct. 148, 89 L.Ed. 88 (1944). The Court noted that "Congress could have drafted the mail fraud statute so as to require only that the mails be in fact used as a result of the fraudulent scheme. But it did not do this." 414 U.S. at 405, 94 S.Ct. at 651 (footnote omitted). Accordingly, we can sustain the defendants' convictions only if at least one of the eight mailings at issue aided the execution of their check-kiting scheme.
The Government contends that the five bank statements and three overdraft notices aided the defendants because the statements and overdraft notices permitted them to ascertain whether the time lag between the dates on which they exchanged checks was of the correct duration and to adjust the mechanics of their scheme upon learning that the time period between exchanges they were using was resulting in overdrafts in one of the accounts. Specifically, the Government argues that the statements for October mailed to both Rubin and Britzman showed that the scheme was substantially working, in that only one overdraft occurred in October. However, the November statement for A&R mailed to Rubin showed that the A&R account had been almost continually overdrawn during November. According to the Government's theory, this statement, combined with the overdraft notice that was mailed to Rubin on December 6, made the defendants aware that the six to seven day time lag between check exchange dates they had been using was too long. Thus, the Government says, the defendants began to shorten that time lag throughout December.
A close examination of the defendants' behavior, however, contradicts any inference of a connection between the time lag they used in December, on the one hand, and receipt of Rubin's November bank statement or the December 6 overdraft notice, on the other hand. The November statement, received by Rubin shortly after it was mailed at the end of November, revealed that the A&R account had been overdrawn twelve times during that month. See Appendix C. Since the account was overdrawn once in late October, the defendants knew upon receiving the November statement that the six to seven day time lag they had been using had produced thirteen overdrafts in a little over a month. It strains credulity to assume that news of the fourteenth overdraft, mailed on December 6, would cause the defendants to change their strategy if news of the first thirteen overdrafts would not. If the Government's theory is to stand up, we must assume that Britzman and Rubin would reduce the time lag upon receipt of the November statement.
But the defendants did not do so. On December 5, they exchanged checks for approximately $18,500. They then waited seven days, until December 12, to exchange checks again this time for approximately $20,000. See Appendix A. Since they knew of the thirteen overdrafts in very early December, under the Government's theory they should have performed the second exchange in December well before December 12.
Even if we assume that the notice of the fourteenth overdraft mailed on December 6 was "the straw that broke the camel's back," finally convincing the defendants that the time lag had to be shortened, the Government's theory does not fit the defendants' behavior. December 6 was a Friday. Rubin therefore probably received the notice on Monday, December 9 or Tuesday, December 10. Moreover, the defendants knew that the last exchange date had been December 5. Nonetheless, they waited until Thursday, December 12, to make the exchange. They would not have done so if they had relied on the statement and notice to tell them that the six to seven day time lag had to be shortened, as the Government contends.
The Government also argues that the defendants used the overdraft notices to further their check-kiting scheme because upon learning of overdrafts they deposited money in the overdrawn account to keep the scheme going. Again, however, the Government's theory does not fit the facts. The first overdraft notice was mailed to Rubin on November 8. The Government contends that Rubin reacted to this notice by making a deposit on November 9 in order to remedy the overdraft. This reasoning assumes that the notice, mailed on November 8, was received by Rubin on the next day. While the correctness of this assumption is possible, it is not probable.
The next overdraft notice was mailed to Rubin on November 18. The Government argues that Rubin and Britzman traded checks on November 21 because "based on this notice, Rubin realized that the scheme could not continue unless further funds were deposited in his account." The exchange on November 21, however, took place six days after the previous exchange on November 15. It is therefore likely that the November 21 exchange was made pursuant to the defendants' established pattern of exchanging checks every six to seven days rather than in reaction to the overdraft notice.
The defendants' conduct upon receiving the third overdraft notice provides the most telling rebuttal to the Government's theory. The notice, showing a large overdraft of $19,957.77, was mailed on December 6 and probably received by Rubin on December 9 or 10. If the defendants had been utilizing the notices to cover up overdrafts, they would have immediately deposited money in the overdrawn account. In fact, they waited until the next weekly exchange of checks on December 12 to deposit any funds in the A&R account.
The Government's final argument is that the statements and overdraft notices furthered the check-kiting scheme by informing the defendants that the bank had not yet become suspicious of their activities and had not initiated an investigation of those activities. We cannot accept this assertion. There is no reason to think that a bank investigating a possibly fraudulent checking account would halt its ordinary mailings to the customer under suspicion while the investigation took place. By doing so the bank would run the risk of unfairly insulting a customer who turned out to be innocent of fraud and of permitting a wrongdoer to flee the jurisdiction.
Therefore, the Government has failed to show a connection between any of the eight mailings and the execution of the check-kiting scheme. While the evidence that the defendants committed fraudulent acts is very persuasive, they did not violate the mail fraud statute.
The judgment of the district court is reversed and the convictions of the defendants are vacated.
APPENDIX A
----
SUMMARY CHART OF ALL CHECKS
DRAWN ON EITHER ACCOUNT
(Does Not Include Deposits Of Cash)
Date Account Amount Payee Date Deposited
---- ------- ------ ----- --------------
9-28-74 F & P $ 5,000.00 A & R 9-28-74
9-28-74 A & R 5,000.00 Rubin
--------------------------------------------------------
10-4-74 A & R 5,500.00 F & P 10-4-74
10-4-74 F & P 5,500.00 A & R 10-4-74
--------------------------------------------------------
10-10-74 A & R 8,250.00 F & P 10-11-74
10-10-74 F & P 8,250.00 A & R 10-11-74
--------------------------------------------------------
10-11-74 A & R 800.00 Rubin
--------------------------------------------------------
10-17-74 A & R 9,075.00 F & P 10-18-74
10-17-74 F & P 9,075.00 A & R 10-18-74
--------------------------------------------------------
10-22-74 A & R 1,500.00 Rubin
--------------------------------------------------------
10-24-74 A & R 11,082.50 F & P 10-25-74
10-24-74 F & P 11,000.00 A & R 10-25-74
--------------------------------------------------------
10-25-74 A & R 1,500.00 Rubin
--------------------------------------------------------
10-31-74 A & R 12,100.00 F & P 10-31-74
10-31-74 F & P 12,000.00 A & R 10-31-74
10-31-74 F & P 450.00 Britzman
--------------------------------------------------------
11-6-74 A & R 13,200.00 F & P 11-7-74
11-6-74 F & P 13,000.00 A & R 11-8-74
11-8-74 A & R $ 700.00 Rubin
11-8-74 A & R 1,515.00 Travelers cks,
--------------------------------------------------------
11-9-74 A & R 200.00 Cash
--------------------------------------------------------
11-13-74 A & R 14,300.00 F & P 11-15-74
11-14-74 F & P 14,000.00 A & R 11-15-74
--------------------------------------------------------
11-15-74 A & R 2,850.00 Cash
--------------------------------------------------------
11-16-74 A & R 700.00 Rubin
--------------------------------------------------------
11-21-74 A & R 15,400.00 F & P 11-21-74
11-21-74 F & P 15,000.00 A & R 11-21-74
--------------------------------------------------------
11-22-74 A & R 2,950.00 Cash
--------------------------------------------------------
11-23-74 A & R 300.00 Rubin
--------------------------------------------------------
11-26-74 A & R 16,500.00 F & P 11-29-74
11-26-74 F & P 17,000.00 A & R 11-29-74
--------------------------------------------------------
11-27-74 A & R 700.00 Rubin
--------------------------------------------------------
11-29-74 A & R 3,450.00 Cash
11-29-74 A & R 700.00 Rubin
11-29-74 F & P 400.00 Britzman
--------------------------------------------------------
11-30-74 A & R 500.00 Rubin
--------------------------------------------------------
12-3-84 A & R 1,000.00 Rubin
--------------------------------------------------------
12-5-74 A & R 18,700.00 F & P 12-5-74
12-5-74 F & P 18,500.00 A & R 12-5-74
--------------------------------------------------------
12-6-74 A & R 3,600.00 Rubin
12-12-74 A & R 20,350.00 F & P 12-12-74
12-12-74 F & P 20,000.00 A & R 12-12-74
12-12-74 A & R 190.00 Rubin
--------------------------------------------------------
12-13-74 A & R 3,000.00 Cash
--------------------------------------------------------
12-16-74 F & P 350.56 Britzman
--------------------------------------------------------
12-17-74 A & R 22,000.00 F & P 12-17-74
12-17-74 F & P 22,000.00 A & R 12-17-74
--------------------------------------------------------
12-18-74 A & R 1,000.00 Rubin
--------------------------------------------------------
12-19-74 A & R 4,000.00 Cash
12-19-74 A & R 24,000.00 (F & P) 12-19-74
12-19-74 A & R 750.00 F & P 12-19-74
12-19-74 F & P 24,000.00 A & R 12-19-74
--------------------------------------------------------
12-23-74 A & R 27,000.00 F & P 12-23-74
12-23-74 F & P 25,000.00 A & R 12-23-74
12-23-74 A & R 1,200.00 Rubin
12-23-74 F & P 2,650.00 Cash
Britzman
--------------------------------------------------------
12-26-74 A & R 28,125.00 F & P 12-26-74
12-26-74 F & P 25,000.00 A & R 12-27-74
--------------------------------------------------------
12-29-74 A & R 1,100.00 Rubin
APPENDIX BTATABLE
APPENDIX C
NOTE: OPINION CONTAINS TABLE OR OTHER DATA THAT IS NOT VIEWABLE
TABLE