UNPUBLISHED
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT
No. 19-4161
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff - Appellee,
v.
WILLARD LEE MOSS, JR.,
Defendant - Appellant.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of West Virginia, at Clarksburg. Irene M. Keeley, Senior District Judge. (1:18-cr-00039-IMK-MJA-1)
Submitted: April 2, 2020 Decided: April 22, 2020
Before WILKINSON and FLOYD, Circuit Judges, and SHEDD, Senior Circuit Judge.
Affirmed by unpublished per curiam opinion.
L. Richard Walker, Senior Litigator, Clarksburg, West Virginia, Kristen Leddy, Assistant Federal Public Defender, OFFICE OF THE FEDERAL PUBLIC DEFENDER, Martinsburg, West Virginia, for Appellant. William J. Powell, United States Attorney, Martinsburg, West Virginia, David J. Perri, Assistant United States Attorney, OFFICE OF THE UNITED STATES ATTORNEY, Wheeling, West Virginia, for Appellee.
Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit. PER CURIAM:
Willard Lee Moss, Jr., was convicted by a jury of possessing a firearm after having
been convicted of misdemeanor domestic violence, 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(9) (2018), and was
sentenced to 27 months’ imprisonment. He appeals, arguing that a fatal variance existed
between the date of the offense charged in the indictment and the proof at trial and that his
sentence is procedurally unreasonable. Moss has also filed a supplemental brief
challenging his conviction in light of Rehaif v. United States, 139 S. Ct. 2191 (2019)
(holding that the government must prove not only that a defendant charged under 18
§ 922(g) knew he possessed a firearm, but also that he knew he belonged to a class of
persons barred from possessing a firearm). We affirm.
The indictment charged that “[o]n or about February 15, 2018,” Moss knowingly
possessed five specified firearms after having been convicted of misdemeanor domestic
violence offenses. At trial, the Government presented the testimony of a social worker
who saw a firearm at Moss’ residence on two occasions during home visits in December
2017. Based on her observations, a search warrant was issued for Moss’ home; execution
of that search warrant on February 15, 2018, recovered the five firearms listed in the
indictment. The jury found Moss guilty. He then filed a motion pursuant to Fed. R. Crim.
P. 29 seeking a judgment of acquittal or a new trial, arguing that there was a fatal variance
between the date of the offense charged in the indictment and the dates proved at trial. The
district court denied the motion.
2 Based on a total offense level of 18 and a criminal history category of I, Moss’
advisory Guidelines range was 27 to 33 months’ imprisonment. The court imposed a
sentence at the bottom of the range. Moss timely noted an appeal.
We review the denial of a Rule 29 motion de novo. United States v. Burfoot, 899
F.3d 326, 334 (4th Cir. 2018). A fatal variance—also known as a constructive
amendment—occurs when the government (through argument or presentation of the
evidence) or the district court (through jury instructions) “broadens the bases for conviction
beyond those charged in the indictment,” effectively amending the indictment to allow the
defendant to be convicted of a crime other than the one charged, in violation of his Fifth
Amendment right to be tried only on the charges made by the grand jury in the indictment.
United States v. Randall, 171 F.3d 195, 203 (4th Cir. 1999). A constructive amendment is
error per se, and it must be corrected on appeal. Id. (citing United States v. Floresca, 38
F.3d 706, 712-13 (4th Cir. 1994) (en banc)). But divergence between the charges and the
government’s proof is not automatically a constructive amendment or fatal variance; when
the facts proven at trial support a finding that the defendant committed the charged crime,
and the allegations in the indictment differ in some way not essential to that conclusion, a
mere variance occurs. See United States v. Miltier, 882 F.3d 81, 93 (4th Cir.), cert. denied,
___ U.S.L.W. ___ (U.S. Oct. 1, 2018) (No. 17-9189); United States v. Allmendinger, 706
F.3d 330, 339 (4th Cir. 2013). A variance violates the defendant’s Fifth Amendment rights
only if it prejudices him by surprising him at trial and hindering his defense, “or by
exposing him to the danger of a second prosecution for the same offense.” Allmendinger,
706 F.3d at 339 (internal quotation marks omitted). In considering a constructive
3 amendment or fatal variance claim, the key inquiry is whether the defendant has been tried
on charges other than those in the indictment. See United States v. Moore, 810 F.3d 932,
936 (4th Cir. 2016); Allmendinger, 706 F.3d at 339.
Moss contends that a fatal variance occurred because the Government charged that
he possessed the firearms on February 15, 2018, but only provided evidence that he had
done so in December 2017. Moss claims that this prejudiced him because his alibi defense
was that he could not have possessed the firearms on February 15 as he was in jail on that
date. Moss’ argument fails for two reasons. First, as the district court properly noted, dates
are not an element of the crime. See United States v. Kimberlin, 18 F.3d 1156, 1159 (4th
Cir. 1994); see also United States v. Benson, 591 F.3d 491, 497 (6th Cir. 2010) (holding
that “[w]hen an indictment uses the language ‘on or about,’ a constructive amendment does
not exist when ‘the proof offered regards a date reasonably near the date alleged in the
indictment’”). Second, Moss cannot claim that he was “surprised” at trial, thus hindering
his defense, because the Government disclosed its continuous possession theory of its case
at a pretrial conference. We conclude that Moss was not subjected to a fatal variance and
that the district court did not err in denying his Rule 29 motion for judgment of acquittal
or a new trial.
Next, Moss contends that his sentence is procedurally unreasonable because the
district court failed to consider all the relevant statutory factors and placed undue weight
on Moss’ obstruction of justice. This court reviews sentences for reasonableness under a
deferential abuse-of-discretion standard. Gall v. United States, 552 U.S. 38, 41, 51 (2007);
United States v. Lymas, 781 F.3d 106, 111 (4th Cir. 2015). In doing so, we first examine
4 the sentence for procedural error, which includes “failing to calculate (or improperly
calculating) the Guidelines range, treating the Guidelines as mandatory, failing to consider
the [18 U.S.C.] § 3553(a) (2018) factors, selecting a sentence based on clearly erroneous
facts, or failing to adequately explain the chosen sentence.” Lymas, 781 F.3d at 111-12
(quoting Gall, 552 U.S. at 51).
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UNPUBLISHED
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT
No. 19-4161
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff - Appellee,
v.
WILLARD LEE MOSS, JR.,
Defendant - Appellant.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of West Virginia, at Clarksburg. Irene M. Keeley, Senior District Judge. (1:18-cr-00039-IMK-MJA-1)
Submitted: April 2, 2020 Decided: April 22, 2020
Before WILKINSON and FLOYD, Circuit Judges, and SHEDD, Senior Circuit Judge.
Affirmed by unpublished per curiam opinion.
L. Richard Walker, Senior Litigator, Clarksburg, West Virginia, Kristen Leddy, Assistant Federal Public Defender, OFFICE OF THE FEDERAL PUBLIC DEFENDER, Martinsburg, West Virginia, for Appellant. William J. Powell, United States Attorney, Martinsburg, West Virginia, David J. Perri, Assistant United States Attorney, OFFICE OF THE UNITED STATES ATTORNEY, Wheeling, West Virginia, for Appellee.
Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit. PER CURIAM:
Willard Lee Moss, Jr., was convicted by a jury of possessing a firearm after having
been convicted of misdemeanor domestic violence, 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(9) (2018), and was
sentenced to 27 months’ imprisonment. He appeals, arguing that a fatal variance existed
between the date of the offense charged in the indictment and the proof at trial and that his
sentence is procedurally unreasonable. Moss has also filed a supplemental brief
challenging his conviction in light of Rehaif v. United States, 139 S. Ct. 2191 (2019)
(holding that the government must prove not only that a defendant charged under 18
§ 922(g) knew he possessed a firearm, but also that he knew he belonged to a class of
persons barred from possessing a firearm). We affirm.
The indictment charged that “[o]n or about February 15, 2018,” Moss knowingly
possessed five specified firearms after having been convicted of misdemeanor domestic
violence offenses. At trial, the Government presented the testimony of a social worker
who saw a firearm at Moss’ residence on two occasions during home visits in December
2017. Based on her observations, a search warrant was issued for Moss’ home; execution
of that search warrant on February 15, 2018, recovered the five firearms listed in the
indictment. The jury found Moss guilty. He then filed a motion pursuant to Fed. R. Crim.
P. 29 seeking a judgment of acquittal or a new trial, arguing that there was a fatal variance
between the date of the offense charged in the indictment and the dates proved at trial. The
district court denied the motion.
2 Based on a total offense level of 18 and a criminal history category of I, Moss’
advisory Guidelines range was 27 to 33 months’ imprisonment. The court imposed a
sentence at the bottom of the range. Moss timely noted an appeal.
We review the denial of a Rule 29 motion de novo. United States v. Burfoot, 899
F.3d 326, 334 (4th Cir. 2018). A fatal variance—also known as a constructive
amendment—occurs when the government (through argument or presentation of the
evidence) or the district court (through jury instructions) “broadens the bases for conviction
beyond those charged in the indictment,” effectively amending the indictment to allow the
defendant to be convicted of a crime other than the one charged, in violation of his Fifth
Amendment right to be tried only on the charges made by the grand jury in the indictment.
United States v. Randall, 171 F.3d 195, 203 (4th Cir. 1999). A constructive amendment is
error per se, and it must be corrected on appeal. Id. (citing United States v. Floresca, 38
F.3d 706, 712-13 (4th Cir. 1994) (en banc)). But divergence between the charges and the
government’s proof is not automatically a constructive amendment or fatal variance; when
the facts proven at trial support a finding that the defendant committed the charged crime,
and the allegations in the indictment differ in some way not essential to that conclusion, a
mere variance occurs. See United States v. Miltier, 882 F.3d 81, 93 (4th Cir.), cert. denied,
___ U.S.L.W. ___ (U.S. Oct. 1, 2018) (No. 17-9189); United States v. Allmendinger, 706
F.3d 330, 339 (4th Cir. 2013). A variance violates the defendant’s Fifth Amendment rights
only if it prejudices him by surprising him at trial and hindering his defense, “or by
exposing him to the danger of a second prosecution for the same offense.” Allmendinger,
706 F.3d at 339 (internal quotation marks omitted). In considering a constructive
3 amendment or fatal variance claim, the key inquiry is whether the defendant has been tried
on charges other than those in the indictment. See United States v. Moore, 810 F.3d 932,
936 (4th Cir. 2016); Allmendinger, 706 F.3d at 339.
Moss contends that a fatal variance occurred because the Government charged that
he possessed the firearms on February 15, 2018, but only provided evidence that he had
done so in December 2017. Moss claims that this prejudiced him because his alibi defense
was that he could not have possessed the firearms on February 15 as he was in jail on that
date. Moss’ argument fails for two reasons. First, as the district court properly noted, dates
are not an element of the crime. See United States v. Kimberlin, 18 F.3d 1156, 1159 (4th
Cir. 1994); see also United States v. Benson, 591 F.3d 491, 497 (6th Cir. 2010) (holding
that “[w]hen an indictment uses the language ‘on or about,’ a constructive amendment does
not exist when ‘the proof offered regards a date reasonably near the date alleged in the
indictment’”). Second, Moss cannot claim that he was “surprised” at trial, thus hindering
his defense, because the Government disclosed its continuous possession theory of its case
at a pretrial conference. We conclude that Moss was not subjected to a fatal variance and
that the district court did not err in denying his Rule 29 motion for judgment of acquittal
or a new trial.
Next, Moss contends that his sentence is procedurally unreasonable because the
district court failed to consider all the relevant statutory factors and placed undue weight
on Moss’ obstruction of justice. This court reviews sentences for reasonableness under a
deferential abuse-of-discretion standard. Gall v. United States, 552 U.S. 38, 41, 51 (2007);
United States v. Lymas, 781 F.3d 106, 111 (4th Cir. 2015). In doing so, we first examine
4 the sentence for procedural error, which includes “failing to calculate (or improperly
calculating) the Guidelines range, treating the Guidelines as mandatory, failing to consider
the [18 U.S.C.] § 3553(a) (2018) factors, selecting a sentence based on clearly erroneous
facts, or failing to adequately explain the chosen sentence.” Lymas, 781 F.3d at 111-12
(quoting Gall, 552 U.S. at 51).
We have reviewed the record, including the transcript of Moss’ sentencing hearing
and find that his sentence is procedurally reasonable. The district court properly calculated
Moss’ advisory Guidelines range and, although the judge did not specifically cite the
§ 3553(a) factors, the transcript reveals that she did consider them, and more. * Moss does
not challenge the substantive reasonableness of his sentence.
After Moss filed his opening brief, the Supreme Court issued Rehaif v. United
States, 139 S. Ct. 2191 (2019), holding that, in order to convict a defendant of a § 922(g)
offense, the Government “must show that the defendant knew he possessed a firearm and
also that he knew he had the relevant status when he possessed it.” Id. at 2194. Moss has
filed a supplemental brief asserting error under Rehaif. Because Moss did not raise this
issue below, review is for plain error. Fed. R. Crim. P. 52(b). See United States v. Gary,
___F.3d___, 2020 WL 1443528 (4th Cir. Mar. 25, 2020) (No. 18-4578).
“To succeed under plain error review, a defendant must show that: (1) an error
occurred; (2) the error was plain; and (3) the error affected his substantial rights.” United
States v. Lockhart, 947 F.3d 187, 91 (4th Cir. 2020) (en banc). If Moss satisfies these
* Moss does not challenge the substantive reasonableness of his sentence.
5 three prongs, we will only correct the error if it “seriously affects the fairness, integrity or
public reputation of judicial proceedings.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted). In Gary,
we held that a “Rehaif error” is a “structural error that affects the substantial rights of the
defendant.” Gary, 2020 WL 1443528 at *4. This court noted in Gary that “the phrase
‘affects substantial rights’ means that ‘the error must have been prejudicial’ – that is, ‘[i]t
must have affected the outcome of the district court proceedings.’” Id. at *5. We
concluded that, in the context of a guilty plea, Gary’s plea was not voluntary and
“intelligent” because a criminal defendant must “first receive[] ‘real notice of the true
nature of the charge against him.’” Id.
We find—and the Government concedes—that Moss meets the first two prongs of
plain error. However, given Moss’ testimony at trial, he cannot show structural error and,
therefore, fails to meet the plain error standard. During his direct testimony, Moss stated
that he was well aware of his prohibited status because of his prior convictions.
Accordingly, we find that Moss cannot show plain error.
Based on the foregoing, we affirm Moss’ conviction and sentence. We dispense
with oral argument because the facts and legal contentions are adequately presented in the
materials before this court and argument would not aid the decisional process.
AFFIRMED