NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
File Name: 18a0240n.06
CASE NO. 17-5602
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
) FILED UNITED STATES of AMERICA, ) May 14, 2018 ) DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk Plaintiff-Appellee, ) ) v. ) ON APPEAL FROM THE ) UNITED STATES DISTRICT WILLARD DEAN HALL, ) COURT FOR THE EASTERN ) DISTRICT OF KENTUCKY Defendant-Appellant. ) )
Before: NORRIS, BATCHELDER, and STRANCH, Circuit Judges.
ALICE M. BATCHELDER, Circuit Judge. The defendant appeals the sentence
resulting from his conviction for the production of child pornography. We AFFIRM.
I.
In March 2015, Willard Dean Hall—a 45-year-old man—created a Facebook profile of a
fictional 15-year-old boy named “Jimmy Slone,” which he used to coerce nude pictures from at
least three minor female victims: FV-1, FV-2, and FV-3, ages 12, 16, and 13, respectively. Hall
would identify a local girl on Facebook, contact her as “Slone,” offer some flattery, and begin to
request, badger, and beg her to send him nude pictures. He sent the girls pictures of “Slone’s”
penis, sent one victim a picture of her in a public place, as proof that he knew who she was, and
sent pictures of guns with threats of self-harm when the victim refused to send nude pictures.
When a victim would relent and send him a nude picture, Hall would use that picture to demand
more pictures by threatening to post the first nude picture publicly. He also threatened to and did 17-5602, United States v. Hall
send those nude pictures to other minors; specifically, he sent nude pictures of FV-1 to FV-3, to
coax FV-3 and extort FV-1. He also sent nude pictures of FV-1 to FV-2’s minor boyfriend, to
persuade that boy to obtain or send back pictures of a certain 9-or-10-year-old girl. According to
Hall, this boy had sent him nude pictures of several other minor females (younger than 14) but
refused the request for pictures of the 9-or-10-year-old girl because she was too young.
When school officials learned that a “Jimmy Slone” was circulating nude pictures of FV-
1 to students in their school, they contacted the police, who investigated, seized the “Jimmy
Slone” Facebook account, and connected it to Hall. At Hall’s residence, they found computers
and equipment, 525 images (including the victims here), seven videos of child pornography, and
the handguns in the threatening pictures he had sent to the victims. When questioned, Hall
eventually admitted everything. The police arrested Hall and the federal grand jury indicted him
on several counts, including Count 1 - Production of Child Pornography. Hall entered a guilty
plea, pursuant to a plea agreement in which the prosecution dismissed all but Count 1.
The presentence report (PSR) calculated Hall’s total offense level at 43, based on several
enhancements and one reduction. The two enhancements pertinent to this appeal are:
38. Adjustment for Role in the Offense: The defendant used or attempted to use a person less than eighteen years of age to commit the offense or assist in avoiding detection of, or apprehension for, the offense; therefore, increase by two levels. USSG § 3B1.4.
PSR at 12-13.
61. Chapter Four Enhancement: The offense of conviction is a covered sex crime (i.e., the production of child pornography), neither USSG §§ 4B1.1 nor § 4B1.5(a) apply, and the defendant engaged in a pattern of activity involving prohibited sexual conduct, namely at least three instances of the production of child pornography given the respective conduct as to FV #1, FV #2, and FV #3. Therefore, the defendant is a repeat and dangerous sex offender against minors. Per § 4B1.5(b)(1), the offense level is determined as 5 plus the offense level determined under Chapters Two and Three.
2 17-5602, United States v. Hall
PSR at 14. Hall’s criminal history category was I, based on no prior crimes and zero points. The
resulting range was life in prison, but the statutory maximum was 360 months. Following
resolution of objections from both parties and a sentencing hearing, the district court considered
the § 3553(a) factors and sentenced Hall to the within-guidelines sentence of 360 months.
II.
We review the district court’s legal interpretations of the Guidelines de novo. United
States v. Morgan, 687 F.3d 688, 693 (6th Cir. 2012). We review substantive reasonableness
claims for abuse of discretion. United States v. Jackson, 877 F.3d 231, 236 (6th Cir. 2017).
A.
Hall contends that the 5-level “pattern of conduct” enhancement, U.S.S.G. § 4B1.5(b)(1),
was improper. In calculating Hall’s guideline range, the district court added five levels to Hall’s
offense-level tabulation, pursuant to § 4B1.5(b)(1), based on its finding that Hall had engaged in
a pattern of activity comprising at least three separate instances of the production of child
pornography, namely, FV-1, FV-2, and FV-3. Hall concedes the factual underpinning, see Apt.
Br. at 8 (“Hall cannot dispute that there are two or more instances of prohibited sexual conduct”),
but argues that § 4B1.5(b)(1) is inherently unreasonable “because it results in a guideline higher
than would be achieved if Hall had a prior sex offense conviction,” id. (emphasis added).
This assertion is untrue. If Hall had a prior sex offense conviction, such that the court
would apply § 4B1.5(a) rather than § 4B1.5(b)(1), as Hall hypothesizes, the resulting advisory
guideline range would be exactly the same, albeit on a different calculation. Moreover, even if
Hall’s assertion were true and the Sentencing Commission had decided to impose a more severe
sentence on a “pattern of conduct” than on a “single prior conviction,” Hall’s disagreement with
such a policy determination (e.g., according to Hall, “a prior sexual offense conviction[] is,
presumably, something that would warrant a greater sentence than a ‘pattern,’” Apt. Br. at 9)
3 17-5602, United States v. Hall
would not render that decision necessarily unreasonable. More importantly, given that we have
upheld the application of § 4B1.5(b)(1) on numerous similar occasions, see United States v.
Brattain, 539 F.3d 445, 447-48 (2008); United States v. Sibley, 681 F. App’x 457, 461-62 (6th
Cir. 2017); United States v. Hammonds, 468 F. App’x 593, 596-97 (6th Cir. 2012), we cannot
agree with Hall’s proposition that the provision itself is inherently unreasonable. In short, the
district court properly applied it the same way to these circumstances. This claim fails.
B.
Hall contends that the 2-level “use of a minor” enhancement, U.S.S.G. § 3B1.4, was
improper. In calculating Hall’s guideline range, the district court added two levels to Hall’s
offense-level tabulation, pursuant to § 3B1.4, based on its finding that Hall used a minor to
commit or further the crime, i.e., Hall used the nude pictures obtained from FV-1 to coax FV-3
and to barter with FV-2’s minor boyfriend. The court also relied on United States v. Broxmeyer,
699 F.3d 265, 281 (2d Cir. 2012), in finding that § 3B1.4 applies to a scenario, as we have here,
in which a minor photographs herself, i.e., acts as both photographer and subject.
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NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
File Name: 18a0240n.06
CASE NO. 17-5602
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
) FILED UNITED STATES of AMERICA, ) May 14, 2018 ) DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk Plaintiff-Appellee, ) ) v. ) ON APPEAL FROM THE ) UNITED STATES DISTRICT WILLARD DEAN HALL, ) COURT FOR THE EASTERN ) DISTRICT OF KENTUCKY Defendant-Appellant. ) )
Before: NORRIS, BATCHELDER, and STRANCH, Circuit Judges.
ALICE M. BATCHELDER, Circuit Judge. The defendant appeals the sentence
resulting from his conviction for the production of child pornography. We AFFIRM.
I.
In March 2015, Willard Dean Hall—a 45-year-old man—created a Facebook profile of a
fictional 15-year-old boy named “Jimmy Slone,” which he used to coerce nude pictures from at
least three minor female victims: FV-1, FV-2, and FV-3, ages 12, 16, and 13, respectively. Hall
would identify a local girl on Facebook, contact her as “Slone,” offer some flattery, and begin to
request, badger, and beg her to send him nude pictures. He sent the girls pictures of “Slone’s”
penis, sent one victim a picture of her in a public place, as proof that he knew who she was, and
sent pictures of guns with threats of self-harm when the victim refused to send nude pictures.
When a victim would relent and send him a nude picture, Hall would use that picture to demand
more pictures by threatening to post the first nude picture publicly. He also threatened to and did 17-5602, United States v. Hall
send those nude pictures to other minors; specifically, he sent nude pictures of FV-1 to FV-3, to
coax FV-3 and extort FV-1. He also sent nude pictures of FV-1 to FV-2’s minor boyfriend, to
persuade that boy to obtain or send back pictures of a certain 9-or-10-year-old girl. According to
Hall, this boy had sent him nude pictures of several other minor females (younger than 14) but
refused the request for pictures of the 9-or-10-year-old girl because she was too young.
When school officials learned that a “Jimmy Slone” was circulating nude pictures of FV-
1 to students in their school, they contacted the police, who investigated, seized the “Jimmy
Slone” Facebook account, and connected it to Hall. At Hall’s residence, they found computers
and equipment, 525 images (including the victims here), seven videos of child pornography, and
the handguns in the threatening pictures he had sent to the victims. When questioned, Hall
eventually admitted everything. The police arrested Hall and the federal grand jury indicted him
on several counts, including Count 1 - Production of Child Pornography. Hall entered a guilty
plea, pursuant to a plea agreement in which the prosecution dismissed all but Count 1.
The presentence report (PSR) calculated Hall’s total offense level at 43, based on several
enhancements and one reduction. The two enhancements pertinent to this appeal are:
38. Adjustment for Role in the Offense: The defendant used or attempted to use a person less than eighteen years of age to commit the offense or assist in avoiding detection of, or apprehension for, the offense; therefore, increase by two levels. USSG § 3B1.4.
PSR at 12-13.
61. Chapter Four Enhancement: The offense of conviction is a covered sex crime (i.e., the production of child pornography), neither USSG §§ 4B1.1 nor § 4B1.5(a) apply, and the defendant engaged in a pattern of activity involving prohibited sexual conduct, namely at least three instances of the production of child pornography given the respective conduct as to FV #1, FV #2, and FV #3. Therefore, the defendant is a repeat and dangerous sex offender against minors. Per § 4B1.5(b)(1), the offense level is determined as 5 plus the offense level determined under Chapters Two and Three.
2 17-5602, United States v. Hall
PSR at 14. Hall’s criminal history category was I, based on no prior crimes and zero points. The
resulting range was life in prison, but the statutory maximum was 360 months. Following
resolution of objections from both parties and a sentencing hearing, the district court considered
the § 3553(a) factors and sentenced Hall to the within-guidelines sentence of 360 months.
II.
We review the district court’s legal interpretations of the Guidelines de novo. United
States v. Morgan, 687 F.3d 688, 693 (6th Cir. 2012). We review substantive reasonableness
claims for abuse of discretion. United States v. Jackson, 877 F.3d 231, 236 (6th Cir. 2017).
A.
Hall contends that the 5-level “pattern of conduct” enhancement, U.S.S.G. § 4B1.5(b)(1),
was improper. In calculating Hall’s guideline range, the district court added five levels to Hall’s
offense-level tabulation, pursuant to § 4B1.5(b)(1), based on its finding that Hall had engaged in
a pattern of activity comprising at least three separate instances of the production of child
pornography, namely, FV-1, FV-2, and FV-3. Hall concedes the factual underpinning, see Apt.
Br. at 8 (“Hall cannot dispute that there are two or more instances of prohibited sexual conduct”),
but argues that § 4B1.5(b)(1) is inherently unreasonable “because it results in a guideline higher
than would be achieved if Hall had a prior sex offense conviction,” id. (emphasis added).
This assertion is untrue. If Hall had a prior sex offense conviction, such that the court
would apply § 4B1.5(a) rather than § 4B1.5(b)(1), as Hall hypothesizes, the resulting advisory
guideline range would be exactly the same, albeit on a different calculation. Moreover, even if
Hall’s assertion were true and the Sentencing Commission had decided to impose a more severe
sentence on a “pattern of conduct” than on a “single prior conviction,” Hall’s disagreement with
such a policy determination (e.g., according to Hall, “a prior sexual offense conviction[] is,
presumably, something that would warrant a greater sentence than a ‘pattern,’” Apt. Br. at 9)
3 17-5602, United States v. Hall
would not render that decision necessarily unreasonable. More importantly, given that we have
upheld the application of § 4B1.5(b)(1) on numerous similar occasions, see United States v.
Brattain, 539 F.3d 445, 447-48 (2008); United States v. Sibley, 681 F. App’x 457, 461-62 (6th
Cir. 2017); United States v. Hammonds, 468 F. App’x 593, 596-97 (6th Cir. 2012), we cannot
agree with Hall’s proposition that the provision itself is inherently unreasonable. In short, the
district court properly applied it the same way to these circumstances. This claim fails.
B.
Hall contends that the 2-level “use of a minor” enhancement, U.S.S.G. § 3B1.4, was
improper. In calculating Hall’s guideline range, the district court added two levels to Hall’s
offense-level tabulation, pursuant to § 3B1.4, based on its finding that Hall used a minor to
commit or further the crime, i.e., Hall used the nude pictures obtained from FV-1 to coax FV-3
and to barter with FV-2’s minor boyfriend. The court also relied on United States v. Broxmeyer,
699 F.3d 265, 281 (2d Cir. 2012), in finding that § 3B1.4 applies to a scenario, as we have here,
in which a minor photographs herself, i.e., acts as both photographer and subject.
Hall argues that the application of § 3B1.4 was improper because Broxmeyer applies only
when a defendant uses one minor to photograph another minor. That is both factually incorrect,
as Broxmeyer, 699 F.3d at 281, applies to a scenario such as we have here in which a minor
photographs herself, and legally irrelevant, as the district court alternatively applied § 3B1.4
because Hall used the nude pictures obtained from FV-1 to coax FV-3 and to barter with FV-2’s
minor boyfriend. Thus, we need not decide whether the district court’s reliance on Broxmeyer
was appropriate. Hall has raised no legitimate claim of error on this issue. This claim fails.
C.
Hall raises three contentions that the within guidelines sentence is substantively
unreasonable, because—he believes—it is greater than necessary to satisfy the § 3553(a) factors.
4 17-5602, United States v. Hall
It is noteworthy that Hall does not contend that the district court acted arbitrarily or beyond its
authority, or that it clearly erred on any factual findings or considered impermissible factors.
Hall’s first contention is that the sentence was greater than necessary because his conduct
was, in his opinion, “by no means the worst sort,” Apt. Br. at 12, 16 (citing cases in which the
sentences were 17 and 16 years, respectively, for conduct that Hall believes was worse than his
own). Thus, Hall suggests some type of improper sentencing disparity based on these isolated
cases. But such disparity is not necessarily improper. The guidelines sentencing system of
calculations and factors is designed to create disparities based on the differences in individual
cases and criminals. Disparities are problematic when they are “national disparities, not
disparities between one individual’s sentence and another individual’s sentence.” United States
v. Jenkins, 528 F. App’x 483, 487 (6th Cir. 2013) (citation and quotation marks omitted).
Hall also contends that the court overemphasized the harm to the minor victims and the
danger to the public, while ignoring his proffered mitigating factors, namely, his absence of prior
criminal record, mental infirmity from a 2005 auto accident, and willingness to participate in
treatment. Apt. Br. at 13. But a careful review of the sentencing transcript reveals that the court
considered the § 3553(a) factors, as required, and produced a reasoned decision. Hall’s
disagreement with the court’s subjective view of the factors is not a basis for reversal.
Finally, Hall contends that long prison sentences do not deter crime and are actually
counterproductive, Apt Br. at 13, insisting that “it is the certainty of punishment rather than the
length of the sentence that actually goes to deterrence,” Apt. Reply Br. at 2. But Hall’s argument
is, at best, one perspective. That the district court was not persuaded does not support a claim of
error. See also United States v. Greer, 872 F.3d 790, 799 (6th Cir. 2017) (rejecting the argument
“that a shorter sentence would be a more effective deterrent than a longer sentence”).
5 17-5602, United States v. Hall
III.
For all of the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.