United States v. White

• Court: United States Air Force Court of Criminal Appeals
• Decided: August 10, 2021
• Docket: 39917
• Status: Unpublished

Opinion

U NITED S TATES A IR F OR CE C OURT OF C R IMINAL A PPEALS ________________________

No. ACM 39917 ________________________

U N ITED STATES Appellee v. D eontre M. WHITE Senior Airman (E-4), U.S. Air Fo rce, Appellant ________________________

Appeal from the United States Air Force Trial Judiciary Decided 10 August 2021 ________________________

Military Judge: Thomas J. Alford. Sentence: Sentence adjudged on 17 January 2020 by GCM convened at Joint Base San Anto nio-Lackland, Texas. Sentence entered by military judge on 2 April 2020: Bad-conduct discharge, confinement for 4 months, reduction to E-1, and a reprimand. For Appellant: Major Mark J. Schwartz, USAF; Captain David L. Bos- ner, USAF. For Appellee: Lieutenant Colonel Matthew J. Neil, USAF; Majo r John P. Patera, USAF; Mary Ellen Payne, Esquire. Before MINK, KEY, and ANNEXSTAD, Appellate Military Judges. Senior Judge KEY delivered the opinion of the court, in which Senior Judge MINK joined. Judge ANNEXSTAD filed a separate dissenting opinion. ________________________

This is an unpublished opinion and, as such, does not serve as precedent under AFCCA Rule of Practice and Procedure 30.4. ________________________ United States v. White, No. ACM 39917

KEY, Senior Judge: A military judge sitting as a general court-martial convicted Appellant, con- trary to his pleas, of one specification of aggravated sexual contact and two specifications of communicating indecent language in violation of Articles 120 and 134, Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ), 10 U.S.C. §§ 920, 934. 1 The specifications pertained to offenses Appellant committed in 2017 and 2018. The military judge sentenced Appellant to a bad-conduct discharge, confinement for four months, reduction to the grade of E-1, and a reprimand. On appeal, Appellant raises eight issues, the fifth of which we reach here: whether the convening authority erred by not taking action on Appellant’s sen- tence as required by Executive Order 13,825, § 6(b), 83 Fed. Reg. 9889, 9890 (8 Mar. 2018), and Article 60, UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 860. Appellant proposes this court remand his case to the Chief Trial Judge, Air Force Trial Judiciary, to resolve this matter. We agree with Appellant. As a result, we conclude that remand to the Chief Trial Judge, Air Force Trial Judiciary, is appropriate, and we do not reach the other seven issues he has raised. Considering our resolution of Appellant’s fifth assignment of error, we will defer addressing the remainder of the issues he raises until the record is returned to this court for completion of our review under Article 66(d), UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 866(d) (Manual for Courts-Martial, United States (2019 ed.) (2019 MCM)).

I. BACKGROUND The specifications in this case were preferred on 31 January 2019 and re- ferred on 7 June 2019. Appellant was tried by a military judge and sentenced on 17 January 2020. Afterwards, Appellant’s trial defense counsel submitted a petition for clemency on 29 January 2020 in which he asked the convening authority to grant Appellant “some leniency in terms of his forfeitures.”2 On 1 April 2020, the convening authority signed a Decision on Action mem- orandum. In the memorandum, the convening authority stated: “I take no ac- tion on the findings in this case.” She further wrote, “I take no action on the sentence in this case.” The Decision on Action memorandum also included the wording of Appellant’s reprimand and directed Appellant to “take leave pend- ing completion of appellate review” upon release from confinement. The mem-

1 Unless otherwise noted, references to the UCMJ and the Rules for Courts-Martial (R.C.M.) are to the Manual for Courts-Martial, United States (2016 ed.). 2 We note Appellant was not sentenced to forfeit any pay or allowances.

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orandum contained no further indication as to whether any element of Appel- lant’s sentence was approved, disapproved, commuted, or suspended. On 2 April 2020, the military judge signed the entry of judgment, setting out the adjudged sentence. He included the Decision on Action memorandum as an attachment.

II. D ISCUSSION Proper completion of post-trial processing is a question of law this court reviews de novo. United States v. Sheffield, 60 M.J. 591, 593 (A.F. Ct. Crim. App. 2004) (citing United States v. Kho, 54 M.J. 63 (C.A.A.F. 2004)). Interpre- tation of a statute and a Rule for Courts-Martial (R.C.M.) are also questions of law we review de novo. United States v. Hunter, 65 M.J. 399, 401 (C.A.A.F. 2008) (citation omitted); United States v. Martinelli, 62 M.J. 52, 56 (C.A.A.F. 2005) (citation omitted). Executive Order 13,825, § 6(b), requires that the version of Article 60, UCMJ, in effect on the date of the earliest offense of which the accused was found guilty, shall apply to the convening authority . . . to the extent that Article 60: (1) requires action by the convening authority on the sentence; . . . or (5) authorizes the convening authority to approve, disapprove, commute, or suspend a sentence in whole or in part. See 2018 Amendments to the Manual for Courts-Martial, United States, 83 Fed. Reg. at 9890. The version of Article 60, UCMJ, in effect when Appellant’s offenses first occurred stated “[a]ction on the sentence of a court-martial shall be taken by the convening authority or by another person authorized to act under this section.” 10 U.S.C. § 860(c)(2)(A) (emphasis added); see also United States v. Perez, 66 M.J. 164, 165 (C.A.A.F. 2008) (per curiam) (“[T]he convening authority is required to take action on the sentence . . . .”). Article 60(c)(2)(B), UCMJ, further stated: “Except as [otherwise] provided . . . the convening au- thority . . . may approve, disapprove, commute, or suspend the sentence of the court-martial in whole or in part.” 10 U.S.C. § 860(c)(2)(B). The convening au- thority’s action is required to be “clear and unambiguous.” United States v. Politte, 63 M.J. 24, 26 (C.A.A.F. 2006) (citation omitted). This court addressed a similar situation in its en banc decision in United States v. Aumont, No. ACM 39673, 2020 CCA LEXIS 416 (A.F. Ct. Crim. App. 20 Nov. 2020) (en banc) (unpub. op.), rev. granted, ___ M.J. ___, No. 21-0126,

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2021 CAAF LEXIS 389 (C.A.A.F. 4 Mar. 2021). In Aumont, the convening au- thority signed a memorandum stating that he took “no action” on the findings or sentence in a case involving offenses occurring prior to 1 January 2019. Id. at *22. Aumont resulted in four separate opinions, reflecting four distinct po- sitions among the judges on this court as to whether the convening authority’s statement that he took no action was erroneous and, if so, whether remand for correction was required. Id. (passim). A majority of the judges in Aumont—six of the ten judges—concluded the convening authority erred; four of those six judges, including the majority of the panel in the instant case, found the error required remand for corrective action without testing for prejudice. Id. at *89 (J. Johnson, C.J., concurring in part and dissenting in part). We recognize that other panels of this court have applied different reason- ing in cases decided before and after Aumont. See, e.g., United States v. Crus- pero, No. ACM S32595, 2020 CCA LEXIS 427 (A.F. Ct. Crim. App. 24 Nov. 2020) (unpub. op.); United States v. Barrick, No. ACM S32579, 2020 CCA LEXIS 346 (A.F. Ct. Crim. App. 30 Sep. 2020) (unpub. op.); United States v. Finco, No. ACM S32603, 2020 CCA LEXIS 246 (A.F. Ct. Crim. App. 27 Jul. 2020) (unpub. op.); cf. United States v. Coffman, 79 M.J. 820, 824 (A. Ct. Crim. App. 2020) (wherein our sister-service court found the convening authority’s failure to take action was harmless error). Nevertheless, we continue to adhere to the view that—in situations where the convening authority fails to take ac- tion on the sentence as required by Executive Order 13,825 and the pre-1 Jan- uary 2019 version of Article 60, UCMJ—the convening authority has erred. In cases involving a conviction for an offense committed prior to 1 January 2019, the convening authority is required to explicitly state whether the sen- tence is approved. R.C.M. 1107(f)(4)(A) (implementing the version of Article 60, UCMJ, applicable to Appellant’s case). “If only part of the sentence is approved, the action shall state which parts are approved.” Id. In this case, the convening authority explicitly stated she did not take action on the sentence. She set out the wording of Appellant’s reprimand and implicitly referenced the adjudged punitive discharge by mentioning appellate leave, but she did not mention the confinement or reduction in grade. The convening authority’s action was in- complete and ambiguous, and therefore deficient. See Politte, 63 M.J. at 26. The convening authority’s failure to take action on the entire sentence fails to satisfy the requirement of the applicable Article 60, UCMJ. See United States v. Lopez, No. ACM S32597, 2020 CCA LEXIS 439, at *11 (A.F. Ct. Crim. App. 8 Dec. 2020) (unpub. op.). Our superior court has mandated that when a Court of Criminal Appeals identifies an ambiguity in an action, it must return the case to the convening authority. Politte, 63 M.J. at 25–26 (applying the earlier versions of Articles 60

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and 66, UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. §§ 860, 866 (2000), reasoning which we find applica- ble here). In requiring the deficient action to be returned to the convening au- thority, our superior court did not evaluate the deficiency for prejudice; the deficiency in the action ipso facto required its return. Id.; see also United States v. Scott, 49 M.J. 160, 160 (C.A.A.F. 1998). For the reasons set forth in the dis- senting opinion in Aumont, we remand the record to the Chief Trial Judge, Air Force Trial Judiciary, to resolve the error. Unpub. op. at *89 (J. Johnson, C.J., concurring in part and dissenting in part); see Article 66(f)(3), UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 866(f)(3) (2019 MCM).

III. CONCLUSION The record is REMANDED to the Chief Trial Judge, Air Force Trial Judi- ciary, to resolve a substantial issue with the convening authority’s decision memorandum, as the action taken on Appellant’s adjudged sentence was am- biguous and incomplete. Our remand returns jurisdiction over the case to a detailed military judge and dismisses this appellate proceeding consistent with Rule 29(b)(2) of the Joint Rules for Appellate Procedure for Courts of Criminal Appeals. JT. CT. CRIM . APP. R. 29(b)(2). A detailed military judge may: (1) Correct the Statement of Trial Results; 3 (2) Return the record of trial to the convening authority or her successor to take action on the sentence; (3) Conduct one or more Article 66(f)(3), UCMJ (2019 MCM), proceedings using the procedural rules for post-trial Article 39(a), UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 839, sessions; and/or (4) Correct or modify the entry of judgment. Thereafter, the record of trial will be returned to the court for completion of appellate review under Article 66, UCMJ.

ANNEXSTAD, Judge (dissenting):

3 The Statement of Trial Results failed to include the command that convened the court-martial as required by R.C.M. 1101(a)(3) (2019 MCM). Appellant does not claim prejudice, and we find none. See United States v. Moody-Neukom, No. ACM S32594, 2019 CCA LEXIS 521, at *2–3 (A.F. Ct. Crim. App. 16 Dec. 2019) (per curiam) (unpub. op.).

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I respectfully disagree with my colleagues’ conclusion remanding this case to the Chief Trial Judge, Air Force Trial Judiciary, because the convening au- thority’s action was ambiguous and incomplete. Consistent with our court’s de- cision in United States v. Barrick, No. ACM S32579, 2020 CCA LEXIS 346, at *3 (A.F. Ct. Crim. App. 30 Sep. 2020) (unpub. op.), I would find the convening authority’s decision to “take no action on the sentence” was the equivalent of action. In coming to this conclusion, I note, as our court did in Barrick, that: Air Force Instruction 51-201, Administration of Military Justice, Section 13D (18 Jan. 2019), correctly advises convening author- ities to grant relief as circumscribed by the applicable version of Article 60, UCMJ[, 10 U.S.C. § 860]. Additionally, it advises convening authorities to specify “no action” if not granting relief, which would include effecting “action” under the applicable ver- sion of Article 60, UCMJ. Id. at *3–4. I also recognize that we can use surrounding documentation to interpret an otherwise unclear convening authority action, including looking outside the four corners of the action’s language. See United States v. Politte, 63 M.J. 24, 26 (C.A.A.F. 2006) (citing United States v. Loft, 10 M.J. 262, 268 (C.M.A. 1981)). In this case, the record demonstrates that Appellant submitted clemency matters to the convening authority on 29 January 2020. In his matters, Appel- lant asked the convening authority to grant him leniency with respect to his forfeitures. On 1 April 2020, the convening authority memorialized her deci- sion to “take no action” on the findings and sentence in her Decision on Action memorandum to the military judge. Consistent with Section 13D of Air Force Instruction (AFI) 51-201, Administration of Military Justice, the convening au- thority expressed her decision to not grant relief as “no action.” See AFI 51- 201, ¶ 13.23 (18 Jan. 2019). Additionally, the convening authority directed Ap- pellant to “take leave” pending completion of appellate review upon release from confinement—an action only necessary when a convening authority can- not or chooses not to disturb an adjudged punitive discharge. On 2 April 2020, the military judge signed the entry of judgment (EoJ), reflecting the sentence as adjudged. The convening authority’s Decision on Action memorandum was attached to the EoJ. I would find that the convening authority’s decision met the legacy require- ments of Article 60, UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 860 (Manual for Courts-Martial, United States (2016 ed.)), requiring the convening authority to effectuate the sentence. I would also find the decision complied with the provisions of Rule for Courts- Martial (R.C.M.) 1109 of the Manual for Courts-Martial, United States (2019

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ed.) (2019 MCM), requiring convening authority action only when affecting the sentence. In this case, the convening authority’s decision to provide no relief at action was a “clear and unambiguous” determination to effectuate the ad- judged sentence without modification. See Politte, 63 M.J. at 25−26. There is no indication in the record that the military judge or the parties were confused as to the convening authority’s decision to grant no relief. The sentence memo- rialized in the EoJ was the same as the sentence adjudged at trial, and neither party moved for correction of the Decision on Action memorandum or the EoJ. See R.C.M. 1104(b)(2)(B), (C) (2019 MCM). For these reasons, I would find no error in the convening authority’s action and would not delay our review under Article 66(d), UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 866(d) (2019 MCM), by remanding the case to the Chief Trial Judge, Air Force Trial Judiciary.

FOR THE COURT

CAROL K. JOYCE Clerk of the Court