NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION File Name: 08a0162n.06 Filed: March 25, 2008
No. 03-6566
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, ) ) On Appeal from the United Plaintiff-Appellee, ) States District Court for the ) Western District of Tennessee v. ) ) OPINION JAYDONTA WASHINGTON, ) ) Defendant-Appellant. )
BEFORE: MOORE and GRIFFIN, Circuit Judges; and TARNOW, District Judge.*
TARNOW, District Judge. Pursuant to a guilty plea to the charge of being a felon in
possession of a firearm, the district court sentenced defendant Jaydonta Lavar Washington to 15
years' imprisonment, the statutory minimum under the Armed Career Criminal Act, 18 U.S.C. §
924(e). On appeal, the defendant's appellate counsel filed a motion to withdraw, accompanied by
a brief in accordance with Anders v. California, 386 U.S. 738 (1967). The Anders brief raises three
areas of concern: (1) whether the defendant was properly sentenced as an armed career criminal; (2)
whether the defendant was competent to proceed with sentencing; and (3) whether the defendant had
proper consultations with trial counsel before pleading guilty. Because we conclude that none of
these issues has merit, we grant counsel’s motion to withdraw and affirm the judgment of the district
court.
* Honorable Arthur J. Tarnow, United States District Judge for the Eastern District of Michigan, sitting by designation. No. 03-6566 U.S. v. Washington
I. Factual and Procedural Background
On January 23, 2002, a confidential informant working with the Bartlett Police Department
Narcotic Division in Bartlett, Tennessee phoned the defendant, Jaydonta Lavar Washington, to
arrange a drug buy. (See Presentence Investigation Report 5.) Washington agreed to sell the
confidential informant one-eighth of a gram of cocaine for $100. (See id.) The two made the
exchange in person, which the confidential informant recorded by use of a body wire. (See id.) The
purchased drugs tested positive for cocaine and weighed 1.6 grams. (See id.)
The following day, on January 24, 2002, police searched the defendant’s home in Memphis,
Tennessee pursuant to a search warrant. (See id.) The police found Washington smoking marijuana
in his bedroom with three other men and arrested him for the drug transaction that occurred the
previous day. (See id.) Under the mattress of the defendant’s bed, police found a .357 caliber pistol,
model Sentinel MK III, serial number H11061. (See id.) Washington explained that the gun
belonged to his sister, and he was merely holding onto it for her. (See id.) Also discovered during
the search of the defendant’s bedroom were eight rounds of .357 caliber ammunition, one round of
.38 special caliber ammunition, a set of scales, and a small amount of marijuana. (See id.)
On April 10, 2002, a federal grand jury in the Western District of Tennessee returned a two-
count indictment. (See R.1, Indictment at 1-3.) Count One charged the defendant with being a felon
in possession of a firearm, and Count Two charged him with being a felon in possession of
ammunition, both in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g). (See id.) Washington agreed to enter into a
plea agreement with the government; in exchange for a plea of guilty to Count One of the indictment,
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the government agreed to drop Count Two. (See R.37, Plea Agreement at 1-2; R.39, Or. on Change
of Plea at 1.) On August 30, 2002, the defendant pleaded guilty to Count One. (See R.36 Minutes
Aug. 30, 2002; R.56 Transcript of Change of Plea at 16.) Count Two was dismissed by way of
motion at the sentencing hearing. (See R.77, Judgment at 1.)
Prior to Washington’s sentencing hearing, a probation officer prepared a Presentence
Investigation Report (PSIR) detailing Washington’s offense conduct, criminal history, and other
relevant information. The PSIR listed 23 prior arrests and convictions as well as three pending
charges, beginning when he was 16 years old, and noted that three of his prior state convictions
qualified as predicate offenses under the Armed Career Criminal Act (ACCA), 18 U.S.C. § 924(e).
(See PSIR at 7-16.) Two of these predicate convictions were for burglaries and the third was for
reckless homicide. (See id. at 8-9.)
At the sentencing hearing, Washington’s total offense level was calculated to be 30, based
on an initial offense level of 24, a four-level enhancement for the use of a firearm or ammunition in
connection with another felony offense, an enhancement to level 33 for being an armed career
criminal under U.S.S.G. § 4B1.4(b)(3)(B), and a three-level reduction for acceptance of
responsibility. (See id. at 6; Transcript Sentencing Hearing, Nov. 19, 2003 at 5-8.) This calculation,
together with the defendant’s criminal history category of VI, resulted in a Guidelines range of 168
to 210 months’ (14 to 17 ½ years’) imprisonment. (See PSIR at 14; Transcript Sentencing Hearing,
Nov. 19, 2003 at 8.) Because the plea agreement indicated that “the United States and the defendant
agree that the defendant will be sentenced to a term of imprisonment of fifteen years or the low end
of the applicable sentencing guideline range, whichever is higher” (R. 37, Plea Agreement at 2, ¶ 5),
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the district court sentenced Washington to a term of 180 months’ imprisonment followed by five
years of supervised release. (See Transcript Sentencing Hearing, Nov. 19, 2003 at 11-12.)
This timely appeal followed. On October 4, 2004, Washington’s original appellate counsel
filed a motion to withdraw with an accompanying brief concluding that no relief is warranted in
accordance with Anders v. California, 386 U.S. 738 (1967). That motion to withdraw was granted
on June 20, 2006. The court appointed replacement counsel, who entered his appearance on July 5,
2006. On October 6, 2006, Washington’s replacement appellate counsel filed a motion to withdraw,
accompanied by an Anders brief.
II. Discussion
A. Armed Career Criminal Status
The first issue identified by Washington’s appellate counsel is whether the defendant was
properly sentenced as an armed career criminal under the Armed Career Criminal Act (ACCA), 18
U.S.C. § 924(e). This court reviews de novo a district court’s determination that a defendant
qualifies as an armed career criminal. See United States v. Sawyers, 409 F.3d 732, 736 (6th Cir.
2005).
The ACCA provides that an armed career criminal shall be fined and imprisoned for a
minimum of 15 years. See 18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(1). Under the Act, a person is deemed an armed
career criminal if he violates 18 U.S.C. § 922(g) and has three previous convictions for a violent
felony, a serious drug offense, or both, provided that these offenses were committed on different
occasions. See id. The ACCA defines the term “violent felony” as any crime punishable by more
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than one year in prison that either includes as an element physical force against the person of another
or is burglary, arson, or extortion, involves the use of explosives, or otherwise involves conduct
presenting a serious potential risk of physical injury to another. See 18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(2)(B). An
act of juvenile delinquency may constitute a “violent felony” if it involves the use or carrying of a
firearm, knife, or destructive device and would be punishable for a prison term exceeding one year.
See id.
The Presentence Investigation Report (PSIR) recommended that Washington be sentenced
as an armed career criminal based on three of his previous convictions. (See PSIR at 8-9.) Two
convictions were for burglaries committed in Cross County, Arkansas, on March 12, 1995 and May
1, 1995; the third was for reckless homicide committed on February 25, 1998 in Memphis,
Tennessee. (See id.) The district court properly considered these convictions as predicate offenses
qualifying Washington for armed-career-criminal status.
“Burglary” is included in the definition of violent felonies that may constitute predicate
offenses under the ACCA. See 18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(2)(B)(ii). In Taylor v. United States, 495 U.S.
575, 599 (1990), the Supreme Court held that “burglary,” as used in the ACCA, refers to burglary
in the “generic” sense, that is “any crime . . . having the basic elements of unlawful or unprivileged
entry into, or remaining in, a building or structure, with intent to commit a crime.” In 1995,
however, Arkansas’s criminal code defined burglary more broadly than generic burglary by including
places other than buildings, such as vehicles. See ARK. CODE ANN . §§ 5-39-101(1), -101(2), -201
(West 1995). As this court explained, the Supreme Court in Taylor held that “[a] defendant’s past
convictions under a non-generic burglary statute may be counted for purposes of § 924(e) if the
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conviction was, in essence, for generic burglary.” United States v. Pluta, 144 F.3d 968, 975 (6th Cir.
1998). Despite the breadth of Arkansas’s burglary statute, the PSIR1 indicates that both of
Washington’s burglary convictions were for generic burglary because they involved buildings rather
than vehicles: on March 12th, he burglarized a store, J&D Discount Center, and on May 1st, he stole
speakers from a church. (See PSIR at 8.) Washington’s two burglary convictions qualify as
predicate offenses under the ACCA because they were for generic burglary, they were punishable
by more than one year in prison, see ARK. CODE ANN . §§ 5-39-201, -4-401(a)(3), -4-401(a)(4) (West
1995), they occurred on two different occasions, and Washington was convicted as an adult despite
being only 16 years-old at the time of the offense. (See PSIR at 8.)
Washington’s third conviction, for reckless homicide in Memphis, Tennessee, qualifies a
predicate offense under the ACCA only if it constitutes a “violent felony.” See 18 U.S.C.
§ 924(e)(1). Because reckless homicide is not one of the specifically named offenses (burglary,
arson, or extortion) and does not involve the use of explosives, it only qualifies as a predicate offense
if it “has as an element the use, attempted use, or threatened use of physical force against the person
of another; or . . . otherwise involves conduct that presents a serious potential risk of physical injury
to another.” 18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(2)(B).
1 Because the PSIR is neither an indictment nor an information, it does not qualify as a valid document to show that the defendant was charged with burglary of a building. See Taylor, 495 U.S. at 602. Nonetheless, Washington’s trial attorney made no objection to the PSIR, and the Anders brief does not even mention that Arkansas’s 1995 burglary statute was broader than generic burglary. See U.S. v. Reliford, 471 F.3d 913, 916 (8th Cir. 2006) (“if the defendant fails to object to fact statements in the presentence investigation report . . . establishing that a prior offense was a violent felony conviction, the government need not introduce at sentencing the documentary evidence” required by Taylor).
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The Sixth Circuit takes the categorical approach to determine whether a prior offense
constitutes a predicate offense under the ACCA, see United States v. Montanez, 442 F.3d 485, 489
(6th Cir. 2006), which means “looking only to the statutory definitions of the prior offenses, and not
to the particular facts underlying those convictions,” Taylor, 495 U.S. at 600. Tennessee defines
reckless homicide as “a reckless killing of another,” and it is punishable by imprisonment for more
than one year. TENN . CODE ANN . §§ 39-13-215, 40-35-111(b)(4) (West 1998). Under Tennessee
law,
“Reckless” refers to a person who acts recklessly with respect to circumstances surrounding the conduct or the result of the conduct when the person is aware of but consciously disregards a substantial and unjustifiable risk that the circumstances exist or the result will occur. The risk must be of such a nature and degree that its disregard constitutes a gross deviation from the standard of care that an ordinary person would exercise under all the circumstances as viewed from the accused person's standpoint.
TENN . CODE ANN . § 39-11-106(a)(31) (West 1995) (emphasis added). We conclude that the
“substantial and unjustifiable risk” of injury under Tennessee’s reckless-homicide law falls within
the meaning of a “serious potential risk of physical injury to another” under 18 U.S.C.
§ 924(e)(2)(B). See United States v. Adams, 51 Fed. Appx. 507, 508 (6th Cir. 2002) (unpublished)
(Kentucky reckless homicide is predicate offense under ACCA). Washington’s 1998 reckless-
homicide conviction constitutes a predicate offense under the ACCA.
Recklessness might not be an adequate mens rea for a conviction to count as a predicate
offense under the ACCA. As explained, the statute offers two subsections to explain what a violent
felony is. See 18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(2)(B). The first subsection states that a crime that “has as an
element the use . . . of physical force against the person of another” counts as a felony. A crime
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committed recklessly might not satisfy this first subsection’s definition of “violent felony.” See
Fernandez-Ruiz v. Gonzales, 466 F.3d 1121, 1130 (9th Cir. 2006) (citing Leocal v. Ashcroft, 125
S.Ct. 377, 383 (2004) (interpreting identical language that defines a “crime of violence” which can
serve as a predicate for deportation of aliens)). However, the language in the second subsection, §
924(e)(2)(B)(ii), is so broad that even a crime of recklessness can come under the umbrella of
“conduct that presents a serious potential risk of physical injury to another.” See U.S. v. McCall, 439
F.3d 967, 971 (8th Cir. 2006) (noting the Supreme Court’s distinction in Leocal, 125 S.Ct. at 383
n.7, between these two definitions, and explaining that the “potential risk” definition focuses on the
effect of the conduct, not the intent of the offender).
Therefore, because three of Washington’s prior convictions were for violent felonies, the
district court properly sentenced him as an armed career criminal under 18 U.S.C. § 924(e).
B. Competency
The second issue raised in the Anders brief concerns whether the defendant was competent
to go forward with sentencing. “A defendant’s competence is a question of fact, which we review
for clear error.” Harries v. Bell, 417 F.3d 631, 635 (6th Cir. 2005). To be adjudged competent, a
defendant must have “sufficient present ability to consult with his lawyer with a reasonable degree
of rational understanding” and “a rational as well as factual understanding of the proceedings against
him.” Dusky v. United States, 362 U.S. 402, 402 (1960).
Before sentencing Washington, the district court granted a defense motion for evaluation as
to his mental competency. (See R.63, Or. for Mental Evaluation of Def.) The evaluation was
completed on August 22, 2003, and a second review was performed on October 7, 2003. (See
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Appellant’s Br. 10-11 (citing R.91, Sealed Doc. - Forensic Evaluation R. & Addendum).) According
to discussion at the sentencing hearing on October 20, 2003, both reports found not only that
Washington was competent to go forward with sentencing but also that he was malingering.
(See Transcript Sentencing Hearing, Oct. 20, 2003 at 11-12.) Despite these findings, the district
court granted defense counsel’s request for an independent evaluation, noting:
[H]e does appear to me to be malingering. And I believe there is strong support for that in the record here and in these reports. However, I also believe I need to give him the benefit of the doubt before I – he is facing a long period of incarceration and I think probably a second opinion is appropriate under all the circumstances.
Id. at 25. However, three days after the district court granted the request for further competency
evaluation, defense counsel withdrew the motion, explaining only that he “met extensively” with the
defendant “and it is now Counsel’s representation to this Court that Mr. Washington is competent
to proceed to sentencing.” (R.73, Mot. to Withdraw Request for Further Competency Evaluation
at 1-2.)
Because Washington withdrew his request for further evaluation, he waived any right of
appeal as to whether additional evaluation should have been performed. See United States v.
Denkins, 367 F.3d 537, 544 (6th Cir. 2004) (defendant waived his right to appeal district court’s
denial of motion to withdraw his plea, where motion asserted lack of competency but defendant
subsequently stated that he no longer wanted to pursue incompetency claim); see also United States
v. Sheppard, 149 F.3d 458, 461 (6th Cir. 1998) (defendant waived suppression argument when he
filed motion to suppress evidence but then withdrew the motion).
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Although the defendant may not challenge the district court’s failure to order additional
evaluation, he may appeal the court’s competency finding. At the sentencing hearing on October 20,
2003, the district court determined that Washington was competent to go forward with sentencing,
concluding “I am absolutely certain that he is capable of understanding the proceedings and assisting
his counsel, if he wants to. And it is apparent that he doesn’t want to.” (Transcript Sentencing
Hearing, Oct. 20, 2003 at 14.) In order to overturn the district court’s competency finding, we would
have to find it clearly erroneous. See Harries v. Bell, 417 F.3d at 635.
According to the Supreme Court, “evidence of a defendant’s irrational behavior, his
demeanor at trial, and any prior medical opinion on competence to stand trial are all relevant in
determining whether further inquiry is required, but . . . even one of these factors standing alone may,
in some circumstances, be sufficient.” Drope v. Mo., 420 U.S. 162, 180 (1975). The district court
relied on these factors to determine Washington’s competency to proceed with sentencing, citing the
forensic evaluation as well as its own observations of the defendant. Noting the high quality of the
forensic evaluation, the court described its reasoning for adopting the evaluators’ opinion as its own:
[V]ery seldom will I read [an evaluation] in which the evaluators have such a clear perception and such a clear opinion about a patient or a person being evaluated. Both the thoroughness and the clarity of their conclusion are very compelling for the Court. And the conclusion is that he is malingering.
(Transcript Sentencing Hearing, Oct. 20, 2003 at 13-14.) In addition, the court found it significant
that the evaluators’ findings comported with its own observations of the defendant: “In looking at
the history of this case, I have had this case for over a year now. Mr. Washington has been in this
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court repeatedly. I have had the opportunity to observe him. There have been no symptoms of
mental illness.” (Id. at 14.)
Nor is it material that the district court did not hold a hearing as to defendant’s competency,
pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 4247(d). Although such a hearing would have afforded Washington the
chance to exercise certain rights, such as the opportunity to testify, or to present evidence,
Washington’s trial counsel only moved for a psychological evaluation, not a hearing. (See R.62,
Mot. for psychological and/or psychiatric evaluation). The district court granted the motion for
evaluation, but failing to find “reasonable cause” under § 4241(a) to believe that Washington was
incompetent to stand trial, the court did not need to conduct a competency hearing. See Markham
v. U.S., 184 F.2d 512, 513 (4th Cir. 1950) (if psychiatric evaluation shows that defendant is
competent, not necessary for trial court to hold competency hearing).
Therefore, because the district court relied on proper factors to determine Washington’s
competency and because the record lacks evidence that the defendant was not competent to go
forward with sentencing, the district court’s finding was not clearly erroneous.
Although not addressed in the Anders brief, Washington’s competency to enter his guilty plea
was raised early in the proceedings. After Washington pleaded guilty, he filed a motion to withdraw
his guilty plea, claiming that he was unable to make an intelligent, knowing choice due to extreme
pain caused by an injury he sustained to his right leg while detained. (See R.50, Mot. to Withdraw
Guilty Plea at 2-3.) However, 15 days later, he filed a motion to withdraw the motion to withdraw
his guilty plea, explaining only that “[a]fter extensive consultations with counsel, Mr. Washington
has decided to proceed with his plea of guilt.” (R.51, Mot. to Withdraw Mot. to Withdraw Guilty
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Plea at 1.) Because Washington withdrew his motion, the district court was never called upon to
decide whether to allow him to withdraw his plea on the ground of incompetency and, thus, the
defendant waived any right of appeal on that issue. See Denkins, 367 F.3d at 544; Sheppard, 149
F.3d at 461. Therefore, he may not challenge his competency to enter a plea on appeal, and he would
fail an appeal based on lack of competency to go forward with sentencing.
C. Proper Consultations with Lawyer
The final issue raised by the Anders brief is “whether or not Mr. Jaydonta Lavar Washington
had proper consultations with his attorney in his case.” (Appellant’s Br. 7.) Although appellate
counsel failed to specify the legal significance of this issue, presumably he meant to examine either
whether the defendant’s guilty plea was valid or whether trial counsel rendered effective assistance.
Neither, however, has merit.
A guilty plea must be entered knowingly, voluntarily, and intelligently. Brady v. United
States, 397 U.S. 742, 748 (1970). The only potential impropriety indicated in the Anders brief is a
statement included in the defendant’s motion to withdraw his guilty plea, which was subsequently
withdrawn, that “Mr. Washington and counsel have never discussed his guilt or innocence in this
matter.” (R.50, Mot. to Withdraw Guilty Plea at 5.) This statement is irrelevant to the validity of
Washington’s plea, however, because the defendant admitted in the written plea agreement as well
as under oath during the change of plea hearing that he had been fully advised of the plea agreement,
that he had ample opportunity to discuss the case with counsel prior to pleading guilty, and that he
was satisfied with counsel’s advice and representation. (See R.37, Plea Agreement at 1-3; Transcript
of Change of Plea at 4, 6, 11). Therefore, the defendant has no basis to argue that his plea was not
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entered knowingly, voluntarily, and intelligently based on a lack of consultation or improper
consultation with his lawyer.
Although the Anders brief may have attempted to argue that the defendant was denied
effective assistance of counsel prior to entering a guilty plea, claims of ineffective assistance of
counsel are better addressed in a habeas corpus motion under 28 U.S.C. § 2255. In general, raising
ineffectiveness claims on direct review is appropriate only where “trial counsel’s ineffectiveness is
so apparent from the record that appellate counsel will consider it advisable to raise the issue on
direct appeal.” Massaro v. United States, 538 U.S. 500, 508 (2003). Here, there is virtually no
evidence in the record regarding pre-plea consultations between the defendant and trial counsel.
Because “[s]uch facts are more appropriately developed at the district court level,” United States v.
Valdez, 362 F.3d 903, 913 (6th Cir. 2004), the panel need not address ineffective assistance of
counsel on direct appeal.
Therefore, there is no viable issue for appeal based on a lack of proper consultation between
Washington and trial counsel before the defendant pleaded guilty.
III. Conclusion
There are no legally non-frivolous issues for consideration on appeal. We GRANT defense
counsel’s motion to withdraw and AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.
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