United States v. Vietor

10 M.J. 69, 1980 CMA LEXIS 9578
CourtUnited States Court of Military Appeals
DecidedDecember 8, 1980
DocketNo. 35,077; NCM 77-0374
StatusPublished
Cited by31 cases

This text of 10 M.J. 69 (United States v. Vietor) is published on Counsel Stack Legal Research, covering United States Court of Military Appeals primary law. Counsel Stack provides free access to over 12 million legal documents including statutes, case law, regulations, and constitutions.

Bluebook
United States v. Vietor, 10 M.J. 69, 1980 CMA LEXIS 9578 (cma 1980).

Opinions

OPINION

COOK, Judge:

Contrary to his pleas, appellant stands convicted by a special court-martial consisting of a judge alone of the possession, sale and transfer of marihuana, in violation of Article 92, Uniform Code of Military Justice, 10 U.S.C. § 892. We granted review to consider appellant’s contentions that a search involved in the prosecution was invalid because his commanding officer was per se disqualified and that the evidence is insufficient to establish his guilt.

A per se disqualification argument like appellant’s was rejected by the Court in United States v. Ezell, 6 M.J. 307 (C.M.A.1979). The argument as to the insufficiency of the evidence is predicated on alleged inadmissibility of a laboratory report, which was used to prove the identity of the contraband, and the allegedly improper denial of his request to produce the laboratory analyst as a witness. In United States v. Strangstalien, 7 M.J. 225 (C.M.A.1979), the Court held that a laboratory report used to prove the nature of a substance submitted for analysis could properly be admitted as a business entry. The opinion reaffirmed the earlier holdings of the Court in United States v. Miller, 23 U.S.C.M.A. 247, 49 C.M.R. 380 (1974), and United States v. Evans, 21 U.S.C.M.A. 579, 45 C.M.R. 353 (1972). See Ohio v. Roberts, 448 U.S. 56, 100 S.Ct. 2531, 65 L.Ed.2d 597 (1980). Thus, we reject appellant’s argument that a laboratory report is inadmissible, notwithstanding it is made in the regular course of business and is properly authenticated.

The record reflects that no one from the laboratory testified during the trial, although trial defense counsel objected to the report on the ground it was not properly authenticated. However, the evidence of record did establish that the contraband was sent by registered mail to the Camp Zama Criminal Investigation Laboratory. We have previously judicially noted

that a “crime laboratory” is a place in which scientific methods and principles are applied in the testing and analysis of [71]*71various items in connection with the detection and prosecution of crimes. Cf. Webster’s Third New International Dictionary, 1963 Unabridged edition, page 1260. Obviously, the regular course of the laboratory’s business is to record the results of its analysis and make its report to those concerned. From the file number and tenor of the report involved here, we are satisfied that it was made in the regular course of the laboratory’s business. We conclude therefore that the exhibit falls within the business entry exception to the hearsay rule.

United States v. Evans, supra at 581, 45 C.M.R. at 355. Additionally, the investigative agent who sent the evidence to the laboratory testified that he had received the report from the laboratory and it was similar to the ones he had received on many occasions. The testimony discloses a familiarity with the business of the particular laboratory and its function of submitting reports of the kind in question. Thus, we are satisfied the record of trial established that the document was properly authenticated as a business record within the meaning of paragraph 144c, Manual for Courts-Martial, United States, 1969 (Revised edition). See generally United States v. Wilson, 1 M.J. 325 (C.M.A.1976).

Left for consideration is whether the military judge properly denied the defense request for the analyst. The propriety of action on a request for a defense witness is not normally involved with the question of whether there is sufficient evidence to sustain a conviction, but appellate defense counsel submit that the laboratory report was improperly admitted into evidence and absent the testimony of the analyst, there is no competent evidence as to the nature of the substance involved. While we have held that the laboratory report was properly admitted, an ancillary issue is raised as to the appellant’s right to require the production of the witness under the rule set forth in Strangstalien, Miller and Evans.

The issue is raised in the following factual context. Trial defense counsel submitted a request on the afternoon of October 1, 1976, for the analyst as a defense witness. Trial began on October 4,1976. Trial counsel observed at trial that the convening authority had “not had an opportunity to view the request,” but he and defense counsel agreed that a recess to allow the convening authority to act on the request was not required. See United States v. Credit, 8 M.J. 190, 192 n. 1 (C.M.A.1980). Defense counsel asserted that the witness was necessary “for the purpose of cross-examination to determine exactly what procedures he used and by what method he determined that the substances here were marijuana.” He also acknowledged that he had not communicated with the witness because of unspecified restraints on communications, and he knew “of no case law requiring the defense to communicate with the chemist pri- or to court-martial” because the analyst’s competence was always an issue. Although counsel offered to talk to the requested witness telephonically if the court was recessed for that purpose, he continued to assert that prior communication with him was unnecessary. The military judge denied the request on the basis that “there’s no indication that the chemist is unqualified or that the procedures are not in fact correct.”

In United States v. Evans, supra at 582, 45 C.M.R. at 356, the Court observed the following as to an accused’s right to summon the analyst:

[W]e do not intimate that the accused must forgo the right to attack the report’s accuracy. If he wishes to do so,, he may have the analyst summoned and “attack the regularity of the test procedure and the competency of the . .. [person] who ran the test.... But these factors ... ‘go to the weight of the evidence rather than to (its) initial admissibility.’ ”

Subsequently in United States v. Miller, supra 23 U.S.C.M.A. at 250, 49 C.M.R. at 383, the Court explained the import of the quoted language as follows:

The point of the statement is that as the business entry is admissible without the in-person testimony of the declarant, the accused can assert his right to cross-ex-[72]*72animation by calling the declarant as a witness and, as provided in rule 806 of the proposed Federal Rules of Evidence, “examine him on the statement as if under cross-examination.” 56 F.R.D. at 329.

The perimeters of an accused’s right to the production of the analyst has divided the Court. See my separate opinion in United States v. Strangstalien, supra 7 M.J. at 230. Appellant now asserts that the right is absolute and the normal conditions precedent to the Government’s obligation to produce a defense requested witness are inapplicable. We disagree. As the trial judge did not deny the request on the basis it was untimely, we will pass over any question as to timeliness to address the merits of the appellate argument. See my separate opinion in United States v. Stocker, 7 M.J. 373, 374 (C.M.A.1979).

In United States v. Miller, supra 23 U.S.C.M.A. at 248, 49 C.M.R.

Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI

Related

Melendez-Diaz v. Massachusetts
557 U.S. 305 (Supreme Court, 2009)
United States v. Cabrera-Frattini
65 M.J. 950 (Navy-Marine Corps Court of Criminal Appeals, 2008)
Schmidt v. Boone
59 M.J. 841 (Air Force Court of Criminal Appeals, 2004)
United States v. Miller
44 M.J. 549 (Air Force Court of Criminal Appeals, 1996)
United States v. Barrios
31 M.J. 750 (U.S. Army Court of Military Review, 1990)
United States v. Dababneh
28 M.J. 929 (U.S. Navy-Marine Corps Court of Military Review, 1989)
United States v. Griffith
27 M.J. 42 (United States Court of Military Appeals, 1988)
United States Navy-Marine Corps Court of Military Review v. Carlucci
26 M.J. 328 (United States Court of Military Appeals, 1988)
United States v. Wootton
25 M.J. 917 (U.S. Navy-Marine Corps Court of Military Review, 1988)
United States v. Broadnax
23 M.J. 389 (United States Court of Military Appeals, 1987)
United States v. Payton
23 M.J. 379 (United States Court of Military Appeals, 1987)
United States v. Holman
23 M.J. 565 (U.S. Army Court of Military Review, 1986)
United States v. Garries
22 M.J. 288 (United States Court of Military Appeals, 1986)
United States v. Harris
19 M.J. 331 (United States Court of Military Appeals, 1985)
United States v. Lausin
18 M.J. 711 (U.S. Army Court of Military Review, 1984)
United States v. Brickey
16 M.J. 258 (United States Court of Military Appeals, 1983)
United States v. Davenport
16 M.J. 219 (United States Court of Military Appeals, 1983)
United States v. Richardson
15 M.J. 41 (United States Court of Military Appeals, 1983)
United States v. Garcia
15 M.J. 685 (U S Air Force Court of Military Review, 1983)
United States v. Radford
14 M.J. 322 (United States Court of Military Appeals, 1982)

Cite This Page — Counsel Stack

Bluebook (online)
10 M.J. 69, 1980 CMA LEXIS 9578, Counsel Stack Legal Research, https://law.counselstack.com/opinion/united-states-v-vietor-cma-1980.