NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION File Name: 20a0288n.06
No. 19-5707
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT FILED May 22, 2020 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, ) DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk ) Plaintiff-Appellee, ) ) ON APPEAL FROM THE v. ) UNITED STATES DISTRICT ) COURT FOR THE WESTERN TYRONE ROBINSON, ) DISTRICT OF TENNESSEE Defendant-Appellant. ) )
BEFORE: GIBBONS, McKEAGUE, and WHITE, Circuit Judges.
JULIA SMITH GIBBONS, Circuit Judge. Tyrone Robinson appeals the district court’s
decision to grant in part and deny in part his motion for a sentence reduction pursuant to the First
Step Act of 2018 (“First Step Act”). The district court determined that Robinson was eligible for
relief under section 404 of the First Step Act, which made certain provisions of the Fair Sentencing
Act of 2010 (“Fair Sentencing Act”) retroactively applicable to defendants sentenced prior to
enactment of the Fair Sentencing Act. The district court, nevertheless, declined to reduce
Robinson’s 180-month term of imprisonment, instead reducing his term of supervised release from
four years to three years. Robinson now appeals, arguing that the district court abused its discretion
by imposing an unreasonable sentence. We find that the district court appropriately acted within
its discretion in imposing Robinson’s modified sentence. Accordingly, we affirm.
I.
In 2006, Tyrone Robinson pled guilty to possession of cocaine base (“crack”) with the
intent to distribute, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1). He faced a statutory range of five- to No. 19-5707, United States v. Robinson
forty-years’ imprisonment and an advisory Guidelines range of 188 to 235 months’ imprisonment.
Accepting the parties’ joint recommendation, the district court varied downward from the
Guidelines and imposed a 180-month term of imprisonment, followed by four years of supervised
release.
In 2018, while Robinson was serving his term in prison, the First Step Act was enacted.
Pub. L. No. 115-391, 132 Stat. 5194 (2018). Section 404 of the First Step Act allows courts to
retroactively apply portions of the Fair Sentencing Act to defendants who were sentenced before
enactment of the Fair Sentencing Act and, therefore, did not receive the benefits of its reduction
to statutory penalties for certain crack cocaine offenses. Id. § 404, 132 Stat. at 5222. Under section
404(b), district courts “may . . . impose a reduced sentence as if sections 2 and 3 of the Fair
Sentencing Act . . . were in effect at the time the covered offense was committed.”1 As section
404(c) specifies, however, “[n]othing in [section 404(b)] shall be construed to require a court to
reduce any sentence pursuant to [that] section.”
In March 2019, Robinson filed a motion claiming that he was eligible for relief under the
First Step Act. Robinson argued that his drug offense was a “covered offense” under the First Step
Act because section 2 of the Fair Sentencing Act modified the statutory penalties for violations of
21 U.S.C. § 841. The government agreed that Robinson was eligible for relief, but it noted that
any reduction in Robinson’s sentence was left to the district court’s discretion. The district court
determined that Robinson was indeed eligible for resentencing under the First Step Act and held a
hearing.
1 Section 2 of the Fair Sentencing Act increased the quantity of crack cocaine required to trigger mandatory-minimum penalties, while section 3 eliminated the mandatory minimum for simple possession of crack cocaine. Pub. L. No. 111-220, 124 Stat. 2372, 2372 (2010).
2 No. 19-5707, United States v. Robinson
The district court agreed with the parties that, after application of the First Step Act,
Robinson’s advisory Guideline range became 151 to 188-months’ imprisonment. The court
assessed “the nature and circumstances of [Robinson’s] offense and [his] history and
characteristics” pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(1). DE 65, Order, Page ID 120. It concluded that
Robinson’s crack offense was “grave” and “require[d] significant deterrence.” Id. The court also
noted Robinson’s 2017 conviction for possessing contraband in prison—which resulted in 24
months of additional time in prison, to be served consecutively to Robinson’s original 180-month
sentence—and found it “reflect[ed] disrespect for the law and weigh[ed] in favor of a longer
sentence.” Id. at 118, 121.
Although the district court viewed Robinson’s participation in prison educational programs
and his community college aspirations as weighing in favor of a reduced sentence, it believed the
contraband conviction showed a “need to protect the public from [Robinson].” Id. at 121. It also
found that Robinson’s original 180-month sentence—which was a downward departure from the
sentencing range of 188 to 235 months—reflected “more equitable sentencing of cocaine offenses
than may have generally been the case before the Fair Sentencing Act.” Id. at 122. Accordingly,
the court declined to reduce Robinson’s term of imprisonment but lowered his term of supervised
release from four years to three years. Robinson timely appealed.
II.
Robinson claims that his sentence is procedurally and substantively unreasonable because,
he argues, the district court (1) gave an unreasonable amount of weight to his prison conviction,
and (2) arbitrarily based its decision on the assumption that the original sentence was equitable in
3 No. 19-5707, United States v. Robinson
the first instance.2 The government claims that we lack jurisdiction to consider Robinson’s
reasonableness arguments and alternatively contends that Robinson’s challenges fail on the merits.
A.
After briefing in this case was completed, our court clarified that we have jurisdiction to
hear appeals of First Step Act modified sentences under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, United States v.
Marshall, 954 F.3d 823, 827–29 (6th Cir. 2020), and we have authority to consider reasonableness
challenges to such modified sentences under 18 U.S.C. § 3742(a)(1), United States v. Foreman,
__F.3d__, 2020 WL 2204261, at *7 (6th Cir. May 7, 2020). In the end, we review the district
court’s imposition of a modified sentence under the First Step Act for abuse of discretion. United
States v. Woods, 949 F.3d 934, 938 (6th Cir. 2020); see also United States v. Smith, __F.3d__,
2020 WL 2503261, at *1–3 (6th Cir. May 15, 2020) (reviewing the denial of a First Step Act
motion for abuse of discretion).
B.
We find that the district court acted within its discretion when it declined to reduce
Robinson’s 180-month term of imprisonment and reduced his term of supervised release from four
to three years. The First Step Act, by its express terms, did not require the district court to grant
Robinson any relief. § 404(c), 132 Stat. at 5222 (“Nothing in this section shall be construed to
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NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION File Name: 20a0288n.06
No. 19-5707
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT FILED May 22, 2020 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, ) DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk ) Plaintiff-Appellee, ) ) ON APPEAL FROM THE v. ) UNITED STATES DISTRICT ) COURT FOR THE WESTERN TYRONE ROBINSON, ) DISTRICT OF TENNESSEE Defendant-Appellant. ) )
BEFORE: GIBBONS, McKEAGUE, and WHITE, Circuit Judges.
JULIA SMITH GIBBONS, Circuit Judge. Tyrone Robinson appeals the district court’s
decision to grant in part and deny in part his motion for a sentence reduction pursuant to the First
Step Act of 2018 (“First Step Act”). The district court determined that Robinson was eligible for
relief under section 404 of the First Step Act, which made certain provisions of the Fair Sentencing
Act of 2010 (“Fair Sentencing Act”) retroactively applicable to defendants sentenced prior to
enactment of the Fair Sentencing Act. The district court, nevertheless, declined to reduce
Robinson’s 180-month term of imprisonment, instead reducing his term of supervised release from
four years to three years. Robinson now appeals, arguing that the district court abused its discretion
by imposing an unreasonable sentence. We find that the district court appropriately acted within
its discretion in imposing Robinson’s modified sentence. Accordingly, we affirm.
I.
In 2006, Tyrone Robinson pled guilty to possession of cocaine base (“crack”) with the
intent to distribute, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1). He faced a statutory range of five- to No. 19-5707, United States v. Robinson
forty-years’ imprisonment and an advisory Guidelines range of 188 to 235 months’ imprisonment.
Accepting the parties’ joint recommendation, the district court varied downward from the
Guidelines and imposed a 180-month term of imprisonment, followed by four years of supervised
release.
In 2018, while Robinson was serving his term in prison, the First Step Act was enacted.
Pub. L. No. 115-391, 132 Stat. 5194 (2018). Section 404 of the First Step Act allows courts to
retroactively apply portions of the Fair Sentencing Act to defendants who were sentenced before
enactment of the Fair Sentencing Act and, therefore, did not receive the benefits of its reduction
to statutory penalties for certain crack cocaine offenses. Id. § 404, 132 Stat. at 5222. Under section
404(b), district courts “may . . . impose a reduced sentence as if sections 2 and 3 of the Fair
Sentencing Act . . . were in effect at the time the covered offense was committed.”1 As section
404(c) specifies, however, “[n]othing in [section 404(b)] shall be construed to require a court to
reduce any sentence pursuant to [that] section.”
In March 2019, Robinson filed a motion claiming that he was eligible for relief under the
First Step Act. Robinson argued that his drug offense was a “covered offense” under the First Step
Act because section 2 of the Fair Sentencing Act modified the statutory penalties for violations of
21 U.S.C. § 841. The government agreed that Robinson was eligible for relief, but it noted that
any reduction in Robinson’s sentence was left to the district court’s discretion. The district court
determined that Robinson was indeed eligible for resentencing under the First Step Act and held a
hearing.
1 Section 2 of the Fair Sentencing Act increased the quantity of crack cocaine required to trigger mandatory-minimum penalties, while section 3 eliminated the mandatory minimum for simple possession of crack cocaine. Pub. L. No. 111-220, 124 Stat. 2372, 2372 (2010).
2 No. 19-5707, United States v. Robinson
The district court agreed with the parties that, after application of the First Step Act,
Robinson’s advisory Guideline range became 151 to 188-months’ imprisonment. The court
assessed “the nature and circumstances of [Robinson’s] offense and [his] history and
characteristics” pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(1). DE 65, Order, Page ID 120. It concluded that
Robinson’s crack offense was “grave” and “require[d] significant deterrence.” Id. The court also
noted Robinson’s 2017 conviction for possessing contraband in prison—which resulted in 24
months of additional time in prison, to be served consecutively to Robinson’s original 180-month
sentence—and found it “reflect[ed] disrespect for the law and weigh[ed] in favor of a longer
sentence.” Id. at 118, 121.
Although the district court viewed Robinson’s participation in prison educational programs
and his community college aspirations as weighing in favor of a reduced sentence, it believed the
contraband conviction showed a “need to protect the public from [Robinson].” Id. at 121. It also
found that Robinson’s original 180-month sentence—which was a downward departure from the
sentencing range of 188 to 235 months—reflected “more equitable sentencing of cocaine offenses
than may have generally been the case before the Fair Sentencing Act.” Id. at 122. Accordingly,
the court declined to reduce Robinson’s term of imprisonment but lowered his term of supervised
release from four years to three years. Robinson timely appealed.
II.
Robinson claims that his sentence is procedurally and substantively unreasonable because,
he argues, the district court (1) gave an unreasonable amount of weight to his prison conviction,
and (2) arbitrarily based its decision on the assumption that the original sentence was equitable in
3 No. 19-5707, United States v. Robinson
the first instance.2 The government claims that we lack jurisdiction to consider Robinson’s
reasonableness arguments and alternatively contends that Robinson’s challenges fail on the merits.
A.
After briefing in this case was completed, our court clarified that we have jurisdiction to
hear appeals of First Step Act modified sentences under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, United States v.
Marshall, 954 F.3d 823, 827–29 (6th Cir. 2020), and we have authority to consider reasonableness
challenges to such modified sentences under 18 U.S.C. § 3742(a)(1), United States v. Foreman,
__F.3d__, 2020 WL 2204261, at *7 (6th Cir. May 7, 2020). In the end, we review the district
court’s imposition of a modified sentence under the First Step Act for abuse of discretion. United
States v. Woods, 949 F.3d 934, 938 (6th Cir. 2020); see also United States v. Smith, __F.3d__,
2020 WL 2503261, at *1–3 (6th Cir. May 15, 2020) (reviewing the denial of a First Step Act
motion for abuse of discretion).
B.
We find that the district court acted within its discretion when it declined to reduce
Robinson’s 180-month term of imprisonment and reduced his term of supervised release from four
to three years. The First Step Act, by its express terms, did not require the district court to grant
Robinson any relief. § 404(c), 132 Stat. at 5222 (“Nothing in this section shall be construed to
require a court to reduce any sentence pursuant to this section.”) Even when a defendant is eligible
for a sentence reduction under the First Step Act, the district court may deny his motion to reduce
his sentence. See United States v. Beamus, 943 F.3d 789, 792 (6th Cir. 2019) (“That [a defendant]
2 Although Robinson also nominally invokes “procedural[]” reasonableness, CA6 R. 12, Appellant Br., at 16, his arguments focus on the purported substantive unreasonableness of his sentence. See United States v. Conatser, 514 F.3d 508, 520 (6th Cir. 2008) (explaining that a sentence may be substantively unreasonable if the district court “selects [the] sentence arbitrarily, bases the sentence on impermissible factors, fails to consider relevant sentencing factors, or gives an unreasonable amount of weight to any pertinent factor”).
4 No. 19-5707, United States v. Robinson
is eligible for resentencing does not mean he is entitled to it. The First Step Act ultimately leaves
the choice whether to resentence to the district court’s sound discretion.”). The district court here
chose to grant such discretionary relief, but not to the extent Robinson wanted. Yet Robinson fails
to identify any abuse of discretion. “The mere fact that [Robinson] desired a more lenient sentence,
without more, is insufficient to justify our disturbing the reasoned judgment of the district court.”
United States v. Trejo-Martinez, 481 F.3d 409, 413 (6th Cir. 2007).
The court properly calculated Robinson’s new Guidelines range, weighed competing
factors—such as Robinson’s participation in educational programs versus his conviction for
possessing contraband in prison—and considered the nature of his offense and his criminal history.
The district court carefully examined these considerations in its order and sufficiently explained
its rationale for declining to reduce Robinson’s term of imprisonment. See Smith, 2020 WL
2190770, at *5.
Although the district court placed considerable weight on Robinson’s prison conviction—
for which Robinson already received an additional 24-month sentence—the district court
explained its reason for assigning so much weight to this factor: the need to protect the public from
Robinson. Cf. United States v. Nixon, 664 F.3d 624, 626 (6th Cir. 2011) (holding that a district
court may assign additional weight to a factor already addressed in the Guidelines “so long as the
court explains why the circumstance warrants additional weight” with respect to the defendant).
And the prison conviction was not the only factor that the district court found to weigh in favor of
a longer sentence; it also considered the seriousness of Robinson’s original offense.
The fact that Robinson’s 180-month term of imprisonment fell within his newly calculated
Guidelines range further bolsters the reasonableness of the district court’s decision. See United
States v. Ushery, 785 F.3d 210, 223 (6th Cir. 2015) (“[W]e may presume that sentences within the
5 No. 19-5707, United States v. Robinson
Guidelines are reasonable . . . .”). While Robinson contends that the district court should not have
based its decision on the assumption that Robinson’s original, below-Guidelines sentence was
equitable, he cites no authority suggesting that a district court in a First Step Act proceeding may
not weigh the severity or leniency of a defendant’s original sentence. And, once again, this was
not the only factor upon which the district court based its decision.
The district court, therefore, did not abuse its discretion in declining to reduce Robinson’s
term of imprisonment while reducing his term of supervised release.
III.
Based on the foregoing, we affirm.