USCA11 Case: 20-11126 Date Filed: 05/26/2021 Page: 1 of 8
[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT ________________________
No. 20-11126 Non-Argument Calendar ________________________
D.C. Docket No. 8:05-cr-00044-SCB-JSS-1
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
versus
TONY L. FORD, a.k.a. BoBo, a.k.a. Bo, a.k.a. Big Head,
Defendant-Appellant.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Middle District of Florida ________________________
(May 26, 2021)
Before NEWSOM, ANDERSON, and EDMONDSON, Circuit Judges. USCA11 Case: 20-11126 Date Filed: 05/26/2021 Page: 2 of 8
PER CURIAM:
Tony Ford appeals the district court’s orders (1) denying his motion for a
sentence reduction under section 404 of the First Step Act of 2018 1 and (2)
denying his motion for reconsideration of that denial. No reversible error has been
shown; we affirm.
In 2005, a jury found Ford guilty of (1) conspiracy to possess with intent to
distribute 5 kilograms or more of powder cocaine and 50 grams or more of crack
cocaine, in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(b)(1)(A)(ii) and (iii), 846 (Count 1); (2) 5
counts of possession with intent to distribute and distribution of cocaine and crack
cocaine, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1), (b)(1)(B), (b)(1)(C) (Counts 2, 4, 5,
6, 7); and (3) possession of a firearm as a convicted felon, in violation of 18 U.S.C.
§ 922(g) (Count 11).
The Presentence Investigation Report (“PSI”) calculated Ford’s base offense
level as 38, based on the quantity of drugs involved in Ford’s offenses. The PSI
applied a four-level enhancement for Ford’s leadership role in the offense. The
PSI also designated Ford as a career offender -- under U.S.S.G. § 4B1.1 -- because
Ford had two prior felony convictions for controlled-substance offenses. Based on
1 First Step Act of 2018, Pub. L. 115-391, § 404(b), 132 Stat. 5194, 5222. 2 USCA11 Case: 20-11126 Date Filed: 05/26/2021 Page: 3 of 8
the resulting total offense level of 42 and on a criminal history category of VI,
Ford’s advisory guidelines range was 360 months to life imprisonment.
Ford, however, also qualified for enhanced statutory penalties -- under 21
U.S.C. §§ 841(b) and 851 -- based on his two prior felony drug convictions. In
pertinent part, Ford was subject to a statutory mandatory sentence of life
imprisonment on Count 1. As a result, Ford’s guidelines range also became life
imprisonment under U.S.S.G. § 5G1.1(c)(2).
The district court sentenced Ford to (1) life imprisonment on Count 1; (2)
360 months’ imprisonment on each of Counts 2, 4, 5, 6, and 7; and (3) 120
months’ imprisonment on Count 11, all to run concurrently.
In March 2019, Ford -- through his lawyer -- moved to reduce his sentences
pursuant to Section 404 of the First Step Act. 2
The district court denied Ford’s motion in March 2020. The district court
concluded that Ford was ineligible for a reduced sentence because -- given the 5
kilograms of powder cocaine involved in Count 1 -- Ford remained subject to a
mandatory sentence of life imprisonment. The district court later denied Ford’s
motion to reconsider that denial.
2 Only Ford’s life sentence on Count 1 is at issue in this appeal. 3 USCA11 Case: 20-11126 Date Filed: 05/26/2021 Page: 4 of 8
We review de novo whether a district court had the authority to modify a
term of imprisonment under the First Step Act. See United States v. Jones, 962
F.3d 1290, 1296 (11th Cir. 2020). “We review for abuse of discretion the denial of
an eligible movant’s request for a reduced sentence under the First Step Act.” Id.
The First Step Act “permits district courts to apply retroactively the reduced
statutory penalties for crack-cocaine offenses in the Fair Sentencing Act of 2010 to
movants sentenced before those penalties became effective.” Id. at 1293. Under
section 404(b) of the First Step Act, “a district court that imposed a sentence for a
covered offense [may] impose a reduced sentence as if sections 2 and 3 of the Fair
Sentencing Act were in effect at the time the covered offense was committed.” Id.
at 1297 (quotations and alterations omitted).
To be eligible for a reduction under section 404(b), a movant must have
been sentenced for a “covered offense” as defined in section 404(a). Id. at 1298.
We have said that a movant has committed a “covered offense” if the movant’s
offense triggered the higher statutory penalties for crack-cocaine offenses in 21
U.S.C. § 841(b)(1)(A)(iii) or (B)(iii): penalties that were later modified by the Fair
Sentencing Act. See id. A multi-drug conspiracy offense involving both crack
cocaine and another controlled substance constitutes a “covered offense” as long as
4 USCA11 Case: 20-11126 Date Filed: 05/26/2021 Page: 5 of 8
the quantity of crack cocaine triggered an increased statutory penalty. See United
States v. Taylor, 982 F.3d 1295, 1300 (11th Cir. 2020).
In determining whether a movant has a “covered offense” under the First
Step Act, the district court “must consult the record, including the movant’s
charging document, the jury verdict or guilty plea, the sentencing record, and the
final judgment.” Jones, 962 F.3d at 1300-01. The pertinent question is whether
the movant’s conduct satisfied the drug-quantity element in sections
841(b)(1)(A)(iii) (50 grams or more of crack cocaine) or 841(b)(1)(B)(iii) (5 grams
or more of crack cocaine) and subjected the movant to the statutory penalties in
those subsections. Id. at 1301-02. If so -- and if the offense was committed before
3 August 2010 (the effective date of the Fair Sentencing Act) -- then the movant’s
offense is a “covered offense,” and the district court may reduce the movant’s
sentence “as if” the applicable provisions of the Fair Sentencing Act “were in
effect at the time the covered offense was committed.” See First Step Act §
404(b); Jones, 962 F.3d at 1301, 1303.
Here, the quantity of crack cocaine involved in Ford’s multi-drug conspiracy
offense in Count 1 -- which the jury found was 50 grams or more -- triggered the
enhanced statutory penalties in section 841(b)(1)(A)(iii). Because Ford’s drug
5 USCA11 Case: 20-11126 Date Filed: 05/26/2021 Page: 6 of 8
conspiracy offense in Count 1 was committed before 3 August 2010, his offense
qualifies as a “covered offense” under the First Step Act.
Having concluded that Ford satisfied the “covered offense” requirement, we
next consider whether a sentence reduction was available. We have said that the
“as if” qualifier in section 404(b) of the First Step Act imposes two limitations on
the district court’s authority to reduce a sentence under the First Step Act. See
Jones, 962 F.3d at 1303. First, the district court cannot reduce a sentence where
the movant “received the lowest statutory penalty that also would be available to
him under the Fair Sentencing Act.” Id. “Second, in determining what a movant’s
statutory penalty would be under the Fair Sentencing Act, the district court is
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USCA11 Case: 20-11126 Date Filed: 05/26/2021 Page: 1 of 8
[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT ________________________
No. 20-11126 Non-Argument Calendar ________________________
D.C. Docket No. 8:05-cr-00044-SCB-JSS-1
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
versus
TONY L. FORD, a.k.a. BoBo, a.k.a. Bo, a.k.a. Big Head,
Defendant-Appellant.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Middle District of Florida ________________________
(May 26, 2021)
Before NEWSOM, ANDERSON, and EDMONDSON, Circuit Judges. USCA11 Case: 20-11126 Date Filed: 05/26/2021 Page: 2 of 8
PER CURIAM:
Tony Ford appeals the district court’s orders (1) denying his motion for a
sentence reduction under section 404 of the First Step Act of 2018 1 and (2)
denying his motion for reconsideration of that denial. No reversible error has been
shown; we affirm.
In 2005, a jury found Ford guilty of (1) conspiracy to possess with intent to
distribute 5 kilograms or more of powder cocaine and 50 grams or more of crack
cocaine, in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(b)(1)(A)(ii) and (iii), 846 (Count 1); (2) 5
counts of possession with intent to distribute and distribution of cocaine and crack
cocaine, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1), (b)(1)(B), (b)(1)(C) (Counts 2, 4, 5,
6, 7); and (3) possession of a firearm as a convicted felon, in violation of 18 U.S.C.
§ 922(g) (Count 11).
The Presentence Investigation Report (“PSI”) calculated Ford’s base offense
level as 38, based on the quantity of drugs involved in Ford’s offenses. The PSI
applied a four-level enhancement for Ford’s leadership role in the offense. The
PSI also designated Ford as a career offender -- under U.S.S.G. § 4B1.1 -- because
Ford had two prior felony convictions for controlled-substance offenses. Based on
1 First Step Act of 2018, Pub. L. 115-391, § 404(b), 132 Stat. 5194, 5222. 2 USCA11 Case: 20-11126 Date Filed: 05/26/2021 Page: 3 of 8
the resulting total offense level of 42 and on a criminal history category of VI,
Ford’s advisory guidelines range was 360 months to life imprisonment.
Ford, however, also qualified for enhanced statutory penalties -- under 21
U.S.C. §§ 841(b) and 851 -- based on his two prior felony drug convictions. In
pertinent part, Ford was subject to a statutory mandatory sentence of life
imprisonment on Count 1. As a result, Ford’s guidelines range also became life
imprisonment under U.S.S.G. § 5G1.1(c)(2).
The district court sentenced Ford to (1) life imprisonment on Count 1; (2)
360 months’ imprisonment on each of Counts 2, 4, 5, 6, and 7; and (3) 120
months’ imprisonment on Count 11, all to run concurrently.
In March 2019, Ford -- through his lawyer -- moved to reduce his sentences
pursuant to Section 404 of the First Step Act. 2
The district court denied Ford’s motion in March 2020. The district court
concluded that Ford was ineligible for a reduced sentence because -- given the 5
kilograms of powder cocaine involved in Count 1 -- Ford remained subject to a
mandatory sentence of life imprisonment. The district court later denied Ford’s
motion to reconsider that denial.
2 Only Ford’s life sentence on Count 1 is at issue in this appeal. 3 USCA11 Case: 20-11126 Date Filed: 05/26/2021 Page: 4 of 8
We review de novo whether a district court had the authority to modify a
term of imprisonment under the First Step Act. See United States v. Jones, 962
F.3d 1290, 1296 (11th Cir. 2020). “We review for abuse of discretion the denial of
an eligible movant’s request for a reduced sentence under the First Step Act.” Id.
The First Step Act “permits district courts to apply retroactively the reduced
statutory penalties for crack-cocaine offenses in the Fair Sentencing Act of 2010 to
movants sentenced before those penalties became effective.” Id. at 1293. Under
section 404(b) of the First Step Act, “a district court that imposed a sentence for a
covered offense [may] impose a reduced sentence as if sections 2 and 3 of the Fair
Sentencing Act were in effect at the time the covered offense was committed.” Id.
at 1297 (quotations and alterations omitted).
To be eligible for a reduction under section 404(b), a movant must have
been sentenced for a “covered offense” as defined in section 404(a). Id. at 1298.
We have said that a movant has committed a “covered offense” if the movant’s
offense triggered the higher statutory penalties for crack-cocaine offenses in 21
U.S.C. § 841(b)(1)(A)(iii) or (B)(iii): penalties that were later modified by the Fair
Sentencing Act. See id. A multi-drug conspiracy offense involving both crack
cocaine and another controlled substance constitutes a “covered offense” as long as
4 USCA11 Case: 20-11126 Date Filed: 05/26/2021 Page: 5 of 8
the quantity of crack cocaine triggered an increased statutory penalty. See United
States v. Taylor, 982 F.3d 1295, 1300 (11th Cir. 2020).
In determining whether a movant has a “covered offense” under the First
Step Act, the district court “must consult the record, including the movant’s
charging document, the jury verdict or guilty plea, the sentencing record, and the
final judgment.” Jones, 962 F.3d at 1300-01. The pertinent question is whether
the movant’s conduct satisfied the drug-quantity element in sections
841(b)(1)(A)(iii) (50 grams or more of crack cocaine) or 841(b)(1)(B)(iii) (5 grams
or more of crack cocaine) and subjected the movant to the statutory penalties in
those subsections. Id. at 1301-02. If so -- and if the offense was committed before
3 August 2010 (the effective date of the Fair Sentencing Act) -- then the movant’s
offense is a “covered offense,” and the district court may reduce the movant’s
sentence “as if” the applicable provisions of the Fair Sentencing Act “were in
effect at the time the covered offense was committed.” See First Step Act §
404(b); Jones, 962 F.3d at 1301, 1303.
Here, the quantity of crack cocaine involved in Ford’s multi-drug conspiracy
offense in Count 1 -- which the jury found was 50 grams or more -- triggered the
enhanced statutory penalties in section 841(b)(1)(A)(iii). Because Ford’s drug
5 USCA11 Case: 20-11126 Date Filed: 05/26/2021 Page: 6 of 8
conspiracy offense in Count 1 was committed before 3 August 2010, his offense
qualifies as a “covered offense” under the First Step Act.
Having concluded that Ford satisfied the “covered offense” requirement, we
next consider whether a sentence reduction was available. We have said that the
“as if” qualifier in section 404(b) of the First Step Act imposes two limitations on
the district court’s authority to reduce a sentence under the First Step Act. See
Jones, 962 F.3d at 1303. First, the district court cannot reduce a sentence where
the movant “received the lowest statutory penalty that also would be available to
him under the Fair Sentencing Act.” Id. “Second, in determining what a movant’s
statutory penalty would be under the Fair Sentencing Act, the district court is
bound by a previous finding of drug quantity that could have been used to
determine the movant’s statutory penalty at the time of sentencing.” Id. In other
words, a district court lacks the authority to reduce a movant’s sentence when the
sentence would necessarily remain the same under the Fair Sentencing Act. See id.
Applying these limitations, the district court had no authority under the First
Step Act to reduce Ford’s life sentence. The Fair Sentencing Act amended only
the statutory penalties applicable to offenses involving crack cocaine; the statutory
penalties applicable to offenses involving powder cocaine remained unchanged.
Both before and after passage of the Fair Sentencing Act, section 841(b)(1)(A)(ii)
6 USCA11 Case: 20-11126 Date Filed: 05/26/2021 Page: 7 of 8
imposed a mandatory life sentence for offenses involving five kilograms or more
of powder cocaine committed by defendants with two or more prior felony drug
convictions. Compare 21 U.S.C. § 841(b)(1)(A)(ii) (2009), with id. §
841(b)(1)(A)(ii) (2010).
Based on Ford’s two prior felony drug convictions and the jury’s finding
that Ford was responsible for 5 kilograms of powder cocaine, Ford’s sentence of
life imprisonment is still the lowest possible penalty that would be available to him
under the Fair Sentencing Act.
That Ford might be subject to a lower statutory mandatory sentence under
the most recent version of section 841(b)(1)(A) is immaterial. In ruling on a
defendant’s motion under section 404 of the First Step Act, a district court has
limited authority to reduce a sentence “as if” sections 2 and 3 of the Fair
Sentencing Act were in effect. A district court “is not free . . . to reduce the
defendant’s sentence on the covered offense based on changes in the law beyond
those mandated by sections 2 and 3.” United States v. Denson, 963 F.3d 1080,
1089 (11th Cir. 2020) (emphasis added). “[T]he First Step Act does not authorize
the district court to conduct a plenary or de novo resentencing.” Id.
7 USCA11 Case: 20-11126 Date Filed: 05/26/2021 Page: 8 of 8
We affirm the district court’s determination that Ford was ineligible for a
reduced sentence under the First Step Act. We also affirm the district court’s
denial of Ford’s motion for reconsideration of that denial.
AFFIRMED.3
3 To the extent Ford contends that our decisions in Jones and in Denson are wrongly decided, we must decline to consider those arguments in this appeal. See United States v. Johnson, 981 F.3d 1171, 1192 (11th Cir. 2020) (“Under our prior precedent rule, we must follow the precedent of earlier panels unless and until the prior precedent is overruled or undermined to the point of abrogation by the Supreme Court or this Court sitting en banc.”). 8