USCA11 Case: 20-11092 Date Filed: 12/28/2020 Page: 1 of 7
[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT ________________________
No. 20-11092 Non-Argument Calendar ________________________
D.C. Docket No. 3:18-cr-00226-MMH-MCR-1
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
versus
TIMOTHY TIJWAN DOCTOR,
Defendant-Appellant.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Middle District of Florida ________________________
(December 28, 2020) USCA11 Case: 20-11092 Date Filed: 12/28/2020 Page: 2 of 7
Before NEWSOM, LUCK, and ANDERSON, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
Timothy Doctor appeals his fifteen-year sentence for possessing a firearm
after being convicted of a felony, in violation of 18 U.S.C. section 922(g)(1). He
argues that the district court erred in sentencing him under the Armed Career
Criminal Act because two of his prior felony drug convictions—which were
contained in the same charging document but occurred on different days—were not
“committed on occasions different from one another.” We affirm.
FACTUAL BACKGROUND AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
A grand jury indicted Doctor on one count of possessing a firearm after being
convicted of a felony. He pleaded guilty without a plea agreement. The probation
officer determined in the presentence investigation report that Doctor was an armed
career criminal because of three prior state drug convictions. One conviction was
for sale or delivery of cocaine on July 6, 2006; the second was for sale or delivery
of cocaine on July 12, 2006; and the third was for sale, manufacture, or delivery of
cocaine within 1,000 feet of a church in 2012.
Doctor objected that he was not an armed career criminal because his 2006
convictions were not committed on different occasions as required by the Armed
Career Criminal Act. This was because they were contained in the same charging
document, which was only allowed under Florida law, Doctor argued, if the offenses
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are “based on the same transaction or are connected acts or transactions.” He argued
that the district court could not look at the state charging document to determine the
dates of the offenses because, under Florida law, the dates alleged in the charging
document were not elements. Doctor conceded that this argument had been rejected
by United States v. Longoria, 874 F.3d 1278, 1281 (11th Cir. 2017).
At sentencing, the district court admitted into evidence the charging
documents for Doctor’s prior drug convictions. Doctor objected again that his 2006
convictions were not different occurrences under the Armed Career Criminal Act
but acknowledged that his position was contrary to “binding” precedent. The district
court overruled his objection.
The district court calculated Doctor’s advisory guideline range at 135 to 168
months in prison, which became 180 months because of the minimum mandatory
sentence required by the Armed Career Criminal Act. See U.S.S.G. § 5G1.1(b). The
district court sentenced Doctor to 180 months in prison followed by five years of
supervised release. Doctor now appeals his sentence.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
We review de novo the district court’s conclusion that prior offenses meet the
Act’s “different-occasions requirement.” Longoria, 874 F.3d at 1281.
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DISCUSSION
Doctor argues that his 2006 convictions did not occur on different occasions
because they were contained in the same charging document, and therefore, they
were not two separate prior serious drug offense convictions for purposes of the
Armed Career Criminal Act.
A defendant convicted of being a felon in possession of a firearm is subject to
a fifteen-year mandatory minimum sentence as an armed career criminal if he has
three prior convictions for a serious drug offense “committed on occasions different
from one another.” 18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(1). For offenses to have occurred on
different occasions, they need not be charged in separate indictments. United States
v. Sneed, 600 F.3d 1326, 1329–30 (11th Cir. 2010). Rather, the convictions must
be from “separate and distinct criminal episode[s] and for crimes that are temporally
distinct.” Longoria, 874 F.3d at 1281 (quotation marks omitted). “[S]o long as
predicate crimes are successive rather than simultaneous, they constitute separate
criminal episodes” for purposes of the enhancement. Id. (quotation marks omitted).
Here, the district court was allowed to examine the state charging document
to determine whether Doctor’s 2006 offenses were separate prior convictions.
Longoria, 874 F.3d at 1281 (“To determine the nature of a prior conviction, a court
‘is generally limited to examining the statutory definition [of the offense of the prior
conviction], charging document, written plea agreement, transcript of plea colloquy,
4 USCA11 Case: 20-11092 Date Filed: 12/28/2020 Page: 5 of 7
and any explicit factual finding by the trial judge to which the defendant assented.’”
(quoting Shepard v. United States, 544 U.S. 13, 16 (2005)). The charging document
showed that Doctor’s 2006 convictions occurred six days apart from each other.
Because Doctor’s offenses didn’t happen simultaneously but were instead distinct
crimes separated by almost a week, the district court correctly concluded that they
satisfied the Armed Career Criminal Act’s “different occasions” requirement. See
id. at 1283 (holding that the defendant’s prior convictions were temporarily distinct
where they “occurred at clear and obvious points in time separated by nine days”).
Doctor’s efforts to distinguish Longoria fail. He first argues that under Florida
law, two or more offenses can only be charged in the same charging document if
they “are based on the same act or transaction or on two or more connected acts or
transactions.” See Fla. R. Crim. P. 3.150(a). Thus, Doctor argues, joinder of his
2006 crimes in the same charging document established that “the offenses were part
of the same criminal episode.” But federal law—not state criminal procedure—
controls when determining whether separate convictions satisfy the “different
occasions” requirement. See United States v. Braun, 801 F.3d 1301, 1303 (11th Cir.
2015) (“We are bound by federal law when we interpret terms in the [Armed Career
Criminal Act]”). The controlling law here is Longoria, which allowed the district
court to rely on the dates in the state charging document to decide whether Doctor’s
prior crimes were “successive rather than simultaneous.” 874 F.3d at 1281.
5 USCA11 Case: 20-11092 Date Filed: 12/28/2020 Page: 6 of 7
Doctor next argues that a court can only look to the elements—and not the
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USCA11 Case: 20-11092 Date Filed: 12/28/2020 Page: 1 of 7
[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT ________________________
No. 20-11092 Non-Argument Calendar ________________________
D.C. Docket No. 3:18-cr-00226-MMH-MCR-1
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
versus
TIMOTHY TIJWAN DOCTOR,
Defendant-Appellant.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Middle District of Florida ________________________
(December 28, 2020) USCA11 Case: 20-11092 Date Filed: 12/28/2020 Page: 2 of 7
Before NEWSOM, LUCK, and ANDERSON, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
Timothy Doctor appeals his fifteen-year sentence for possessing a firearm
after being convicted of a felony, in violation of 18 U.S.C. section 922(g)(1). He
argues that the district court erred in sentencing him under the Armed Career
Criminal Act because two of his prior felony drug convictions—which were
contained in the same charging document but occurred on different days—were not
“committed on occasions different from one another.” We affirm.
FACTUAL BACKGROUND AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
A grand jury indicted Doctor on one count of possessing a firearm after being
convicted of a felony. He pleaded guilty without a plea agreement. The probation
officer determined in the presentence investigation report that Doctor was an armed
career criminal because of three prior state drug convictions. One conviction was
for sale or delivery of cocaine on July 6, 2006; the second was for sale or delivery
of cocaine on July 12, 2006; and the third was for sale, manufacture, or delivery of
cocaine within 1,000 feet of a church in 2012.
Doctor objected that he was not an armed career criminal because his 2006
convictions were not committed on different occasions as required by the Armed
Career Criminal Act. This was because they were contained in the same charging
document, which was only allowed under Florida law, Doctor argued, if the offenses
2 USCA11 Case: 20-11092 Date Filed: 12/28/2020 Page: 3 of 7
are “based on the same transaction or are connected acts or transactions.” He argued
that the district court could not look at the state charging document to determine the
dates of the offenses because, under Florida law, the dates alleged in the charging
document were not elements. Doctor conceded that this argument had been rejected
by United States v. Longoria, 874 F.3d 1278, 1281 (11th Cir. 2017).
At sentencing, the district court admitted into evidence the charging
documents for Doctor’s prior drug convictions. Doctor objected again that his 2006
convictions were not different occurrences under the Armed Career Criminal Act
but acknowledged that his position was contrary to “binding” precedent. The district
court overruled his objection.
The district court calculated Doctor’s advisory guideline range at 135 to 168
months in prison, which became 180 months because of the minimum mandatory
sentence required by the Armed Career Criminal Act. See U.S.S.G. § 5G1.1(b). The
district court sentenced Doctor to 180 months in prison followed by five years of
supervised release. Doctor now appeals his sentence.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
We review de novo the district court’s conclusion that prior offenses meet the
Act’s “different-occasions requirement.” Longoria, 874 F.3d at 1281.
3 USCA11 Case: 20-11092 Date Filed: 12/28/2020 Page: 4 of 7
DISCUSSION
Doctor argues that his 2006 convictions did not occur on different occasions
because they were contained in the same charging document, and therefore, they
were not two separate prior serious drug offense convictions for purposes of the
Armed Career Criminal Act.
A defendant convicted of being a felon in possession of a firearm is subject to
a fifteen-year mandatory minimum sentence as an armed career criminal if he has
three prior convictions for a serious drug offense “committed on occasions different
from one another.” 18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(1). For offenses to have occurred on
different occasions, they need not be charged in separate indictments. United States
v. Sneed, 600 F.3d 1326, 1329–30 (11th Cir. 2010). Rather, the convictions must
be from “separate and distinct criminal episode[s] and for crimes that are temporally
distinct.” Longoria, 874 F.3d at 1281 (quotation marks omitted). “[S]o long as
predicate crimes are successive rather than simultaneous, they constitute separate
criminal episodes” for purposes of the enhancement. Id. (quotation marks omitted).
Here, the district court was allowed to examine the state charging document
to determine whether Doctor’s 2006 offenses were separate prior convictions.
Longoria, 874 F.3d at 1281 (“To determine the nature of a prior conviction, a court
‘is generally limited to examining the statutory definition [of the offense of the prior
conviction], charging document, written plea agreement, transcript of plea colloquy,
4 USCA11 Case: 20-11092 Date Filed: 12/28/2020 Page: 5 of 7
and any explicit factual finding by the trial judge to which the defendant assented.’”
(quoting Shepard v. United States, 544 U.S. 13, 16 (2005)). The charging document
showed that Doctor’s 2006 convictions occurred six days apart from each other.
Because Doctor’s offenses didn’t happen simultaneously but were instead distinct
crimes separated by almost a week, the district court correctly concluded that they
satisfied the Armed Career Criminal Act’s “different occasions” requirement. See
id. at 1283 (holding that the defendant’s prior convictions were temporarily distinct
where they “occurred at clear and obvious points in time separated by nine days”).
Doctor’s efforts to distinguish Longoria fail. He first argues that under Florida
law, two or more offenses can only be charged in the same charging document if
they “are based on the same act or transaction or on two or more connected acts or
transactions.” See Fla. R. Crim. P. 3.150(a). Thus, Doctor argues, joinder of his
2006 crimes in the same charging document established that “the offenses were part
of the same criminal episode.” But federal law—not state criminal procedure—
controls when determining whether separate convictions satisfy the “different
occasions” requirement. See United States v. Braun, 801 F.3d 1301, 1303 (11th Cir.
2015) (“We are bound by federal law when we interpret terms in the [Armed Career
Criminal Act]”). The controlling law here is Longoria, which allowed the district
court to rely on the dates in the state charging document to decide whether Doctor’s
prior crimes were “successive rather than simultaneous.” 874 F.3d at 1281.
5 USCA11 Case: 20-11092 Date Filed: 12/28/2020 Page: 6 of 7
Doctor next argues that a court can only look to the elements—and not the
facts—of a prior offense in analyzing whether it’s a valid prior conviction. See
Mathis v. United States, 136 S. Ct. 2243, 2252–56 (2016); Descamps v. United
States, 570 U.S. 254, 262–64 (2013). He maintains that the dates of the offenses
alleged in the charging document were not elements under Florida law, prohibiting
the district court from using it to determine this “non-elemental fact.” We rejected
this argument in Longoria. See 874 F.3d at 1283 (rejecting claim that the district
court “should not have looked at ‘non-elemental facts,’ the dates of his prior
convictions, in Shepard-approved documents when deciding whether his predicate
offenses were committed on different occasions”); see also United States v. Weeks,
711 F.3d 1255 (11th Cir. 2013) (holding that a district court may determine the
factual nature of prior convictions, “including whether they were committed on
different occasions, so long as they limit themselves to Shepard-approved
documents”).
Finally, Doctor argues that we should not follow Longoria because it conflicts
with Descamps and Mathis. But under our prior panel precedent rule, we are bound
to follow Longoria until the Supreme Court or the en banc court tells us otherwise.
See, e.g., Sneed, 600 F.3d at 1332 (“[A] prior panel’s holding is binding on all
subsequent panels unless and until it is overruled or undermined to the point of
abrogation by the Supreme Court or by this court sitting en banc.”). Longoria could
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not have been overruled or abrogated by Descamps and Mathis because it was
decided after these Supreme Court cases. See Smith v. GTE Corp., 236 F.3d 1292,
1303 (11th Cir. 2001) (“[W]e categorically reject any exception to the prior panel
precedent rule based upon a perceived defect in the prior panel’s reasoning or
analysis as it relates to the law in existence at that time.”).
In any event, Descamps and Mathis decided different issues. They held that
a district court may not use Shepard documents in determining whether a prior
conviction qualifies as a violent felony where that conviction was for violating an
indivisible statute with a single set of nondisjunctive elements. See Descamps, 570
U.S. at 260; Mathis, 136 S. Ct. at 2253–54. Neither case was about whether prior
convictions occurred on different occasions for purposes of the Armed Career
Criminal Act. Thus, they do not overrule or abrogate Longoria. See, e.g., Garrett v.
Univ. of Ala. Birmingham Bd. of Trs., 344 F.3d 1288, 1292 (11th Cir. 2003) (“While
an intervening decision of the Supreme Court can overrule the decision of a prior
panel of our court, the Supreme Court decision must be clearly on point.”).
In sum, Longoria is binding precedent, as Doctor conceded at sentencing, and
required the district court to impose a fifteen-year minimum mandatory sentence.
We find no error and therefore no basis to disturb his sentence.
AFFIRMED.