United States v. Thomas

749 F. Supp. 847, 1990 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 14845, 1990 WL 167131
CourtDistrict Court, M.D. Tennessee
DecidedMay 3, 1990
DocketNo. 3-90-00020
StatusPublished

This text of 749 F. Supp. 847 (United States v. Thomas) is published on Counsel Stack Legal Research, covering District Court, M.D. Tennessee primary law. Counsel Stack provides free access to over 12 million legal documents including statutes, case law, regulations, and constitutions.

Bluebook
United States v. Thomas, 749 F. Supp. 847, 1990 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 14845, 1990 WL 167131 (M.D. Tenn. 1990).

Opinion

MEMORANDUM

HIGGINS, District Judge.

Before the Court are four motions to sever or strike parts of the indictment in this action. On February 28, 1990, defendant Lafayette “Fate” Thomas filed a motion to sever Count 35, which relates to the Hobbs Act, pursuant to Rule 14, Fed.R. Crim.P. (Docket Entry No. 104). On April 9,1990, defendant Thomas filed a motion to strike racketeering acts four and 14 of Counts One and Two relating to RICO, pursuant to Rule 12(b)(2), Fed.R.Crim.P. (Docket Entry No. 173). On April 11, 1990, defendant Thomas filed a motion to sever Counts 14 and 35, pursuant to Rules 8 and 14, Fed.R.Crim.P. (Docket Entry No. 177). On April 16, 1990, defendant Raymond Gil-ley filed an identical motion to strike racketeering acts four and 14 (Docket Entry Number 191).

The Court heard oral argument on these motions at a hearing on April 24, 1990.

I.

Regarding the motions to strike racketeering act 14 1, the Court has considered the motions of defendants Thomas and Gilley, defendant Thomas’ memorandum in support (Docket Entry No. 174) and the government’s response to the motions (Docket Entry No. 216). Defendant Gilley adopted defendant Thomas’ memorandum in support of his motion. The Court has also considered the government’s proffer2 made at the hearing of connections to the Sheriff’s Department.3

Defendants Thomas and Gilley contend that there is no relationship or nexus between predicate act 14 and the other alleged predicate acts or the enterprise (the Sheriff’s Department). The government argues that the predicate act is sufficiently connected to the enterprise to constitute a pattern of racketeering.

The Circuit Courts have consistently not required that all racketeering acts be related to each other, as long as the predicate acts are related to the enterprise. U.S. v. Kabbaby, 672 F.2d 857, 860 (11th Cir.1982); U.S. v. Welch, 656 F.2d 1039, 1053 (5th Cir.1981), cert. denied, 456 U.S. 915, 102 S.Ct. 1767, 72 L.Ed.2d 173 (1982); U.S. v. Bright, 630 F.2d 804, 812-813 (5th Cir.1980); U.S. v. Weisman, 624 F.2d 1118, 1129 (2nd Cir.), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 871, 101 S.Ct. 209, 66 L.Ed.2d 91 (1980). The government asserts that defendant Thomas’ position as sheriff for 18 years enabled him to conspire to extort money from William Freeman. The enterprise was affected because defendant Thomas was enabled to commit racketeering acts solely because of his position in the enterprise.

The government cites U.S. v. Webster, 669 F.2d 185, 186-87 (4th Cir.), cert. denied, 456 U.S. 935, 102 S.Ct. 1991, 72 L.Ed.2d 455 (1982), as a proper analogy to the case at hand. In Webster, the defendants were convicted on RICO and other charges relating to conspiracy to distribute illegal drugs, and a rehearing was sought. After rehearing, the court stated that the [849]*849proper question should have been “whether the affairs of the 1508 Club [the enterprise] were conducted through the pattern of racketeering activity, not whether they were benefitted or advanced or whether profit to the 1508 Club resulted.” (emphasis in original). The evidence in Webster showed that telephone calls to the two principals were forwarded to the Club and that Club facilities and personnel were used in furtherance of the criminal acts. Id. at 187. The court affirmed the convictions, thereby upholding its earlier finding that the Club was “regularly made available to, and put in the service of, the defendants’ drug dealing business.” Id.

The proffer, which shows telephone calls to the sheriff at his office and the use of Sheriff Department facilities and personnel all related to the alleged criminal acts, is a sufficient showing at this time that the Sheriffs Department was regularly made available to and put in the service of the alleged illegal activity.

The Court has carefully reviewed the teachings of the U.S. Supreme Court in H.J. Inc. v. Northwestern Bell Telephone Co., 492 U.S. -, 109 S.Ct. 2893, 106 L.Ed.2d 195 (1989), on the question of whether the predicate acts establish a “pattern of racketeering activity.” Throughout the opinion, Justice Brennan stated that Congress intended a flexible approach to proving such a pattern. The Court stated that:

RICO’s legislative history reveals Congress’ intent that to prove a pattern of racketeering activity a plaintiff or prosecutor must show that the racketeering predicates are related, and that they amount to or pose a threat of continued criminal activity.

Id. at -, 109 S.Ct. at 2900, 106 L.Ed.2d at 208 (emphasis in original).

The Court found guidance in a provision of the Organized Crime Control Act of 1970 to define the element of relatedness.

[Criminal conduct forms a pattern if it embraces criminal acts that have the same or similar purposes, results, participants, victims, or methods of commission, or otherwise are interrelated by distinguishing characteristics and are not isolated events.

18 U.S.C. § 3575(e), cited in H.J. Inc., at -, 109 S.Ct. at 2901, 106 L.Ed.2d at 208.

This Court believes the government’s proffer provides a sufficient showing on its face to meet this test of relatedness. The proffer shows that predicate act 14 dealing with extortion is not simply restricted to defendant Thomas acting alone as an individual, nor is it simply restricted to the defendant’s condominium in Bellevue. The proffer links the allegations of predicate act 14 to both the enterprise and the other predicate acts by showing that Sheriff Department facilities and personnel were used in furtherance of the alleged illegal activity. Predicate act 14 and the other predicate acts have the same or similar purposes, participants or methods of commission. Therefore, the relatedness test is met.

The Supreme Court attempted to define the second element of continuity, while recognizing that the specific facts of each case will control. The Court stated that it would adopt a less inflexible approach to this element than did the Eighth Circuit and would apply a common-sense, everyday understanding of RICO’s language.

What a plaintiff or prosecutor must provide is continuity of racketeering activity, or its threat, simpliciter. This may be done in a variety of ways, thus making it difficult to formulate in the abstract any general test for continuity.

Id. at -, 109 S.Ct. at 2901, 106 L.Ed.2d at 209 (emphasis in original). However, the Court did set out some boundaries when it stated that the continuity requirement can be satisfied

where it is shown that the predicates are a regular way of conducting defendant’s ongoing legitimate business (in the sense that it is not a business that exists for criminal purposes), or of conducting or participating in an ongoing and legitimate RICO ‘enterprise’.

Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI

Related

Cite This Page — Counsel Stack

Bluebook (online)
749 F. Supp. 847, 1990 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 14845, 1990 WL 167131, Counsel Stack Legal Research, https://law.counselstack.com/opinion/united-states-v-thomas-tnmd-1990.