United States v. Thomas Cureton

CourtCourt of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit
DecidedJanuary 5, 2017
Docket15-3581
StatusPublished

This text of United States v. Thomas Cureton (United States v. Thomas Cureton) is published on Counsel Stack Legal Research, covering Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit primary law. Counsel Stack provides free access to over 12 million legal documents including statutes, case law, regulations, and constitutions.

Bluebook
United States v. Thomas Cureton, (7th Cir. 2017).

Opinion

In the

United States Court of Appeals For the Seventh Circuit ____________________ Nos. 15‐3575 & 15‐3581 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Plaintiff‐Appellee,

v.

THOMAS CURETON, Defendant‐Appellant. ____________________

Appeals from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Illinois. Nos. 3:10‐CR‐30106‐DRH‐1 & 3:10‐CR‐30200‐DRH‐1 — David R. Herndon, Judge. ____________________

ARGUED NOVEMBER 16, 2016 — DECIDED JANUARY 5, 2017 ____________________

Before EASTERBROOK, KANNE, and HAMILTON, Circuit Judges. HAMILTON, Circuit Judge. Thomas Cureton appeals his con‐ viction for using a firearm during a crime of violence. He con‐ tends that the crime of making a ransom demand in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 875(a) does not qualify as a “crime of violence” under 18 U.S.C. § 924(c). Because Cureton did not raise this 2 Nos. 15‐3575 & 15‐3581

challenge in the district court, we examine it through the de‐ manding lens of plain‐error review. We see no plain error in interpreting the federal crime of demanding ransom as neces‐ sarily including at least an implied threat of physical force. Because a crime that includes a threat of physical force as an element qualifies as a crime of violence, we affirm. I. Factual and Procedural Background While Thomas Cureton was under investigation for deal‐ ing crack cocaine, he used a gun to demand ransom. A room‐ mate of his, Ashley Lawrence, failed to bring him some money he expected. Cureton tied her up, choked her, beat her, pointed a gun to her head, and made her call family members to ask for ransom money. Lawrence’s grandfather agreed in a telephone call to wire Cureton $4,500. The police were waiting for Cureton at his home when he returned there with Law‐ rence. A jury convicted Cureton on four federal charges: one count of interstate communication of a ransom demand or re‐ quest under 18 U.S.C. § 875(a), one count of attempted extor‐ tion under 18 U.S.C. § 1951(a), and two counts of possessing a firearm during a crime of violence under 18 U.S.C. § 924(c). The first § 924(c) charge, Count 2, was based on the ransom demand. The second one, Count 4, was based on attempted extortion. In the district court, this case (Case No. 3:10‐CR‐ 30200‐DRH‐1 or Case 200) was consolidated for trial and sen‐ tencing with another case against Cureton involving drug possession (Case No. 3:10‐CR‐30106‐DRH‐1 or Case 106). At sentencing, the guideline range in the drug case (Case 106) was 360 to 720 months; the guideline range for the ran‐ som demand and attempted extortion (Case 200) was 240 Nos. 15‐3575 & 15‐3581 3

months, the statutory maximum sentence. The district court imposed a sentence of 360 months for the drug counts in Case 106 to run concurrently with a 240 month sentence for the ran‐ som and attempted extortion in Case 200. The court then added consecutive sentences in Case 200 for the convictions on the two § 924(c) counts—84 months on Count 2 and 300 months on Count 4. That increased the total sentence from 360 months to 744 months (62 years). In his first appeal, United States v. Cureton, 739 F.3d 1032, 1039–45 (7th Cir. 2014) (Cureton I), this court ruled that two § 924(c) charges against Cureton for a single course of conduct involving only one use of one firearm were multiplicitous. We vacated Cureton’s sentence and remanded for resentencing. 739 F.3d at 1045. On remand the district court sentenced Cu‐ reton to 444 months (37 years) in prison, eliminating the 300 months originally imposed on Count 4 in Case 200, the § 924(c) charge based on attempted extortion. Cureton appealed again. We vacated the sentence again because the district court set conditions of supervised release without complying with United States v. Thompson, 777 F.3d 368 (7th Cir. 2015). United States v. Cureton, Nos. 14‐2576 & 14‐ 2586 (7th Cir. June 30, 2015) (Cureton II). On remand the dis‐ trict court imposed the same 444‐month sentence. Cureton has now appealed for a third time. II. Analysis Cureton challenges only his § 924(c) conviction on Count 2. That conviction is based on his having demanded a ransom and accounts for 84 months of his 444‐month sen‐ 4 Nos. 15‐3575 & 15‐3581

tence. Section 924(c)(1)(A) applies to the use of a firearm dur‐ ing or in connection with the commission of a “crime of vio‐ lence.” An offense may qualify as a “crime of violence” under § 924(c) in one of two ways. First, under the “elements” clause, an offense qualifies if it is a felony that “has as an ele‐ ment the use, attempted use, or threatened use of physical force against the person or property of another.” 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(3)(A). Second, under the “residual” clause, the predicate offense qualifies if it is a felony that “by its na‐ ture, involves a substantial risk that physical force against the person or property of another may be used in the course of committing the offense.” 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(3)(B). Cureton’s primary argument on appeal is that the residual clause is unconstitutionally vague and thus cannot render his ransom‐demand offense a “crime of violence.” He contends that Johnson v. United States, 576 U.S. —, 135 S. Ct. 2551 (2015), which held that a similar residual clause in the Armed Career Criminal Act, 18 U.S.C. § 924(e), is unconstitutionally vague, applies to render § 924(c)(3)(B) unconstitutional as well. We recently adopted the position that Cureton advances. In United States v. Cardena, 842 F.3d 959, 995–96 (7th Cir. 2016), we described § 924(c)’s residual clause as “virtually indistin‐ guishable from the clause in Johnson that was found to be un‐ constitutionally vague.” We also explained that our decision in United States v. Vivas‐Ceja, 808 F.3d 719, 721 (7th Cir. 2015), invalidated the residual clause found in 18 U.S.C. § 16(b), which is identical to the clause in § 924(c)(3)(B). Accordingly we concluded that § 924(c)(3)(B) suffers from the same consti‐ tutional infirmities that invalidated the residual clauses in Johnson and Vivas‐Ceja. Cardena, 842 F.3d at 996. Nos. 15‐3575 & 15‐3581 5

Even without the residual clause, however, Cureton loses under the elements clause of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(3)(A). The is‐ sue is whether the ransom‐demand statute, 18 U.S.C. § 875(a), “has as an element the use, attempted use, or threatened use of physical force against the person or property of another.” See Cardena, 842 F.3d at 996, citing Dawkins v. United States, 809 F.3d 953, 954 (7th Cir. 2016).

Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI

Related

United States v. James Heller
579 F.2d 990 (Sixth Circuit, 1978)
United States v. Luis Sanchez
925 F.2d 1468 (Seventh Circuit, 1991)
United States v. John Patino
962 F.2d 263 (Second Circuit, 1992)
United States v. Ricardo A. Godinez
998 F.2d 471 (Seventh Circuit, 1993)
United States v. Dewayne Lewis
405 F.3d 511 (Seventh Circuit, 2005)
United States v. Ahmed Brika
487 F.3d 450 (Sixth Circuit, 2007)
United States v. Hosseini
679 F.3d 544 (Seventh Circuit, 2012)
United States v. Morgan
748 F.3d 1024 (Tenth Circuit, 2014)
United States v. Thomas Cureton
739 F.3d 1032 (Seventh Circuit, 2014)
United States v. Domingo Blount
777 F.3d 368 (Seventh Circuit, 2015)
Johnson v. United States
576 U.S. 591 (Supreme Court, 2015)
United States v. Raul Vivas-Ceja
808 F.3d 719 (Seventh Circuit, 2015)
United States v. Julius Lawson
810 F.3d 1032 (Seventh Circuit, 2016)
United States v. Christopher Seals
813 F.3d 1038 (Seventh Circuit, 2016)
United States v. Tony Sparkman
842 F.3d 959 (Seventh Circuit, 2016)
United States v. Dachman
743 F.3d 254 (Seventh Circuit, 2014)
Dawkins v. United States
809 F.3d 953 (Seventh Circuit, 2016)
United States v. Lopez-Flores
592 F. Supp. 1302 (W.D. Texas, 1984)

Cite This Page — Counsel Stack

Bluebook (online)
United States v. Thomas Cureton, Counsel Stack Legal Research, https://law.counselstack.com/opinion/united-states-v-thomas-cureton-ca7-2017.