USCA11 Case: 20-11125 Date Filed: 06/23/2021 Page: 1 of 7
[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT ________________________
No. 20-11125 Non-Argument Calendar ________________________
D.C. Docket No. 1:19-cr-20430-MGC-1
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
versus
TEDRICK KING, a.k.a. Ted,
Defendant-Appellant.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida ________________________
(June 23, 2021)
Before NEWSOM, LAGOA, and ANDERSON, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM: USCA11 Case: 20-11125 Date Filed: 06/23/2021 Page: 2 of 7
Tedrick King appeals his 148-month sentence for (1) one count of
conspiracy to possess with intent to distribute a controlled substance, and (2) one
count of possession with intent to distribute 500 grams or more of cocaine, 28
grams or more of crack cocaine, a substance containing a detectable amount of
eutylone, and a substance containing a detectable amount of marijuana. King
presents three arguments on appeal. First, he argues that the district court erred in
applying a four-level enhancement to his offense level for being a “leader or
organizer” of criminal activity involving five or more participants. Second, he
argues that the district court erred in applying a two-level enhancement to his
offense level for “maintaining a drug premises.” Third, he argues that his sentence
is substantively unreasonable because an 84-month sentence would have been
sufficient to achieve the goals of the 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) sentencing factors.
I.
We review the district court’s imposition of an aggravating-role
enhancement for clear error. United States v. Shabazz, 887 F.3d 1204, 1222 (11th
Cir. 2018). Under this standard, we may not reverse unless we are left with a
“definite and firm conviction” that the district court made a mistake. Id. at 1224.
Where the evidence is susceptible to two or more reasonable interpretations, “[the
2 USCA11 Case: 20-11125 Date Filed: 06/23/2021 Page: 3 of 7
district court’s] choice between them cannot be clearly erroneous.” United States
v. Almedina, 686 F.3d 1312, 1315 (11th Cir. 2012).
Section 3B1.1 of the U.S. Sentencing Guidelines increases a defendant’s
offense level by four levels if he or she was “an organizer or leader of a criminal
activity that involved five or more participants or was otherwise extensive.”
U.S.S.G. § 3B1.1(a). The government has the burden to prove the aggravating role
by a preponderance of the evidence. United States v. Martinez, 584 F.3d 1022,
1027 (11th Cir. 2009).
We consider several factors to determine whether a defendant was an
organizer or leader of criminal activity. Shabazz, 887 F.3d at 1222. These include:
(1) decision-making authority; (2) the nature of the defendant’s participation in the
offense; (3) the recruitment of others; (4) the receipt of a larger share of the fruits
of the crime; (5) the degree of participation in the organizing and planning of the
offense; (6) the nature and scope of the illegal activity; and (7) the degree of
control the defendant exercised over others involved. Id. The government is not
required to establish all of these factors. United States v. Dixon, 901 F.3d 1322,
1348 (11th Cir. 2018). But there must be some exercise of authority, leadership,
control, or influence before the four-level enhancement may be applied. Martinez,
584 F.3d at 1026. Generally, we have affirmed applications of the enhancement
where the government presented evidence that the defendant recruited individuals
3 USCA11 Case: 20-11125 Date Filed: 06/23/2021 Page: 4 of 7
to the criminal operation, gave instructions, or had decision-making power.
Shabazz, 887 F.3d at 1222.
Here, it was not clearly erroneous for the district court to conclude that King
exercised a leadership role in the drug-selling enterprise. At sentencing, the
government presented considerable evidence relating to several of the Shabazz
factors, such as King’s exercise of decision-making authority within the
conspiracy, his larger degree of participation in the planning and organization of
the offense, and his control over others involved. See Shabazz, 887 F.3d at 1222.
For example, intercepted text messages showed that King would command others
to temporarily halt drug sales when police were in the area, and those individuals
would report back to King when they resumed operations. King’s co-conspirators
also reported to him when drug supplies were running low. And on at least one
occasion, King threatened to oust one of the drug enterprise’s members and replace
him with someone else. This evidence was sufficient to find that King exercised
authority, leadership, control, or influence over the criminal activity in this case.
We therefore affirm the district court’s application of a four-level enhancement
under U.S.S.G. § 3B1.1(a).
II.
Whether a defendant maintained a premises for drug distribution is a finding
of fact that we review for clear error. See United States v. George, 872 F.3d 1197,
4 USCA11 Case: 20-11125 Date Filed: 06/23/2021 Page: 5 of 7
1205 (11th Cir. 2017). Section 2D1.1 of the U.S. Sentencing Guidelines increases
a defendant’s offense level by two levels if the defendant maintained a premises in
order to manufacture or distribute a controlled substance. U.S.S.G.
§ 2D1.1(b)(12). Although the manufacturing or distributing of a controlled
substance need not be the sole purpose for the property, it must be one of the
primary or principal uses for it, instead of an incidental or collateral one. U.S.S.G.
§ 2D1.1(b)(12), comment. n.17; see also George, 872 F.3d at 1205. To determine
whether a premises was “maintained” by the defendant, we consider (1) whether
the defendant held a possessory interest in (e.g., owned or rented) the premises and
(2) the extent to which the defendant controlled access to or activities at the
premises. George, 872 F.3d at 1205.
Here, it was not clearly erroneous for the district court to conclude that King
maintained a premises for the purpose of drug distribution. The evidence at
sentencing demonstrated that King controlled access to the house where he and his
co-conspirators sold drugs, as well as the activities that occurred there. For
example, text messages showed that King enforced the schedule of operations at
the house and would discipline those who brought unauthorized people inside
during working hours. Video surveillance also showed that King possessed a key
to the separate location where the drugs were stored, which he would resupply
when drugs were running low. Finally, as already discussed above, King would
5 USCA11 Case: 20-11125 Date Filed: 06/23/2021 Page: 6 of 7
direct his co-conspirators to cease operations when police were nearby, and they
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USCA11 Case: 20-11125 Date Filed: 06/23/2021 Page: 1 of 7
[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT ________________________
No. 20-11125 Non-Argument Calendar ________________________
D.C. Docket No. 1:19-cr-20430-MGC-1
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
versus
TEDRICK KING, a.k.a. Ted,
Defendant-Appellant.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida ________________________
(June 23, 2021)
Before NEWSOM, LAGOA, and ANDERSON, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM: USCA11 Case: 20-11125 Date Filed: 06/23/2021 Page: 2 of 7
Tedrick King appeals his 148-month sentence for (1) one count of
conspiracy to possess with intent to distribute a controlled substance, and (2) one
count of possession with intent to distribute 500 grams or more of cocaine, 28
grams or more of crack cocaine, a substance containing a detectable amount of
eutylone, and a substance containing a detectable amount of marijuana. King
presents three arguments on appeal. First, he argues that the district court erred in
applying a four-level enhancement to his offense level for being a “leader or
organizer” of criminal activity involving five or more participants. Second, he
argues that the district court erred in applying a two-level enhancement to his
offense level for “maintaining a drug premises.” Third, he argues that his sentence
is substantively unreasonable because an 84-month sentence would have been
sufficient to achieve the goals of the 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) sentencing factors.
I.
We review the district court’s imposition of an aggravating-role
enhancement for clear error. United States v. Shabazz, 887 F.3d 1204, 1222 (11th
Cir. 2018). Under this standard, we may not reverse unless we are left with a
“definite and firm conviction” that the district court made a mistake. Id. at 1224.
Where the evidence is susceptible to two or more reasonable interpretations, “[the
2 USCA11 Case: 20-11125 Date Filed: 06/23/2021 Page: 3 of 7
district court’s] choice between them cannot be clearly erroneous.” United States
v. Almedina, 686 F.3d 1312, 1315 (11th Cir. 2012).
Section 3B1.1 of the U.S. Sentencing Guidelines increases a defendant’s
offense level by four levels if he or she was “an organizer or leader of a criminal
activity that involved five or more participants or was otherwise extensive.”
U.S.S.G. § 3B1.1(a). The government has the burden to prove the aggravating role
by a preponderance of the evidence. United States v. Martinez, 584 F.3d 1022,
1027 (11th Cir. 2009).
We consider several factors to determine whether a defendant was an
organizer or leader of criminal activity. Shabazz, 887 F.3d at 1222. These include:
(1) decision-making authority; (2) the nature of the defendant’s participation in the
offense; (3) the recruitment of others; (4) the receipt of a larger share of the fruits
of the crime; (5) the degree of participation in the organizing and planning of the
offense; (6) the nature and scope of the illegal activity; and (7) the degree of
control the defendant exercised over others involved. Id. The government is not
required to establish all of these factors. United States v. Dixon, 901 F.3d 1322,
1348 (11th Cir. 2018). But there must be some exercise of authority, leadership,
control, or influence before the four-level enhancement may be applied. Martinez,
584 F.3d at 1026. Generally, we have affirmed applications of the enhancement
where the government presented evidence that the defendant recruited individuals
3 USCA11 Case: 20-11125 Date Filed: 06/23/2021 Page: 4 of 7
to the criminal operation, gave instructions, or had decision-making power.
Shabazz, 887 F.3d at 1222.
Here, it was not clearly erroneous for the district court to conclude that King
exercised a leadership role in the drug-selling enterprise. At sentencing, the
government presented considerable evidence relating to several of the Shabazz
factors, such as King’s exercise of decision-making authority within the
conspiracy, his larger degree of participation in the planning and organization of
the offense, and his control over others involved. See Shabazz, 887 F.3d at 1222.
For example, intercepted text messages showed that King would command others
to temporarily halt drug sales when police were in the area, and those individuals
would report back to King when they resumed operations. King’s co-conspirators
also reported to him when drug supplies were running low. And on at least one
occasion, King threatened to oust one of the drug enterprise’s members and replace
him with someone else. This evidence was sufficient to find that King exercised
authority, leadership, control, or influence over the criminal activity in this case.
We therefore affirm the district court’s application of a four-level enhancement
under U.S.S.G. § 3B1.1(a).
II.
Whether a defendant maintained a premises for drug distribution is a finding
of fact that we review for clear error. See United States v. George, 872 F.3d 1197,
4 USCA11 Case: 20-11125 Date Filed: 06/23/2021 Page: 5 of 7
1205 (11th Cir. 2017). Section 2D1.1 of the U.S. Sentencing Guidelines increases
a defendant’s offense level by two levels if the defendant maintained a premises in
order to manufacture or distribute a controlled substance. U.S.S.G.
§ 2D1.1(b)(12). Although the manufacturing or distributing of a controlled
substance need not be the sole purpose for the property, it must be one of the
primary or principal uses for it, instead of an incidental or collateral one. U.S.S.G.
§ 2D1.1(b)(12), comment. n.17; see also George, 872 F.3d at 1205. To determine
whether a premises was “maintained” by the defendant, we consider (1) whether
the defendant held a possessory interest in (e.g., owned or rented) the premises and
(2) the extent to which the defendant controlled access to or activities at the
premises. George, 872 F.3d at 1205.
Here, it was not clearly erroneous for the district court to conclude that King
maintained a premises for the purpose of drug distribution. The evidence at
sentencing demonstrated that King controlled access to the house where he and his
co-conspirators sold drugs, as well as the activities that occurred there. For
example, text messages showed that King enforced the schedule of operations at
the house and would discipline those who brought unauthorized people inside
during working hours. Video surveillance also showed that King possessed a key
to the separate location where the drugs were stored, which he would resupply
when drugs were running low. Finally, as already discussed above, King would
5 USCA11 Case: 20-11125 Date Filed: 06/23/2021 Page: 6 of 7
direct his co-conspirators to cease operations when police were nearby, and they
would report back to him when they resumed selling. This evidence was sufficient
to find that King maintained a premises for drug distribution. We therefore affirm
the district court’s application of a two-level enhancement under U.S.S.G. §
2D1.1(b)(12).
III.
We review the substantive reasonableness of a criminal sentence solely for
an abuse of discretion. Gall v. United States, 552 U.S. 38, 51 (2007). We will not
vacate a sentence as substantively unreasonable unless we are left with a “definite
and firm conviction” that the district court clearly erred in weighing the § 3553
factors and imposed a sentence outside the range of reasonable sentences
warranted by the facts of the case. United States v. Irey, 612 F.3d 1160, 1190
(11th Cir. 2010) (en banc). Under § 3553(a), a district court’s sentence must be
sufficient—but not greater than necessary—to achieve the goals of sentencing,
which are: (1) reflecting the seriousness of the offense, (2) promoting respect for
the law, (3) providing just punishment, (4) deterring future criminal conduct, (5)
protecting the public, and (6) providing the defendant with any needed training or
treatment. 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a). The relative weight given to any one of these
factors is committed to the sound discretion of the district court. United States v.
Croteau, 819 F.3d 1293, 1309 (11th Cir. 2016).
6 USCA11 Case: 20-11125 Date Filed: 06/23/2021 Page: 7 of 7
The district court adequately considers the kinds of sentences available when
it reviews the PSI and the parties’ arguments. See United States v. Turner, 474
F.3d 1265, 1281 (11th Cir. 2007). We do not apply any presumption of
reasonableness to sentences that are within the guideline range, but we ordinarily
expect such a sentence to be reasonable. See United States v. Stanley, 739 F.3d
633, 656 (11th Cir. 2014). Additionally, the fact that a sentence falls well below
the statutory maximum is an indicator of reasonableness. See United States v.
Gonzalez, 550 F.3d 1319, 1324 (11th Cir. 2008).
Here, we conclude that King’s sentence is substantively reasonable. It is
within the guideline range, it is well below the statutory maximum, and the district
court expressly stated that it had reviewed the § 3553(a) factors as well as the
parties’ arguments. Thus, King has failed to meet his burden to show that his
sentence lies outside the range of reasonable sentences supported by the record, the
§ 3553(a) factors, and the substantial deference afforded to the district court. See
Irey, 612 F.3d at 1190; Croteau, 819 F.3d at 1309. Accordingly, we affirm King’s
148-month total sentence.
AFFIRMED.