United States v. Stubblefield

Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit·Decided September 6, 2001·No. 00-3869·Published

Opinion

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United States v. Stubblefield, (6th Cir. 2001).

United States v. Stubblefield (United States v. Stubblefield) — published by Counsel Stack Legal Research, free access to 12M+ legal documents.