United States v. Steven Mandell

CourtCourt of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit
DecidedAugust 17, 2016
Docket14-3772
StatusPublished

This text of United States v. Steven Mandell (United States v. Steven Mandell) is published on Counsel Stack Legal Research, covering Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit primary law. Counsel Stack provides free access to over 12 million legal documents including statutes, case law, regulations, and constitutions.

Bluebook
United States v. Steven Mandell, (7th Cir. 2016).

Opinion

In the

United States Court of Appeals For the Seventh Circuit ____________________

Nos. 14‐3747 and 14‐3772 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Plaintiff‐Appellee,

v.

STEVEN MANDELL, Defendant‐Appellant. ____________________

Appeals from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois, Eastern Division. No. 12 CR 842‐1 — Amy J. St. Eve, Judge. ____________________

ARGUED APRIL 1, 2016 — DECIDED AUGUST 17, 2016 ____________________

Before POSNER, EASTERBROOK, and WILLIAMS, Circuit Judges. WILLIAMS, Circuit Judge. Steven Mandell was convicted for conspiring to kidnap, and for conspiring and attempting to extort, a wealthy businessman. His plan involved a gun, and so he was also convicted for possessing a gun in furtherance of a crime of violence, and for possessing a gun as a convicted 2 Nos. 14‐3747 and 14‐3772

felon. The evidence included videos from hidden cameras that the FBI installed at the site of the planned extortion. As required by statute, a federal court authorized the installation of the cameras. Arguing that the court only did so because the FBI’s application was misleading due to certain omissions, Mandell moved to suppress the video evidence. The district judge denied that motion and we affirm because the omis‐ sions Mandell complains about are not material. Mandell also moved for a new trial, arguing that the gov‐ ernment had withheld important exculpatory information about the source of the gun. We affirm because we agree with the district judge that the information is irrelevant and the ev‐ idence supporting Mandell’s gun convictions was over‐ whelming. I. BACKGROUND A. Mandell’s History Defendant Steven Mandell, formerly known as Steven Manning, is familiar to us. We discuss his unusual history be‐ cause it is relevant to his current appeal. As we have previ‐ ously described: “[Mandell] was employed as a Chicago po‐ lice officer and later as an FBI informant. In 1986 after [he] ceased to be an informer for the FBI he fell under suspicion for a variety of crimes.” Manning v. Miller, 355 F.3d 1028, 1030 (7th Cir. 2004) (Manning III). 1. Missouri Kidnapping In 1990, Mandell and a man named Gary Engel were charged for a kidnapping that occurred in Missouri in 1984. See Manning v. Bowersox, 310 F.3d 571, 574 (8th Cir. 2002) (Man‐ ning II). What happened next is noteworthy: Nos. 14‐3747 and 14‐3772 3

Because [Mandell] was also a suspect in an Illi‐ nois murder, the FBI planted a government in‐ formant in his cell to try to collect evidence about the Illinois crimes. The informant’s agree‐ ment specified that he was not to elicit any in‐ formation about [Mandell’s] pending Missouri charges. However, the informant did talk about the Missouri charges, and agreed to help [Man‐ dell] fabricate an alibi defense using the inform‐ ant’s girlfriend, Sylvia Herrera. The FBI then met with Herrera to go over what information she should attempt to elicit from [Mandell]. Pur‐ suant to her agreement with the FBI, Herrera be‐ gan to record her conversations with [Mandell]. Id. Mandell was convicted but the Eighth Circuit granted his habeas petition, holding that the government’s use of inform‐ ants, after charges had been filed, violated his constitutional right to counsel. Id. at 577. Missouri declined to retry him. See Manning v. United States, 546 F.3d 430, 431 (7th Cir. 2008) (Man‐ ning IV). Gary Engel was tried separately and convicted, but his conviction was vacated because the government failed to disclose that one of its witnesses had been paid to testify. See Engel v. Buchan, 710 F.3d 698, 700–01 (7th Cir. 2013). 2. Illinois Murder In 1993, Mandell was charged for a murder that occurred in Illinois in 1990. See Manning III, 355 F.3d at 1030. Mandell tried to pin the murder on Engel, “who had ties to both [Man‐ dell] and the victim.” People v. Manning, 182 Ill.2d 193, 204 (1998) (Manning I). Mandell was convicted but this conviction 4 Nos. 14‐3747 and 14‐3772

was vacated too—this time because the trial judge admitted inadmissible evidence. Id. at 215–18. 3. Civil Suit In 2002, Mandell sued the government for maliciously prosecuting him, and two FBI agents for fabricating evidence against him. See Manning III, 355 F.3d at 1030–31; Manning IV, 546 F.3d at 431. A jury found against the agents and awarded Mandell $6.5 million. Id. at 431–32; Engel, 710 F.3d at 701. But a judge found that even without the fabricated evidence, the government had probable cause to prosecute. See Manning IV, 546 F.3d at 431–32; Engel, 710 F.3d at 701. For technical reasons not pertinent here, the upshot is that Mandell recovered noth‐ ing. Manning IV, 546 F.3d at 438; see also Engel, 710 F.3d at 701.1 B. Events Leading to This Case In the summer of 2012, Mandell was introduced to George Michael, a real estate businessman. Though not on Mandell’s level, Michael’s reputation was not unblemished. See Michael v. FDIC, 687 F.3d 337 (7th Cir. 2012) (affirming civil penalties and order barring Michael from participating in the affairs of any FDIC‐insured bank). Unbeknownst to Mandell, Michael was an FBI informant. Michael recorded several of their con‐ versations, including discussions about two criminal plots, discussed below.

1 Engel filed his own civil suit, which was carried on by his estate after

he died in jail in 2012. His estate received a $3 million settlement from some defendants and voluntarily dismissed the claims against others. See Engel v. Buchan et al., No. 1:10‐CV‐3288 (N.D. Ill.). Nos. 14‐3747 and 14‐3772 5

1. Plot One: Steven Campbell In one plot, Mandell was to kidnap, torture, extort, and kill Steven Campbell, a wealthy businessman. Mandell planned to kidnap Campbell, take him to a remote location, torture him until he turned over cash and property, and then kill him. Michael helped Mandell rent a building to serve as the torture site, which they nicknamed “Club Med.” Although Mandell said that he had an accomplice, he refused to identify that per‐ son. Seeking to install hidden cameras at Club Med, the FBI asked a federal court to authorize a wiretap. Special Agent Richard Tipton submitted an affidavit in support of the appli‐ cation. Tipton explained that Mandell had an accomplice whom he refused to identify, and whom the FBI had been un‐ able to identify by traditional means. Tipton stated that video was required for two reasons: to identify the accomplice, and to gather evidence to prove both Mandell and the accomplice guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. The court approved the ap‐ plication and the FBI installed the cameras. The cameras served both intended purposes. First, the vid‐ eos revealed that the accomplice was Gary Engel—the same Gary Engel who was charged with Mandell in the 1984 Mis‐ souri kidnapping, and the same Gary Engel on whom Man‐ dell had tried to pin the 1990 Illinois murder. Second, the evi‐ dence gathered was devastating to the defendants. As Man‐ dell’s opening brief on appeal admits, the videos show Man‐ dell and Engel “discuss[ing] in graphic detail the alleged kid‐ napping, extortion, and murder of Campbell.” 6 Nos. 14‐3747 and 14‐3772

2. Plot Two: Anthony Quaranta Mandell and Michael also discussed a second plan (and this plan, too, involved Mandell killing someone).

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