United States v. State of Washington

Opinion

6 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 7 WESTERN DISTRICT OF WASHINGTON 8 AT SEATTLE

9 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, et al., Case No. C70-9213RSM 10 Subproceeding No. 17-3 11 Plaintiff, ORDER DENYING MOTION FOR 12 v. STATUS CONFERENCE 13 STATE OF WASHINGTON, et al., 14 Defendant. 15 16 This matter comes before the Court on Stillaguamish Tribe of Indians 17 (“Stillaguamish”)’s Motion for Status Conference, Dkt. #327. Stillaguamish “requests this 18 19 Court schedule a status conference to address procedures and develop a schedule for further 20 proceedings in this case pursuant to the Ninth Circuit’s instruction.” Id. at 2. 21 An eight-day bench trial was held in this subproceeding in 2022. The Court heard live 22 testimony and received exhibits and briefing from several parties. 23 The only legal issue at trial was whether the historical evidence and expert testimony, 24 25 and all reasonable inferences drawn therefrom, demonstrate by a preponderance of the evidence 26 that Stillaguamish customarily fished the Claimed Waters (including the waters of Deception 27 28 Pass, Skagit Bay, Penn Cove, Saratoga Passage, Holmes Harbor, Possession Sound, and Port 1 2 Susan) at and before treaty times. See Dkt. #257 at 2. 3 On December 30, 2022, the Court granted Upper Skagit Indian Tribe’s Motion for 4 Judgment on Partial Findings under Rule 52(c), Dkt. #271. Dkt. #312. Stillaguamish appealed, 5 and the Ninth Circuit vacated and remanded. Dkt. #324. In its Opinion, the Ninth Circuit 6 stated that, although this Court “correctly applied the controlling law of United States v. 7 8 Washington,” it “did not make sufficient factual findings to enable [the Ninth Circuit’s] 9 review.” Id. at 12. The Ninth Circuit found that Stillaguamish has already “set forth 10 considerable evidence bearing on the Tribe’s history of fishing in the Claimed Waters.” Id. 11 The Ninth Circuit stated: 12 13 We understand the district court’s frustration with a proceeding that reviews evidence already presented in proceedings held 14 anywhere from forty to ninety years ago—proceedings that themselves collected data relating to events that must date to 1855 15 and earlier. We further recognize that the district court has 16 substantial knowledge and expertise concerning this case that cannot be fully reflected in any single order it issues. The district 17 court has admirably overseen these sub-proceedings, which we appreciate require considerable judicial resources. 18

19 At the same time, the district court’s findings must be sufficiently comprehensive to permit our meaningful appellate review. See 20 Alpha Distrib. Co. of Cal., 454 F.2d at 453. The district court’s task in this sub-proceeding was to evaluate all the Tribe’s 21 evidence—whether it had previously been considered in other 22 contexts or not—as it bears on the question of Stillaguamish’s U&As. As it is, we are left wondering what the district court made 23 of the extensive evidence before it.

24 Id. The majority opinion concluded by stating that “[w]ithout further insight into what facts the 25 district court took as established and what evidence it rejected, we cannot tell whether that 26 conclusion is correct as a matter of law.” Id. at 3. The Court therefore vacated the order and 27 28 remanded “for further factual findings as to the Tribe’s evidence of villages, presence, and 1 2 fishing activities in the Claimed Waters.” Id. 3 As the Court understands it, the Ninth Circuit is not remanding for further proceedings 4 in the courtroom. The factual record is sufficient for the Court to issue an amended Order 5 addressing what facts it took as established and what evidence it rejected so as to enable the 6 Ninth Circuit’s review on appeal. 7 8 Accordingly, the Court hereby FINDS and ORDERS that Stillaguamish Tribe of 9 Indians (“Stillaguamish”)’s Motion for Status Conference, Dkt. #327, is DENIED. The Court 10 will review the existing record and issue a revised Order as set forth above. 11 DATED this 18th day of June, 2024. 12 13 A 14 RICARDO S. MARTINEZ 15 UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28