NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION File Name: 24a0004n.06
Case No. 22-1561
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT FILED Jan 04, 2024 ) KELLY L. STEPHENS, Clerk UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, ) Plaintiff-Appellee, ) ) ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED v. ) STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR ) THE WESTERN DISTRICT OF SHANE LEE HENDERSON, ) MICHIGAN Defendant-Appellant. ) ) OPINION )
Before: GILMAN, READLER, and MATHIS, Circuit Judges.
CHAD A. READLER, Circuit Judge. After serving two years of a state prison sentence,
Shane Lee Henderson was offered parole. As a condition of his release, Henderson agreed to allow
officers to search his “person and property” on demand. That provision would become noteworthy
when officers later received a tip that Henderson, while on parole, was selling drugs and possessing
guns. The officers obtained a warrant for Henderson’s arrest and, soon thereafter, executed the
warrant after locating Henderson in his girlfriend’s car. There, officers discovered drugs and
related paraphernalia.
Henderson moved to suppress the fruits of the search. He argued that the vehicle was not
encompassed by the consent to search he gave in agreeing to the terms of his parole. But
irrespective of his parole condition, the officers were entitled to search the car incident to
Henderson’s arrest. Accordingly, we affirm the district court’s denial of Henderson’s motion. No. 22-1561, United States v. Henderson
I.
While serving a state prison sentence, Shane Henderson was offered parole. That offer
contained several conditions on his future conduct, all of which Henderson agreed to honor. Yet
he struggled to meet those commitments, as first evidenced by his failure to appear in state court
for a hearing. A warrant for his arrest soon issued. Making matters worse, officers received a tip
that Henderson had a gun in his home, two guns in his car, and illegal drugs—all of which, if true,
also violated the terms of his parole. Based on this tip and an earlier positive drug test, Henderson’s
parole officer obtained a second arrest warrant.
The next day, officers traveled to Henderson’s workplace to arrest him. They discovered
Henderson sitting alone in the driver’s seat of his girlfriend’s car, the door ajar. When he saw the
officers approaching, Henderson exited the car and started walking away. The officers arrested
Henderson immediately. Inside the car, they found drug paraphernalia and significant quantities
of methamphetamine, fentanyl, heroin, and cocaine.
The government charged Henderson with possession of controlled substances with the
intent to distribute, in violation of various subsections of the federal Controlled Substances Act.
Believing that the underlying search was unlawful, Henderson moved to suppress the use of the
items discovered in the vehicle. The district court denied the motion, holding that the search was
authorized by Henderson’s parole order. Henderson conditionally pleaded guilty and, following a
timely appeal, now asks us to reverse.
II.
To evaluate the district court’s order, we employ a mixed standard of review: we review
findings of fact under the clear-error standard, and we review conclusions of law de novo. United
2 No. 22-1561, United States v. Henderson
States v. Trice, 966 F.3d 506, 512 (6th Cir. 2020) (citation omitted). We also view the evidence in
the light most favorable to the district court’s conclusion. Id.
Henderson’s case blends issues of federal and state law, so we begin with some words on
the relevant legal backdrop. As a general rule, the Fourth Amendment proscribes “unreasonable
searches.” U.S. CONST. amend. IV. Applying this prohibition to the parole setting, the Supreme
Court, in Sampson v. California, 547 U.S. 843 (2006), held that a California parole condition
allowing for warrantless, suspicionless searches was reasonable. Id. at 846. Because “parole is an
established variation on imprisonment of convicted criminals,” the Supreme Court explained,
parolees “have severely diminished expectations of privacy by virtue of their status alone.” Id. at
850, 852 (citation omitted). Given these diminished expectations, as well as a state’s penological
interests in supervising parolees, the provision at issue did not run afoul of the Fourth Amendment.
Id. at 851–55.
In Sampson’s wake, Michigan enacted a law imposing a parole condition like the one in
California. Today, before a Michigan inmate may be released on parole, he or she must “provide
written consent to submit to a search of his or her person or property upon demand by a peace
officer or parole officer.” Mich. Comp. Laws § 791.236(19). All agree that Henderson had
provided such consent, was on parole, and was subject to this condition when the car he was
occupying was searched.
Henderson tailored his appeal to track these legal developments. Acknowledging that
Sampson applies, he instead contests the search under Michigan law. He argues that § 791.236—
which on its face permits warrantless, suspicionless searches—is cabined by Rule 791.7735 of the
Michigan Administrative Code, which requires consent, reasonable suspicion, plain view, or a
corresponding arrest before a search.
3 No. 22-1561, United States v. Henderson
Here, we confront an unanswered question of Michigan law: whether Rule 791.7735,
which seemingly narrows an officer’s ability to conduct a warrantless search of a parolee, limits
the scope of § 791.236, a statute that appears to grant officers greater search authority. The
government says the statute operates independently. Henderson, on the other hand, favors Rule
791.7735. The district court waded into the debate, ultimately agreeing with the government that
§ 791.236 controlled. We, for our part, will affirm the denial of a motion to suppress “if the district
court’s conclusion can be justified for any reason.” Trice, 966 F.3d at 512 (citation omitted). And
doing so in a way that avoids resolving an unsettled question of state law is especially prudent.
See, e.g., Jackson v. City of Cleveland, 925 F.3d 793, 808 (6th Cir. 2019) (“Federal courts generally
avoid interpreting unsettled state law because state courts are in the better position to apply and
interpret their own jurisdiction’s law.” (citation and quotation marks omitted)). Here, prudence
wins out.
Assuming, for argument’s sake, that Henderson has the better view on the interplay
between competing state policies, we would still affirm the district court because Rule 791.7735’s
terms were satisfied. The Rule authorizes a warrantless search when it is “[i]ncident to a lawful
arrest [for a parole violation].” Mich. Admin. Code r. 791.7735(1)(a). Here, two outstanding
parole-related warrants authorized Henderson’s arrest. So when law enforcement encountered
Henderson in his girlfriend’s car and arrested him, Rule 791.7735 permitted them to conduct a
search incident to that arrest.
Nor do we take issue with the scope of that search. Rule 791.7735(1)(a) does not speak to
the point. In the Fourth Amendment context, a vehicle search incident to arrest is permissible if it
is “reasonable to believe evidence relevant to the crime of arrest might be found in the vehicle.”
Arizona v.
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NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION File Name: 24a0004n.06
Case No. 22-1561
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT FILED Jan 04, 2024 ) KELLY L. STEPHENS, Clerk UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, ) Plaintiff-Appellee, ) ) ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED v. ) STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR ) THE WESTERN DISTRICT OF SHANE LEE HENDERSON, ) MICHIGAN Defendant-Appellant. ) ) OPINION )
Before: GILMAN, READLER, and MATHIS, Circuit Judges.
CHAD A. READLER, Circuit Judge. After serving two years of a state prison sentence,
Shane Lee Henderson was offered parole. As a condition of his release, Henderson agreed to allow
officers to search his “person and property” on demand. That provision would become noteworthy
when officers later received a tip that Henderson, while on parole, was selling drugs and possessing
guns. The officers obtained a warrant for Henderson’s arrest and, soon thereafter, executed the
warrant after locating Henderson in his girlfriend’s car. There, officers discovered drugs and
related paraphernalia.
Henderson moved to suppress the fruits of the search. He argued that the vehicle was not
encompassed by the consent to search he gave in agreeing to the terms of his parole. But
irrespective of his parole condition, the officers were entitled to search the car incident to
Henderson’s arrest. Accordingly, we affirm the district court’s denial of Henderson’s motion. No. 22-1561, United States v. Henderson
I.
While serving a state prison sentence, Shane Henderson was offered parole. That offer
contained several conditions on his future conduct, all of which Henderson agreed to honor. Yet
he struggled to meet those commitments, as first evidenced by his failure to appear in state court
for a hearing. A warrant for his arrest soon issued. Making matters worse, officers received a tip
that Henderson had a gun in his home, two guns in his car, and illegal drugs—all of which, if true,
also violated the terms of his parole. Based on this tip and an earlier positive drug test, Henderson’s
parole officer obtained a second arrest warrant.
The next day, officers traveled to Henderson’s workplace to arrest him. They discovered
Henderson sitting alone in the driver’s seat of his girlfriend’s car, the door ajar. When he saw the
officers approaching, Henderson exited the car and started walking away. The officers arrested
Henderson immediately. Inside the car, they found drug paraphernalia and significant quantities
of methamphetamine, fentanyl, heroin, and cocaine.
The government charged Henderson with possession of controlled substances with the
intent to distribute, in violation of various subsections of the federal Controlled Substances Act.
Believing that the underlying search was unlawful, Henderson moved to suppress the use of the
items discovered in the vehicle. The district court denied the motion, holding that the search was
authorized by Henderson’s parole order. Henderson conditionally pleaded guilty and, following a
timely appeal, now asks us to reverse.
II.
To evaluate the district court’s order, we employ a mixed standard of review: we review
findings of fact under the clear-error standard, and we review conclusions of law de novo. United
2 No. 22-1561, United States v. Henderson
States v. Trice, 966 F.3d 506, 512 (6th Cir. 2020) (citation omitted). We also view the evidence in
the light most favorable to the district court’s conclusion. Id.
Henderson’s case blends issues of federal and state law, so we begin with some words on
the relevant legal backdrop. As a general rule, the Fourth Amendment proscribes “unreasonable
searches.” U.S. CONST. amend. IV. Applying this prohibition to the parole setting, the Supreme
Court, in Sampson v. California, 547 U.S. 843 (2006), held that a California parole condition
allowing for warrantless, suspicionless searches was reasonable. Id. at 846. Because “parole is an
established variation on imprisonment of convicted criminals,” the Supreme Court explained,
parolees “have severely diminished expectations of privacy by virtue of their status alone.” Id. at
850, 852 (citation omitted). Given these diminished expectations, as well as a state’s penological
interests in supervising parolees, the provision at issue did not run afoul of the Fourth Amendment.
Id. at 851–55.
In Sampson’s wake, Michigan enacted a law imposing a parole condition like the one in
California. Today, before a Michigan inmate may be released on parole, he or she must “provide
written consent to submit to a search of his or her person or property upon demand by a peace
officer or parole officer.” Mich. Comp. Laws § 791.236(19). All agree that Henderson had
provided such consent, was on parole, and was subject to this condition when the car he was
occupying was searched.
Henderson tailored his appeal to track these legal developments. Acknowledging that
Sampson applies, he instead contests the search under Michigan law. He argues that § 791.236—
which on its face permits warrantless, suspicionless searches—is cabined by Rule 791.7735 of the
Michigan Administrative Code, which requires consent, reasonable suspicion, plain view, or a
corresponding arrest before a search.
3 No. 22-1561, United States v. Henderson
Here, we confront an unanswered question of Michigan law: whether Rule 791.7735,
which seemingly narrows an officer’s ability to conduct a warrantless search of a parolee, limits
the scope of § 791.236, a statute that appears to grant officers greater search authority. The
government says the statute operates independently. Henderson, on the other hand, favors Rule
791.7735. The district court waded into the debate, ultimately agreeing with the government that
§ 791.236 controlled. We, for our part, will affirm the denial of a motion to suppress “if the district
court’s conclusion can be justified for any reason.” Trice, 966 F.3d at 512 (citation omitted). And
doing so in a way that avoids resolving an unsettled question of state law is especially prudent.
See, e.g., Jackson v. City of Cleveland, 925 F.3d 793, 808 (6th Cir. 2019) (“Federal courts generally
avoid interpreting unsettled state law because state courts are in the better position to apply and
interpret their own jurisdiction’s law.” (citation and quotation marks omitted)). Here, prudence
wins out.
Assuming, for argument’s sake, that Henderson has the better view on the interplay
between competing state policies, we would still affirm the district court because Rule 791.7735’s
terms were satisfied. The Rule authorizes a warrantless search when it is “[i]ncident to a lawful
arrest [for a parole violation].” Mich. Admin. Code r. 791.7735(1)(a). Here, two outstanding
parole-related warrants authorized Henderson’s arrest. So when law enforcement encountered
Henderson in his girlfriend’s car and arrested him, Rule 791.7735 permitted them to conduct a
search incident to that arrest.
Nor do we take issue with the scope of that search. Rule 791.7735(1)(a) does not speak to
the point. In the Fourth Amendment context, a vehicle search incident to arrest is permissible if it
is “reasonable to believe evidence relevant to the crime of arrest might be found in the vehicle.”
Arizona v. Gant, 556 U.S. 332, 343 (2009) (citation omitted). With no indication that a search
4 No. 22-1561, United States v. Henderson
incident to arrest under Rule 791.7735(1)(a) is any narrower, we apply the Fourth Amendment
standard. See People v. Waller, No. 33056, 2017 WL 3090621, at *4 (Mich. Ct. App. July 20,
2017) (permitting a broad search incident to arrest under Rule 791.7735(1)(a)); cf. People v. Mead,
503 Mich. 205, 217 (2019) (noting that Gant controls searches incident to arrest in Michigan).
And viewed against that backdrop, this search was largely routine. One of “the offense[s] of arrest”
was a parole violation for possessing drugs and guns, both of which can be concealed in a car. On
that basis, the search incident to Henderson’s arrest could lawfully include the vehicle in which he
was a “recent occupant.” Gant, 556 U.S. at 343; see also id. at 344 (noting that an arrest for drug
offenses can justify a vehicle search and referencing two drug cases, New York v. Belton, 453 U.S.
454 (1981), and Thornton v. United States, 541 U.S. 615 (2004), as examples).
Because we can resolve Henderson’s case on this narrow basis, many of his arguments are
irrelevant. One that remains salient, however, is his assertion that the district court erred by not
honoring his request to hold an evidentiary hearing on his motion to suppress. We review this
decision under the abuse-of-discretion standard. United States v. Ickes, 922 F.3d 708, 710 (6th
Cir. 2019) (citation omitted). That means that we will reverse the district court if “we are firmly
convinced that the trial court committed a clear error of judgment.” Martin v. United States, 889
F.3d 827, 831 (6th Cir. 2018) (citation omitted).
We find no such error here. In general, “a defendant is not entitled to an evidentiary hearing
if his argument is entirely legal in nature.” Ickes, 922 F.3d at 710 (citation and quotation marks
omitted). To justify such a request, Henderson needed to “set forth sufficiently definite, specific,
detailed, and non-conjectural reasons for why contested factual issues cast doubt on [the] search’s
validity.” United States v. Moore, 999 F.3d 993, 999 (6th Cir. 2021) (citation and quotation marks
omitted). Henderson’s motion did not do so. As the district court noted, the facts surrounding the
5 No. 22-1561, United States v. Henderson
search were largely undisputed. Nor did Henderson contest the validity of the underlying arrest
warrants. At bottom, his argument in the district court boiled down to the contention that the
searched vehicle fell outside the scope of the § 791.236 clause in his parole order. Because that
question was “entirely legal in nature,” it is difficult to see the value of an evidentiary hearing.
And in any event, it was not an abuse of discretion to decline to hold one. Ickes, 922 F.3d at 710
(citation omitted).
* * * * *
We affirm the judgment of the district court.