FILED NOT FOR PUBLICATION OCT 26 2023 UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, No. 22-30166
Plaintiff-Appellant, D.C. No. 4:21-cr-06037-MKD-1
v. MEMORANDUM* SETH CORY CUNHA,
Defendant-Appellee.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Washington Salvador Mendoza, Jr., District Judge, Presiding
Argued and Submitted September 13, 2023 Seattle, Washington
Before: W. FLETCHER, R. NELSON, and COLLINS, Circuit Judges. Concurrence by Judge COLLINS.
The United States appeals from the district court’s grant of a motion to
suppress evidence. Defendant Seth Cunha (“Cunha”) was arrested on an
outstanding felony warrant. Detective Watson began monitoring phone calls
Cunha made in jail and overheard multiple heated discussions about a storage unit.
* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. Detective Watson interviewed the owner of the relevant storage facility and
deployed a K-9 unit at the facility. He then submitted an affidavit in support of an
application for a search warrant of Unit #54. A state magistrate issued the warrant,
and police discovered drugs and a firearm inside the unit. Based on this evidence,
Cunha was charged with possession with intent to distribute methamphetamine and
possession of a firearm in furtherance of a drug trafficking crime.
Cunha moved to suppress the evidence seized from the storage unit, alleging
that material facts were omitted from Detective Watson’s affidavit. On September
1, 2022, the district court held a hearing pursuant to Franks v. Delaware, 438 U.S.
154 (1978). The court granted Cunha’s motion to suppress, finding Detective
Watson recklessly omitted material facts from the affidavit and that once the
missing facts were considered, there was no substantial basis for finding probable
cause to search the unit. The government filed a timely interlocutory appeal. We
have jurisdiction under 18 U.S.C. § 3731. Our review is de novo. United States v.
Adjani, 452 F.3d 1140, 1143 (9th Cir. 2006). We reverse.
The parties dispute the significance of a typographical error in Detective
Watson’s affidavit. The affidavit stated that the owner of the storage facility
confirmed Cunha rented a storage unit and told Detective Watson that “Cunha
moved his property from the smaller unit to a larger one, which is not unit #54.”
2 The government asserts the word “not” should be read as “now” and that the court
may correct obvious typographical errors. Cunha argues the court must accept the
sentence as written and that, read literally, the affidavit did not supply probable
cause to search unit #54. We need not resolve this dispute. Even if we leave the
sentence as written, the affidavit supplied sufficient cause to search Unit #54. The
next page of the affidavit stated that K-9 Watts’s change in behavior occurred “at
Unit #54” and that “this is the storage unit that [the owner] recently observed
Cunha transferring items into and is rented in Cunha’s name.” Additionally, the
caption and conclusion of the affidavit clearly identified Unit #54 as the location of
the requested search.
The district court’s grant of the motion to suppress rested on the affidavit’s
abbreviated summary of K-9 Watts’s response to Unit #54. The affidavit stated
simply that the K-9 handler observed “a change in behavior” at Unit #54. The
district court found Detective Watson recklessly omitted six material facts about
the K-9 search: “(1) that K-9 Watts did not give a final alert at Unit #54, or
anywhere in the storage facility, (2) that a K-9 unit’s change in behavior carries far
less weight than a final alert, (3) that K-9 Watts first passed Unit #54 without any
change in behavior then (4) changed behavior first in front of Unit #56, only then
changing behavior at Unit #54 on a second pass, (5) that [the K-9 handler] was
3 unsure about the meaning of his own K-9’s behavior, so unsure that (6) he called
and consulted the lead K-9 trainer, Sergeant Fulmer, who reassured him of the
meaning of K-9 Watts’s behavior.”
We need not address the adequacy of the original affidavit, because even an
affidavit containing the omitted information would have supplied probable cause to
search Unit #54. Other parts of the affidavit recount that Cunha had previously
been convicted of possession of controlled substances with intent to deliver, and
was on supervised release for that offense when he was arrested. Cunha made
multiple calls from jail where he refused to respond to his girlfriend’s questions
about “the storage shed” and told her not to talk about it. When interviewed by
police, Cunha’s girlfriend confirmed that Cunha rented a storage unit and
identified the storage facility. Police advised of plans to deploy a K-9 unit to the
facility, and when a friend called Cunha to tell him this update, Cunha protested
vehemently and then told the friend, “First off, we don’t even have a [] storage
unit.” Detective Watson called the owner of the storage facility, who advised that
Cunha had recently moved into a larger unit: Unit #54. Detective Watson did not
tell the K-9 unit which unit was Cunha’s, and K-9 Watts exhibited a change in
behavior outside Unit #54. The K-9 handler called a K-9 trainer who had
previously spent 120 hours certifying that K-9 unit, and the trainer informed the
4 handler that the change in behavior–even absent a final alert–signified the target
narcotics odor was present. While the omitted facts provide important context, the
K-9 change in behavior nevertheless supports the affidavit’s request to search Unit
#54. In sum, even considering the omitted information, we hold that the affidavit
supplied probable cause to search the storage unit.
REVERSED.
5 FILED United States v. Cunha, No. 22-30166 OCT 26 2023 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK COLLINS, Circuit Judge, concurring in the judgment: U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
I agree with the majority that the district court erred in granting Cunha’s
motion to suppress, but I reach that conclusion on somewhat different grounds. I
therefore concur in the judgment.
To ultimately prevail on his claim under Franks v. Delaware, 438 U.S. 154
(1978), Cunha had to show, by a preponderance of the evidence, that “(1) the
affiant officer intentionally or recklessly made false or misleading statements or
omissions in support of the warrant, and (2) the false or misleading statement or
omission was material, i.e., necessary to finding probable cause.” United States v.
Norris, 942 F.3d 902, 909–10 (9th Cir. 2019) (citation and internal quotation
marks omitted). As the majority notes, the district court’s suppression order was
based on the conclusion that the affiant detective had “recklessly omitted six
material facts about the K-9 search.” See Memo. Dispo. at 3. But even assuming
that the district court correctly found on this basis that the first prong of the above-
described Franks test was met, the second prong was not. To the extent that the
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FILED NOT FOR PUBLICATION OCT 26 2023 UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, No. 22-30166
Plaintiff-Appellant, D.C. No. 4:21-cr-06037-MKD-1
v. MEMORANDUM* SETH CORY CUNHA,
Defendant-Appellee.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Washington Salvador Mendoza, Jr., District Judge, Presiding
Argued and Submitted September 13, 2023 Seattle, Washington
Before: W. FLETCHER, R. NELSON, and COLLINS, Circuit Judges. Concurrence by Judge COLLINS.
The United States appeals from the district court’s grant of a motion to
suppress evidence. Defendant Seth Cunha (“Cunha”) was arrested on an
outstanding felony warrant. Detective Watson began monitoring phone calls
Cunha made in jail and overheard multiple heated discussions about a storage unit.
* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. Detective Watson interviewed the owner of the relevant storage facility and
deployed a K-9 unit at the facility. He then submitted an affidavit in support of an
application for a search warrant of Unit #54. A state magistrate issued the warrant,
and police discovered drugs and a firearm inside the unit. Based on this evidence,
Cunha was charged with possession with intent to distribute methamphetamine and
possession of a firearm in furtherance of a drug trafficking crime.
Cunha moved to suppress the evidence seized from the storage unit, alleging
that material facts were omitted from Detective Watson’s affidavit. On September
1, 2022, the district court held a hearing pursuant to Franks v. Delaware, 438 U.S.
154 (1978). The court granted Cunha’s motion to suppress, finding Detective
Watson recklessly omitted material facts from the affidavit and that once the
missing facts were considered, there was no substantial basis for finding probable
cause to search the unit. The government filed a timely interlocutory appeal. We
have jurisdiction under 18 U.S.C. § 3731. Our review is de novo. United States v.
Adjani, 452 F.3d 1140, 1143 (9th Cir. 2006). We reverse.
The parties dispute the significance of a typographical error in Detective
Watson’s affidavit. The affidavit stated that the owner of the storage facility
confirmed Cunha rented a storage unit and told Detective Watson that “Cunha
moved his property from the smaller unit to a larger one, which is not unit #54.”
2 The government asserts the word “not” should be read as “now” and that the court
may correct obvious typographical errors. Cunha argues the court must accept the
sentence as written and that, read literally, the affidavit did not supply probable
cause to search unit #54. We need not resolve this dispute. Even if we leave the
sentence as written, the affidavit supplied sufficient cause to search Unit #54. The
next page of the affidavit stated that K-9 Watts’s change in behavior occurred “at
Unit #54” and that “this is the storage unit that [the owner] recently observed
Cunha transferring items into and is rented in Cunha’s name.” Additionally, the
caption and conclusion of the affidavit clearly identified Unit #54 as the location of
the requested search.
The district court’s grant of the motion to suppress rested on the affidavit’s
abbreviated summary of K-9 Watts’s response to Unit #54. The affidavit stated
simply that the K-9 handler observed “a change in behavior” at Unit #54. The
district court found Detective Watson recklessly omitted six material facts about
the K-9 search: “(1) that K-9 Watts did not give a final alert at Unit #54, or
anywhere in the storage facility, (2) that a K-9 unit’s change in behavior carries far
less weight than a final alert, (3) that K-9 Watts first passed Unit #54 without any
change in behavior then (4) changed behavior first in front of Unit #56, only then
changing behavior at Unit #54 on a second pass, (5) that [the K-9 handler] was
3 unsure about the meaning of his own K-9’s behavior, so unsure that (6) he called
and consulted the lead K-9 trainer, Sergeant Fulmer, who reassured him of the
meaning of K-9 Watts’s behavior.”
We need not address the adequacy of the original affidavit, because even an
affidavit containing the omitted information would have supplied probable cause to
search Unit #54. Other parts of the affidavit recount that Cunha had previously
been convicted of possession of controlled substances with intent to deliver, and
was on supervised release for that offense when he was arrested. Cunha made
multiple calls from jail where he refused to respond to his girlfriend’s questions
about “the storage shed” and told her not to talk about it. When interviewed by
police, Cunha’s girlfriend confirmed that Cunha rented a storage unit and
identified the storage facility. Police advised of plans to deploy a K-9 unit to the
facility, and when a friend called Cunha to tell him this update, Cunha protested
vehemently and then told the friend, “First off, we don’t even have a [] storage
unit.” Detective Watson called the owner of the storage facility, who advised that
Cunha had recently moved into a larger unit: Unit #54. Detective Watson did not
tell the K-9 unit which unit was Cunha’s, and K-9 Watts exhibited a change in
behavior outside Unit #54. The K-9 handler called a K-9 trainer who had
previously spent 120 hours certifying that K-9 unit, and the trainer informed the
4 handler that the change in behavior–even absent a final alert–signified the target
narcotics odor was present. While the omitted facts provide important context, the
K-9 change in behavior nevertheless supports the affidavit’s request to search Unit
#54. In sum, even considering the omitted information, we hold that the affidavit
supplied probable cause to search the storage unit.
REVERSED.
5 FILED United States v. Cunha, No. 22-30166 OCT 26 2023 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK COLLINS, Circuit Judge, concurring in the judgment: U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
I agree with the majority that the district court erred in granting Cunha’s
motion to suppress, but I reach that conclusion on somewhat different grounds. I
therefore concur in the judgment.
To ultimately prevail on his claim under Franks v. Delaware, 438 U.S. 154
(1978), Cunha had to show, by a preponderance of the evidence, that “(1) the
affiant officer intentionally or recklessly made false or misleading statements or
omissions in support of the warrant, and (2) the false or misleading statement or
omission was material, i.e., necessary to finding probable cause.” United States v.
Norris, 942 F.3d 902, 909–10 (9th Cir. 2019) (citation and internal quotation
marks omitted). As the majority notes, the district court’s suppression order was
based on the conclusion that the affiant detective had “recklessly omitted six
material facts about the K-9 search.” See Memo. Dispo. at 3. But even assuming
that the district court correctly found on this basis that the first prong of the above-
described Franks test was met, the second prong was not. To the extent that the
warrant affidavit’s description of the K-9 search was false or misleading in light of
the asserted omissions, nothing about the K-9 search was “necessary to finding
probable cause.” Norris, 942 F.3d at 910. Even if all of the information about the
K-9 search “is set to one side, there remains sufficient content in the warrant affidavit to support a finding of probable cause.” Franks, 438 U.S. at 171–72.
The warrant affidavit states that Cunha had “previous charges and
convictions involving possession of controlled substances with intent to deliver”;
that he had been arrested three days earlier on a felony arrest warrant; and that
several thousand dollars in cash had been found in the car in which Cunha was
seated (in the driver’s seat) at the time of his arrest. While in jail, Cunha’s many
calls on the jail phone were recorded, and the affidavit recounts several statements
Cunha made during those calls about a storage unit. When one friend mentioned
the unit on a jail call, Cunha responded, “Okay, can we not talk about this right
now; are you f***ing kidding me right now; think about what we’re talking on,
please.” On another call, when Cunha was informed that police were planning to
“bring the dog down to sniff through the storage . . . unit,” he responded, “What
the f**k? No!” When the person on the call attempted to calm him down, Cunha
said: “Can’t talk about this on the g****** phone[,] okay, first off.” Cunha then
added, “First off, we don’t even have a f**king storage unit, first off.” The
affidavit also recounts that the affiant had communicated with the owner of the
storage facility that was the subject of the search warrant and that the owner had
confirmed that Cunha did have a storage unit there and that he had recently moved
to a larger unit. Although the affidavit states that the larger unit “is not unit #54,”
the “not” is an obvious typographical error, because (1) the affidavit also
2 specifically states, after discussing “Unit #54,” that “this is the storage unit that
[the owner] recently observed Cunha transferring items into and is rented in
Cunha’s name” and (2) the affidavit requests permission to search only unit #54
and not some other unit.
Cunha’s great concern about a dog sniff being conducted outside his storage
unit, his manifest worry that jail officials would learn about the storage unit from
the calls, his prior drug-trafficking convictions, and his possession of a very large
amount of cash when arrested, taken together, amply provide probable cause that
contraband or other evidence of drug trafficking would be found in the unit. See
Illinois v. Gates, 462 U.S. 213, 240–41 (1983). Accordingly, the asserted reckless
omissions from the affidavit were not material, and the motion to suppress should
have been denied.
For the foregoing reasons, I concur in the judgment.