United States v. Sergius A. Rinaldi

461 F.3d 922, 2006 U.S. App. LEXIS 22324, 2006 WL 2505910

• Court: Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit
• Decided: August 31, 2006
• Docket: 05-4113
• Status: Published

Opinion

BAUER, Circuit Judge.

After protracted proceedings before the district court, Sergius A. Rinaldi pleaded guilty to the charges of mail fraud, 18 U.S.C. § 1341, and obstruction of justice, 18 U.S.C. § 1518. The plea was accepted by the court, and judgement was entered on March 25, 2002. Before sentencing, Rinaldi moved to withdraw the plea based upon claims of actual innocence. He argued, in part, that his behavior was the result of Adult Attention Deficit Disorder, and that the disorder, which was diagnosed after he entered his plea, negated his capacity to form the requisite mens rea for the crimes. The district court denied his motion and sentenced him to 21 months’ imprisonment and a fine of $500,000. Rinaldi appeals the denial of his motion to withdraw the guilty plea, his sentence and fine, and other procedural matters before the district court. We affirm.

Rinaldi’s case is not new to this Court. During the course of the legal proceedings against him we have heard two interlocutory appeals through which we had the opportunity to establish the history of the matter. See In re Grand Jury Proceedings, 280 F.3d 1103 (7th Cir.2002); United States v. Rinaldi, 351 F.3d 285 (7th Cir.2003). In the interest of efficiency, we relate only those facts relevant to the instant appeal.

I. Background

Sergius A. Rinaldi, D.M.D., is an orthodontist with offices in Edwardsville and Springfield, Illinois. Part of his practice involved the treatment of wards of the state of Illinois, who were under the protection of the Illinois Department of Children and Family Services (DCFS), and individuals who received Medicaid assistance through the Illinois Department of Public Aid (IDPA). From 1994 to 2001, Rinaldi submitted claims for payment to these two departments; some of these claims were for services not rendered.

In January 2001, Rinaldi received a grand jury subpoena demanding the production of records pertaining to these billings. The subpoena covered his original case files and forms for certain patients, appointment books and logs, patient sign-in sheets, and records of cancellation. These records were never produced. At a contempt hearing on the matter, the government presented evidence that Rinaldi had concealed the files and documents after receiving the subpoena. The district court held Rinaldi in contempt and ordered him to be imprisoned and fined until the material was produced. We affirmed this decision in In re Grand Jury Proceedings, 280 F.3d 1103 (7th Cir.2002). On November 8, 2001, Rinaldi was indicted for executing a scheme to defraud the Medicaid system in the state of Illinois and obstructing justice.

In late February 2002, with the aid of counsel, Rinaldi negotiated with the government and pleaded guilty to one count of fraud and one count of obstructing justice. The district court conducted a full Rule 11 hearing and entered judgment on March 25, 2002. The sentencing hearing was initially scheduled for the following June 24, but was repeatedly deferred at the request of both parties.

On January 29, 2003, Rinaldi moved to withdraw his guilty plea based upon a two-prong claim of actual innocence. Primarily, he argued that he had recently discovered that he submitted invoices using a “bundled fee”, not a “fee for services,” system. The bundled fee system would have allowed him to bill a flat rate for a package of services regardless of whether they were actually performed. Alternatively, he claimed that any mistakes he made in record-keeping and billing were the result of his newly diagnosed, but preexisting, DSM IV condition of Adult Attention Deficit Disorder (AADD), not criminal intent. The district court denied his motion, holding that both of these claims were available prior to his having entered his plea, and that they ran contrary to his testimonial admission of guilt at the plea colloquy.

The defense moved to have the district court reconsider the denial of his motion to withdraw the guilty plea. In his motion, Rinaldi argued that prior to pleading guilty he believed he properly billed Medicaid under the bundled-fee system. He submitted that the government misrepresented that the billing procedure was illegal, and promised, but failed, to provide legal support for this argument. It was only after the government’s failure to produce the supporting law that he learned IDPA paid for services with the bundled-fee agreement. While this motion was pending, the district court ordered Rinaldi to undergo a custodial psychological exam to test the veracity of his AADD claim. The defendant filed an interlocutory appeal protesting the custodial exam, and we reversed the order. United States v. Rinaldi, 351 F.3d 285 (7th Cir.2003). On remand, the district court appointed Dr. Sue Moriearty, Ph.D., ABPP, to conduct a non-custodial examination. Additionally, Dr. Phillip E. Bornstein, M.D., FAPA, and his assistant, Helen P. Appleton, Ph.D., were hired as experts for the government. In their reports submitted to the court, all three doctors concluded that Rinaldi had the mental capacity to form the requisite intent to submit fraudulent bills and obstruct justice.

The defendant submitted reports from Robert Chapman, M.D., and George Ath-ey, Jr., Ph.D., ABPP, a clinical psychologist and neuropsychologist. Dr. Chapman diagnosed Rinaldi with AADD and opined that the condition would diminish his capacity to form the requisite criminal intent. Dr. Athey reported that, in his opinion, Rinaldi was incapable of forming the intent necessary to carry out the crimes as charged. After reviewing the reports and the entirety of the record, the district court denied Rinaldi’s motion to reconsider. Judge Mills held that even the presence of the AADD symptoms did not preclude Rinaldi’s capacity to form the requisite mens rea. United States v. Rinaldi 347 F.Supp.2d 594, 600 (C.D.Ill.2004). Regarding the bundled-fee system, the court further held that the IDPA did not allow this invoice method, and that any evidence or argument regarding the claim was available to Rinaldi contemporaneous with his plea; thus it was not new evidence warranting a withdrawal of the plea. Id. at 604. Rinaldi filed a subsequent motion to reconsider the denial of his motion to reconsider. This, too, was denied. The district court set the sentencing hearing for April 25, 2005.

Following the denial of his motions to reconsider, Rinaldi filed three successive motions to continue the sentencing hearing. In May 2005, he argued that he needed six additional months to conduct a statistical analysis of the impact of his fraud. The methodology for this analysis consisted of tracking down and interviewing the defendant’s former patients about their past appointments and treatments. Because of a delay in obtaining the necessary contact information from the IDPA, the district court granted a three month extension, but stated that it would be the final continuance. Six months, the court warned, was “too long.” Order 4, (May 25, 2005) (No. 144). Nevertheless, at the end of July, the defendant requested an additional three months to continue working on his statistical analysis and to ensure the availability of crucial witnesses. The district court granted Rinaldi the time necessary only to secure the attendance of his expert witnesses. The sentencing hearing was finally held over the course of three days on October 14,17, and 18, 2005.

Prior to the hearing, both parties filed sentencing memoranda. Rinaldi objected to the calculation of loss, certain facts regarding his offense conduct, and his criminal intent as described in the pre-sentence investigation report (PSR). He also moved for a downward departure based upon his claim of diminished capacity. The government moved for an upward departure, arguing that any difficulty in calculating the loss caused by Rinaldi’s scheme was the result of his own obstruction of justice.

At the hearing, both parties re-presented their evidence submitted in consideration of the motion to reconsider Rinaldi’s motion to withdraw his guilty plea. Doctors Athey and Chapman testified for the defendant consistent with their previously filed reports. Dr. Chapman, however, acknowledged under questioning that if the evidence of defendant’s conduct was as the government described, it would show “intentional conduct” requiring some “executive function” and “decision-making,” and that to carry out the fraud for multiple patients, as Rinaldi did, would be “an intentional act.” Sentencing Hr’g Tr., Vol. I at 122-25; Oct. 14, 2005.

The government presented testimony from Rinaldi’s former employees and their medical experts. The employees detailed Rinaldi’s specific fraudulent conduct in billing for services not rendered and his having removed records from his office after receiving the government subpoena. Dr. Bornstein testified that Rinaldi’s consistent alteration of one patient’s records reflected a “systematic, calculated behavior.” Sentencing Hr’g Tr., Vol. II at 450, Oct. 17, 2005. He further opined that based upon prior testimony introduced at the hearing, and his personal evaluation of the defendant, Rinaldi had both the capacity to form the requisite mens rea, and to conform his actions to the demands of the law. Finally, the court heard the testimony of Susan K. Jackson, an auditor for the Illinois State Police Medicaid Fraud unit, who summarized the evidence supporting the loss calculation in the PSR.

When calculating Rinaldi’s sentence, the district court adopted the recommendations of the PSR and found an offense level of 14, criminal history category of I; yielding a Guideline range of 15 — 21 months. After examining the factors presented in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a), the court rejected both parties’ requests for “departures,” and sentenced Rinaldi to 21 months’ imprisonment and a fine of $500,000, $250,000 per count.

On appeal Rinaldi claims the court erred in (1) denying his motion to withdraw his guilty plea, (2) denying his motion for continuance to determine the impact of his fraudulent scheme, and (3) the reasonableness of his sentence. We address these claims in sequence.

II. Analysis

A. The Motion to Withdraw His Guilty Plea

Rinaldi submits that because he presented evidence of his actual innocence, the district court erred in denying his motion to withdraw the guilty plea. The right to withdraw a guilty plea is not absolute. United States v. Bradley, 381 F.3d 641, 645 (7th Cir.2004). Once his plea was accepted by the court, withdrawal was available only upon his showing a “fair and just reason” to do so. Fed. R. Crim. P. 11(d)(2)(B); see also United States v. Bennett, 332 F.3d 1094, 1099 (7th Cir.2003). This is no mean feat. Guilty pleas are not to be treated as a strategic maneuver by the parties, and we presume the verity of the defendant’s statements made at a Rule 11 colloquy. United States v. Silva, 122 F.3d 412, 415-16 (7th Cir.1997); United States v. Messino, 55 F.3d 1241, 1248 (7th Cir.1995). Being legally innocent of a crime, however, is a fair and just reason to withdraw a guilty plea. United States v. Groll, 992 F.2d 755, 758 (7th Cir.1993). We review the district court’s factual findings as to whether the defendant presented a “fair and just reason” for clear error. Bradley, 381 F.3d at 645. The district court’s overall decision on Rinaldi’s motion to withdraw the guilty plea is reviewed for an abuse of discretion. Id. at 644.

In examining a motion to withdraw a guilty plea, the district court has three options: it can permit the withdrawal of the plea, conduct an evidentiary hearing, or deny the motion with an explanation as to why the evidence is insufficient or incredible. Silva, 122 F.3d at 415. The district court below considered substantial evidence from both parties when hearing Rinaldi’s motion to reconsider the court’s denial of his motion to withdraw the guilty plea. Judge Mills’s opinion on the matter reviewed the medical reports and testimony of Dr. Chapman and Dr. Athey for the defendant, and Dr. Moriearty and Dr. Bornstein for the government. Dr. Chapman diagnosed Rinaldi with AADD, but noted that the defendant’s limitations stemming from the diagnosis “did not rise to the level of incompetence to plead, stand trial, or proceed.” Rinaldi, 347 F.Supp.2d at 598. Further, Dr. Chapman acknowledged that there was no clinical evidence indicating that .Rinaldi was incapable of forming the requisite mens rea during the relevant period.

The district court then compared this testimony to that of Dr. Moriearty and Dr. Bornstein, neither of whom diagnosed Ri-naldi with AADD. Dr. Moriearty specifically opined that even if the defendant’s symptoms were such as he -presented or exaggerated in her examination, they would not render him incompetent to form the specific intent necessary to commit the crimes as charged. Dr. Bornstein had a similar conclusion. He found that, while Rinaldi did have a narcissistic personality disorder, the defendant presented no mental defect that would prevent him from possessing the necessary mens rea for the crime, .or to be capable of assisting his attorney in the plea negotiations or entering the plea itself. Additionally, Dr. Born-stein observed that during the period in which Rinaldi alleged a diminished mental capacity from AADD, he was able to build and maintain a successful dental practice with offices in two separate cities. In Dr. Bornstein’s final opinion, Rinaldi’s intellectual capacity was -not diminished, but was instead above average.

Following this detailed review of the medical evaluations submitted by both parties, the district court concluded that “the Defendant’s AADD diagnosis did not prevent him from forming criminal intent. Accordingly, he has not presented a claim of actual innocence as to that issue.” Ri-naldi, 347 F.Supp.2d at ,600. In making this finding, the district court explicitly agreed with the testimony of Dr. Moriearty and Dr. Bornstein, explaining that it was particularly persuaded by Rinaldi’s ability to carry on his successful practice during the same period he claimed to be of such a diminished mental capacity. Further, the district court later reconsidered the entirety of this information at the three-day sentencing hearing, and again rejected Rinaldi’s claims of diminished capacity. Given the weight of the evidence from the medical experts, we cannot find that the district court clearly erred in holding that Rinaldi failed to present credible evidence of being incapable to form the specific intent necessary to carry out crimes as charged.

Rinaldi’s claim of factual innocence based upon his alleged bundled-fee billing arrangement is similarly unpersuasive. He argues that the IDPA permitted a prorated billing scheme such as his, and that he pleaded guilty only as a result of the government’s hollow promise to demonstrate the system’s impermissibility. The genesis of this claim was a policy statement drafted by David Spinner, a contract administrator with the state of Illinois. The document was produced in discovery and asserted that a dentist may bill for monthly adjustments “whether he sees the patient or not. Monthly payments will be made for approved treatment as long as the client remains eligible and is in active treatment.” Rinaldi, 347 F.Supp.2d at 602. In a letter dated March 5, 2002, however, the Government wrote to defense counsel:

[T]he Illinois Department of Public Aid has disavowed this memorandum and clarified that in all instances, IDPA would deny payment for any claim for orthodontia service when a child is not physically present to receive the service. The ‘final’ word on that subject came from Steven Bradley, the head of the Bureau of Comprehensive Health Services for IDPA. According to Mr. Bradley, that has always been the policy of IDPA and the author or [policy statement] is simply wrong.

347 F.Supp.2d at 602. Further, David Spinner testified to these facts at the sentencing hearing. He stated that this policy statement was an erroneous interpretation of the contract administrator’s Office Reference Manual, and that it was produced only in response to the government’s discovery request. The statement was never distributed to dental providers during the period in which Rinaldi perpetrated his fraud, and it was disavowed by his superiors within a month of its being offered to the government.

After hearing this testimony, the district court found the disavowed Spinner memo, which formed the core of Rinaldi’s argument, “irrelevant.” Sentencing Hr’g Tr., Vol. I at 238, Oct. 14, 2005. Particularly persuasive was the fact that the “bundled-fee” scheme was never discussed prior to, or during, the time of the fraud. Further, the court noted that Rinaldi’s argument was contradicted by the general handbook provided to participants in the Illinois Medical Assistance Program, to which Ri-naldi was subject. This general handbook provided that unkept appointments are not subject to payment. In light of this evi-dentiary analysis by the district court, and the ongoing inability of the defendant to demonstrate how he could have been misled after the fact by the government’s representations of his own fee system, Rinal-di’s bundled-fee claim fails.

Further, we are definitively not persuaded that the .district court made a mistake in its evidentiary findings on either of Ri-naldi’s claims to demonstrate a fair and just reason to withdraw his guilty plea. United States v. Mendoza, 457 F.3d 726, 2006 WL 2290702, No. 05-3323. slip op. at 5 (7th Cir. Aug. 10, 2006) (internal quotation omitted). We find that the court did not abuse its discretion.

B. Denial of Motion for Continuance

Rinaldi argues next that the district court erred in denying him the entire six months he requested to calculate the loss attributable to his fraud. A district court’s decision to deny the continuance of the sentencing hearing will be upheld absent an abuse of discretion. Zambrella v. United States, 327 F.3d 634, 638 (7th Cir.2003). To demonstrate such an abuse, Rinaldi must show that he was actually prejudiced by the court’s refusal to grant the continuance. United States v. Rodgers, 755 F.2d 533, 539-40 (7th Cir. 1985) (citing Morris v. Slappy, 461 U.S. 1, 11-12, 103 S.Ct. 1610, 75 L.Ed.2d 610 (1983); “broad discretion must be granted trial courts on matters of continuances; only an unreasoning and arbitrary insistence upon expeditiousness in the face of justifiable request for delay violates the right to the assistance of counsel.” (Internal quotations omitted)). Rinaldi claims the district court’s decision prejudiced his ability to compile data that would have both negated his criminal intent and established the loss incurred by his fraud. As discussed above, the question of intent was settled on March 25, 2002, when Ri-naldi voluntarily pleaded guilty. Regarding the determination of loss, any prejudice he suffered was át his own hands.

Rinaldi first made the court aware of his intent to conduct a statistical sampling on the impact of his fraud on November 22, 2002. This was nine months after he pleaded guilty and more than three years before his sentencing hearing. Instead of following through with the study, however, Ri-naldi apparently put the matter on hold and focused on withdrawing his guilty plea. During this time, he moved for, and was granted three continuances of his sentencing. It cannot be said that the district court arbitrarily insisted upon expeditiousness. See id. Contrarily, Judge Mills granted Rinaldi permission to issue a subpoena to the relevant state agencies to aid in his project. Then, in May 2005, when Rinaldi moved for a continuance to finalize the study, the district court again granted his motion, allowing three additional months, providing an explicit warning that it would be the “final continuance.” Order, 4, (May 25, 2005) (No. 144).

Further, in United States v. Robbins, 197 F.3d 829 (7th Cir.1999), we upheld the district court’s decision in proceeding to sentencing over defense counsel’s objection only four months after trial. 197 F.3d at 847-48. When considering whether Robbins had been prejudiced by the denied continuance, our decision relied on, inter alia, the likelihood that additional time would have yielded information useful at sentencing. Id. Rinaldi’s analytical methodology relied upon locating and interviewing former patients regarding their dates of treatment. These patients, we keep in mind, were child or teenage wards of the state at the time of alleged treatment, and the dates in question ranged as far back 1994. The likelihood of their remembering or having maintained records on such matters for this length of time is' questionable, thus casting doubt over the usefulness of the analysis as a whole.

Additionally, we note that the entire purpose of the statistical analysis was to reconstruct data that had been in Rinaldi’s possession; data that he admitted concealing from the government. We find it hard to place blame for the outcome of Rinaldi’s own actions on the shoulders of the district court. Considering the span of years between the entry of Rinaldi’s guilty plea, the multiple continuances granted by the district court, and the questionable value of the analysis, we cannot find that no reasonable person would agree with the district court’s denial of defendant’s motion.

C. Reasonableness of the Sentence

Lastly, Rinaldi argues that the district court erred in failing to grant him a “downward departure” in his prison sentence and for imposing a fine of $500,000. After United States v. Booker, 543 U.S. 220, 125 S.Ct. 738, 160 L.Ed.2d 621 (2005), the concept of “departures” is outmoded; we review the district court’s sentencing decisions for unreasonableness. 543 U.S. at 264, 125 S.Ct. 738; United States v. Wallace, 2006 WL 2338021, No. 05-3675, slip op. at 4 (7th Cir. Aug. 14, 2006); United States v. Arnaout, 431 F.3d 994, 1003 (7th Cir.2005). “District courts are aided in their determination of reasonableness via a mandatory examination of the factors set forth in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a).” United States v. Lister, 432 F.3d 754, 761 (7th Cir.2005). A sentence that falls within a properly calculated Guidelines range is entitled to a rebuttable presumption of reasonableness. See United States v. Mykytiuk, 415 F.3d 606, 608 (7th Cir.2005). Where the sentence falls outside of the Guidelines range, however, it is incumbent upon the district court to provide a sound justification according to the § 3553(a) factors. United States v. Dean, 414 F.3d 725, 729 (7th Cir.2005). The greater the divergence, the greater the justification we seek to aid our review.

At the close of sentencing, the district court adopted the findings made in the PSR 1 and properly calculated Rinaldi’s Guideline range at 15-21 months. After considering numerous issues that fall within the ambit of the § 3553(a); Judge Mills imposed a sentence of 21 months’ imprisonment. On appeal, Rinaldi argues that the district court failed to properly adjust his sentence for his “diminished capacity or mental status.” This argument, however, makes no citations to the record, and ignores the full rehearing of both parties’ expert medical testimony that consumed the majority of the sentencing rehearing. In holding that there was no basis to grant a sentence below the Guideline range, the district court reflected on the personal success of Rinaldi’s practice and the impact that his fraud had on the taxpayers of the state of Illinois and the federal government. See Dean, 414 F.3d at 729 (point-by-point analysis of each sentencing factor not required). We therefore decline to find Rinaldi’s 21 months’ term of imprisonment unreasonable, see Lister, 432 F.3d at 761 (citing United States v. George, 403 F.3d 470, 472-73 (7th Cir.2005)), and turn next to the district court’s imposition of the $500,000 fine.

Both 18 U.S.C. §§ 1341 and 1347 provide for the imposition of a fine in addition to a term of imprisonment. For Rinaldi’s offense level of 14, the suggested Guidelines fine is $4,000 — $40,000. U.S.S.G. § 5E1.2(c)(3). The statutory maximum amount is limited to no more than $250,000 per offense for individuals. 18 U.S.C. § 3571(b)(3). At sentencing, the district court properly calculated the Guidelines fine, reviewed the defendant’s ability to pay as set forth in the PSR, and then imposed the statutory maximum: fining Rinaldi $500,000; $250,000 per offense. Rinaldi claims the court erred in its findings on his ability to pay and in imposing the maximum fíne.

The district court, however, did not clearly err in relying on the only complete financial information with which it was provided. See United States v. Olson, 450 F.3d 655, 683-84 (7th Cir.2006). Despite Rinaldi’s claim that the district court relied on outdated financial data contained in the original and revised PSR (March 31, 2003, and August 31, 2005, respectively), he failed to raise any objections on this point before or during his sentencing. Indeed, the only updated financial information to which he directs our attention is contained in an incomplete United States Probation Office questionnaire, labeled Defendant’s Exhibit 64 at the sentencing hearing. As he notes, the document was considered at sentencing, but only as evidence of the defendant’s mental state. In reviewing the value of the information contained therein, the district court noted that Rinal-di “was told upon several occasions by the probation office to fill out [the] financial forms and did so but only partially and did not do so completely....” Sentencing Hr’g Tr., Vol. I at Tr. 22, Oct. 14, 2005. We fail to find the district court made a definite mistake in relying on information to which the defendant did not object, and for which he provided no reasonable alternative.

In examining the value of the fine, we review the district court’s decision to impose the statutory maximum for unreasonableness. Booker, 543 U.S. at 264, 125 S.Ct. 738; Amaout, 431 F.3d at 1003. As with all sentences outside of the suggested Guidelines range, we look to see if the district court has given us an adequate explanation for its divergence. “In doing so, we consider all of the district court’s reasons, oral and written alike.” Wallace, 2006 WL 2338021 at 12. Because the fine imposed was more than twelve times the Guidelines suggestion, however, the district court’s reasons must be particularly compelling. United States v. Jordan, 435 F.3d 693, 697 (7th Cir.2006) (affirming district court’s imposition of statutory maximum sentence 103 months above the Guidelines’ range). They are.

At sentencing, Judge Mills gave the following statements when considering the mandate of § 3553(a):

[T]he Court does feel that Dr. Rinaldi has committed a terrible crime against the people of Illinois, not heinous, not involving physical touching or injury, but he has bilked the taxpayers out of a tremendous amount of money. And we will never know the exact amount of that.

Sentencing Hr’g Tr., Vol. Ill at 690, Oct. 18, 2005. Further, he specifically noted that

[h]e’s no better than a highwayman that pulls his pistols and [says] stand and deliver. And he has taken the taxpayers of Illinois and taxpayers of the United States right down the pea patch. I don’t know the exact amount [of his fraud], none of us do. But we know that he’s well-to-do, he’s been eminently successful in his practice. His net worth stands at $2,340,200.

Id. at 688. This doubt regarding the extent of the fraud, the court noted, existed in part “because of the actions of the defendant.” Id. at 689. Moments before announcing the sentence, the district judge expressed his concern “whether the sentence that I’m going to give will be a deterrence adequate enough.” Id. at 690. In the court’s subsequent written opinion, it again recited the Guidelines suggested fine, and concluded that, pursuant to § 3553(a)(6), “that a fine within that range would not adequately reflect the seriousness of the offense or provide just punishment for the offense.” Opinion, 10 (Oct. 20, 2005) (No. 181). This statement also strikes at the heart of § 3553(a)(2)(A) and (B) and dovetails neatly with the court’s characterization of Rinaldi’s crimes.

Ultimately, the district court’s statements evidenced its open concern for the magnitude of Rinaldi’s fraud, the difficulty encountered in ascertaining the full extent of the impact — the fault for which lay with the defendant’s admitted obstruction of justice — and the possibility that Rinaldi may have benefitted from that obstruction. The Guidelines range, Judge Mills repeatedly noted, simply did not reflect the degree of harm the defendant had caused. Id. at 698. But the court distinguished the impact of Rinaldi’s crime as one of nonviolence and chose not increase his term of imprisonment, but opted instead to increase the fine; punishing the perpetrator with a correlate of his own crime. Because of this thorough analysis of the nature, circumstances, and seriousness of the offense in consideration of § 3553(a), we cannot say that the district court’s sen tence was unreasonable. See United States v. Walker, 447 F.3d 999, 1008 (7th Cir.2006).

III. Conclusion

For the foregoing reasons, the defendant’s guilty plea and sentence are AfFIRMED.

1 . Contrary to Rinaldi's argument, it is well settled Circuit case law that such findings need be made by a preponderance of the evidence only, not beyond a reasonable doubt. See United States v. Welch, 429 F.3d 702, 704-05 (7th Cir.2005).