Appellate Case: 23-8027 Document: 010111074573 Date Filed: 07/03/2024 Page: 1 FILED United States Court of Appeals PUBLISH Tenth Circuit
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS July 3, 2024
Christopher M. Wolpert FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT Clerk of Court
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff - Appellee,
No. 23-8027 v.
SALVADOR SALAS, JR.,
Defendant - Appellant.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of Wyoming (D.C. No. 1:21-CR-00077-SWS-1) _________________________________
Kari S. Schmidt, Conlee, Schmidt & Emerson LLP, Wichita, Kansas, for Defendant- Appellant.
Christyne M. Martens, Assistant United States Attorney (Nicholas Vassallo, United States Attorney, with him on the brief), Office of the United States Attorney, Casper, Wyoming, for Plaintiff-Appellee. _________________________________
Before PHILLIPS, SEYMOUR, and MURPHY, Circuit Judges. _________________________________
SEYMOUR, Circuit Judge. _________________________________
In July 2021, based on evidence seized pursuant to two warrants, one for illicit
drugs and one for child pornography, Mr. Salvador Salas, Jr. was charged with, and
eventually convicted of, one count of possession and five counts of production of child Appellate Case: 23-8027 Document: 010111074573 Date Filed: 07/03/2024 Page: 2
pornography. Prior to trial, Mr. Salas argued that all evidence found pursuant to the child
pornography warrant should be suppressed because the warrant violated the Fourth
Amendment. The district court agreed a Fourth Amendment violation had occurred but
declined to suppress the child pornography evidence. It found that suppression was
inappropriate because Mr. Salas’s child pornography would have been inevitably
discovered. On appeal, Mr. Salas contends that his child pornography would not have been
inevitably discovered and, as such, should have been suppressed. We disagree and affirm.
I.
The factual events constituting Mr. Salas’s case began February 27, 2021. That
evening, while she visited his home, Mr. Salas gave methamphetamine to S.V.,1 a 13-year-
old girl, after which he sexually abused, filmed, and photographed her. S.V. was the
daughter of Chelsea Gonzalez who had been a friend to Mr. Salas for approximately six
years and whose children, including S.V., had often visited, stayed with, and babysat for
Mr. Salas without incident. However, when S.V. returned home that night, Gonzalez
noticed she was acting “really weird and not correct” and had a swollen white blister in her
mouth. Rec., vol. V at 744. Concerned, Gonzalez took S.V. to the hospital, where a urinary
analysis tested positive for methamphetamines. That next day, Gonzalez filed a police
report with the Casper Police Department.
On March 1, based on Gonzalez’s report, police officers obtained a warrant (the
“First Warrant”) to search Mr. Salas’s home and vehicle for drugs and related evidence. On
1 As referred to in the briefs, we also refer to the child victim as “S.V.”
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March 2, they executed it. During their search of Mr. Salas’s home, the officers arrested
him and his girlfriend, seized “a significant amount of narcotics,” and seized Mr. Salas’s
iPhone and one hard drive. Aplt. Br. at 9. After interviewing Mr. Salas’s girlfriend and
noticing that he owned a significant amount of video and photography equipment, the
officers further suspected him of producing or possessing child pornography. That same
day they applied for, obtained, and executed a second search warrant (the “Second
Warrant”) to search for such evidence. Executing the Second Warrant, officers seized a
Sony laptop, MacBook laptop, and Seagate hard drive from Mr. Salas’s residence. In a
subsequent search of the devices, a digital forensic analyst found child pornography in Mr.
Salas’s iPhone’s Photo app (seized under the First Warrant) and on the Sony laptop and
Seagate hard drive (seized under the Second Warrant).
On March 31, Mr. Salas was re-arrested on state charges of sexual assault, sexual
exploitation of children, and drug use. While in custody, he made several incriminating
statements confirming his production and possession of the child pornography on his
devices.
The government indicted Mr. Salas in July 2021 on six federal counts of possessing
and producing child pornography. In response, Mr. Salas moved to suppress the child
pornography found on the Sony laptop and Seagate hard drive on the grounds that the
Second Warrant lacked probable cause and, as such, violated his Fourth Amendment rights.
He also argued that the child pornography on his iPhone, seized under the First Warrant,
would not have been inevitably discovered because the First Warrant only authorized the
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seizure, not the search, of his iPhone. Separately, Mr. Salas moved to suppress his
incriminating March 31 statements, asserting that the police officers had ignored his
invocation of his right to legal counsel.
Following a combined evidentiary hearing on Mr. Salas’s motions, the district court
declined to suppress the child pornography found on Mr. Salas’s iPhone. It agreed with Mr.
Salas that the Second Warrant, under which the other devices containing child pornography
were seized, had “wholly lack[ed] probable cause.” Rec., vol. II at 145. But it held that the
First Warrant allowed for both the seizure and search of Mr. Salas’s iPhone and therefore
child pornography would have been inevitably discovered by the officers as part of their
investigation into Mr. Salas’s drug activities. The court separately declined to suppress Mr.
Salas’s statements, finding that he did not clearly invoke his right to counsel. The
government presented the child pornography evidence at trial, and Mr. Salas was convicted
on all counts. He timely appealed.
II.
Mr. Salas argues that the district court improperly denied his motions to suppress.
“When reviewing a district court’s denial of a motion to suppress, we view the evidence in
the light most favorable to the government and accept the district court’s factual findings
unless they are clearly erroneous.” United States v. Palms, 21 F.4th 689, 697 (10th Cir.
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2021). We review de novo the ultimate question of reasonableness under the Fourth
Amendment.2 Id.
The Fourth Amendment establishes a right to be free from “unreasonable searches
and seizures.” U.S. Const. amend. IV. To be constitutionally “reasonable,” a warrant must
be supported by probable cause and describe with particularity the places to be searched
and evidence to be seized. See id.; United States v. Russian, 848 F.3d 1239, 1244 (10th Cir.
2017); Palms, 21 F.4th at 697. Moreover, “[a]fter obtaining a warrant, the Fourth
Amendment also requires officers to conduct the search and seizure reasonably.” Palms, 21
F.4th at 697. When a search violates the Fourth Amendment’s mandates, any evidence
obtained “will [generally] be suppressed under the exclusionary rule.” United States v.
Christy, 739 F.3d 534, 540 (10th Cir. 2014). See also Nix v. Williams, 467 U.S. 431, 442–
44 (1984) (discussing the exclusionary rule’s applicability and rationale); United States v.
Cunningham, 413 F.3d 1199, 1203 (10th Cir. 2005) (“When a search violates the Fourth
Amendment, the exclusionary rule normally dictates that evidence obtained as a result of
that search be suppressed.”). If applicable, the reach of the exclusionary rule is broad: Its
“sanction applies to any ‘fruits’ of a constitutional violation,” including “evidence [that is]
tangible, physical material actually seized in an illegal search, items observed or words
overheard in the course of the unlawful activity, or confessions or statements of the
accused obtained during an illegal arrest and detention.” United States v. Crews, 445 U.S.
2 The government contends that Mr. Salas waived his particularity argument and that we should only review it under plain error if we review it at all. Given that Mr. Salas’s appeal is unsuccessful under de novo review, we need not address this argument.
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463, 470 (1980). That said, the exclusionary rule has never been an absolutist doctrine and
has long been subject to exceptions, albeit “jealously and carefully drawn” ones. Jones v.
United States, 357 U.S. 493, 499 (1958) (citations omitted). One such exception is the
inevitable discovery doctrine, under which “illegally obtained evidence may be admitted if
it ‘ultimately or inevitably would have been discovered by lawful means.’” See Christy,
739 F.3d at 540 (quoting Nix, 467 U.S. at 444). As we have noted:
The[se] “lawful means” need not be a second, independent investigation. Rather, the inevitable discovery doctrine will apply if there was “one line of investigation that would have led inevitably to the obtaining of a search warrant by independent lawful means but was halted prematurely by a search subsequently contended to be illegal.”
United States v. Loera, 923 F.3d 907, 928 (10th Cir. 2019) (quoting Christy, 739 F.3d at
540) (citations omitted). The crux of the inevitable discovery doctrine “is to place the
government officers in the same positions they would have been in had the impermissible
conduct not taken place” and then to ask “whether the government would have inevitably
discovered the evidence lawfully.” Id. at 928 (quoting Nix, 467 U.S. at 447). The
government must prove by a preponderance of the evidence that the child pornography
would have been discovered without the Fourth Amendment violation. Christy, 739 at 540.
Mr. Salas argues the district court improperly denied his first motion to suppress by
erroneously applying the inevitable discovery doctrine. He contends the doctrine is
inapplicable for three reasons: (1) the First Warrant was not sufficiently particular to allow
the police to search his iPhone; (2) the government did not prove by a preponderance of the
evidence that it would have obtained a subsequent warrant to search his iPhone for child
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pornography; and (3) the government did not prove by a preponderance of the evidence
that, absent its unlawful conduct, Mr. Salas would have given consent to the police to
search his iPhone. Because we “have discretion to affirm on any ground adequately
supported by the record,” Mr. Salas’s climb to reversal is steep. Elkins v. Comfort, 392
F.3d 1159, 1162 (10th Cir. 2004). To obtain a reversal, he must succeed on all of his three
legal challenges, while the government need only succeed on one to affirm.
We ultimately need not rule on Mr. Salas’s second or third arguments because his
appeal fails on his first one. We hold that evidence of Mr. Salas’s child pornography would
have been inevitably discovered because the First Warrant was sufficiently particular to
justify a search of his iPhone and the police would have conducted the search reasonably.
Because Mr. Salas’s March 31 confession was the fruit of the government’s search of his
iPhone and because the search of his iPhone was proper under the inevitable discovery
doctrine, Mr. Salas’s confession was not “poisoned.” The district court was correct to deny
both of Mr. Salas’s motions to suppress.
A.
We start with Mr. Salas’s first challenge and note that it raises two distinct inquiries.
First, was the First Warrant sufficiently “particular” to justify the seizure and search of Mr.
Salas’s iPhone?3 And, second, assuming it was, was the search conducted “strictly within
3 Of course, all warrants must also be supported by probable cause. United States v. Otero, 563 F.3d 1127, 1131 (10th Cir. 2009); Palms, 21 F.4th at 697. While Mr. Salas successfully challenged the probable cause of the Second Warrant, he did not similarly challenge the First Warrant and does not attempt to raise that issue on appeal.
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the bounds set by the warrant,” i.e., “reasonably?” See United States v. Loera, 923 F.3d
907, 916 (10th Cir. 2019). See also Palms, 21 F.4th at 697; United States v. Wagner, 951
F.3d 1232, 1243 (10th Cir. 2020).
1.
“The Fourth Amendment requires . . . that warrants . . . ‘particularly describ[e] the
place to be searched, and the places or things to be seized.’” Otero, 563 F.3d at 1131
(quoting U.S. Const. amend. IV) (alteration in original). This constitutional requirement
“ensures that the search will be carefully tailored to its justifications, and will not take on
the character of the wide-ranging exploratory searches the Framers intended to prohibit.”
Id. at 1131–32 (quoting Maryland v. Garrison, 480 U.S. 79, 84 (1987)). Given “[t]he
modern development of the personal computer and its ability to store and intermingle a
huge array of one’s personal papers in a single place,” our circuit has observed that “the
particularity requirement [has become] that much more important” in the context of
electronic searches. Id. at 1132. To satisfy the “particularity” prong of the Fourth
Amendment, then, we have held that “‘warrants for computer searches must affirmatively
limit the search to evidence of specific federal crimes or specific types of material.’”
Palms, 21 F.4th at 698 (quoting Otero, 563 F.3d at 1132) (emphasis added).4 We apply this
same standard to cellphones “because they are essentially ‘minicomputers that also happen
4 “Warrants do not have to identify specific statutes for the crimes to which they are limited” to satisfy particularity. Palms, 21 F.4th at 698–99. Rather, we consider “whether the warrant adequately limited the scope of the search despite the absence of a statutory reference.” Id. at 699. See also Russian, 848 F.3d at 1245.
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to have the capacity to be used as a telephone.’” Id. (quoting Russian, 848 F.3d at 1245).
The limitations in the search warrant are key. We have held electronic searches invalid
“where we could discern no limiting principle: where, for example, the warrant permitted a
search of ‘any and all’ information, data, devices, programs, and other materials.” Russian,
848 F.3d at 1245 (quoting United States v. Christie, 717 F.3d 1156, 1164–65 (10th Cir.
2013)) (emphasis added). See also Otero, 563 F.3d at 1132–33. That said, so long as we
can discern some “limiting principles” to the warrant, “broad authorization[s]” are
permissible. Palms, 21 F.4th at 698.
To guide us, we look to a case that is factually similar, United States v. Burgess, 576
F.3d 1078 (10th Cir. 2009). There, following a traffic stop in which they discovered drugs
in his motor home, officers came to suspect Mr. Burgess of drug trafficking. Burgess, 576
F.3d at 1082. They obtained a warrant that authorized a search of Burgess’s motor home
for, among other things, “certain property and evidence to show the transportation and
delivery of controlled substances, which may include . . . pipes, bongs, syringes, packaging
material, computer records, scales . . . .” Id. at 1083 (emphasis added). Pursuant to this
warrant, officers seized two hard drives from Burgess’s motor home, on which they
eventually found child pornography. Id. at 1083–84. The district court denied Burgess’s
motion to suppress the evidence. Id. On appeal, we noted that although the inclusion of
“computer records” might appear to be an “anomaly,” the warrant provided the necessary
context for determining its scope. Id. at 1091. Had the warrant been “read to allow a search
of all computer records without description or limitation,” we cautioned, it would have
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failed particularity. Id. But the warrant did not do so. Its authorized “search . . . was limited
to evidence of drugs and drug trafficking and, as it relates to the computer, was limited to
the kind of drug and drug trafficking information likely to be found on a computer.” Id.
That was sufficiently particular.
Here, then, our first step is to analyze the First Warrant to determine if it contained
appropriate limiting principles. The First Warrant, issued by a Wyoming appellate court
judge, authorized officers to search and seize evidence in three places: (1) “on the person
of Salvador Salas”; (2) “on the premises” of his home; and (3) in his vehicle. Rec., vol. III
at 87. Specifically, it authorized officers to search for and seize:
Controlled substances including, methamphetamine, heroin and marijuana; Evidence to show the use and delivery of a controlled substance; to include, paraphernalia designed for use in the weighing, cutting, ingesting, and packaging of controlled substances, records, and/or receipts, written or electronically stored, records that show ownership of other property. . . . Id. (emphasis added).5
We discern several limiting principles in the First Warrant. Like the warrant in
Burgess, the First Warrant authorized police to search only for specific kinds of digital
evidence, specifically, “records and/or receipts, written or electronically stored.” Id.
Further, the warrant “provided the necessary context for determining its scope,” Burgess,
576 F.3d at 1091. The officers could only search for records and/or receipts “show[ing] use
and delivery of a controlled substance.” Rec., vol. III at 87. They were not empowered to
5 Both parties agree that Mr. Salas’s iPhone, which was found on his bed next to him when he was arrested on March 2, 2021, was properly seized pursuant to the First Warrant.
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go on a fishing expedition for everything on Mr. Salas’s iPhone. The warrant and the
officers’ search were limited to electronic records and receipts and, in addition, they were
“limited to the kind of drug and drug trafficking information likely to be found” on Mr.
Salas’s cellphone. Burgess, 576 F.3d at 1091. Admittedly the First Warrant did not identify
a specific criminal statute for which the government was investigating Mr. Salas, but we
have never held that to doom particularity. See Palms, 21 F.4th at 698–99. “[W]arrants
may pass the particularity test if they limit their scope either to evidence of specific []
crimes or to specific types of material.” Russian, 848 F.3d at 1245 (quoting Christie, 717
F.3d at 1165) (cleaned up). The First Warrant explicitly delimited the kind of illicit
conduct, “use and delivery of [] controlled substance[s]”, that the government was
investigating Mr. Salas for. Rec., vol. III at 87. This is sufficient. Finally, we observe
another limiting principle in the First Warrant: geography. The warrant limited the
geographic reach of the government’s electronic search to devices found in only three
places: in Mr. Salas’s residence, on his person, and in his vehicle. Any phones, computers,
or other electronic devices found outside and beyond these areas would have been per se
off-limits to the police unless and until they had obtained a separate warrant to search
them. See, e.g., Russian, 848 F.3d at 1245. In this context, we are convinced the First
Warrant contained several affirmative “limiting principles” and so satisfied the Fourth
Amendment’s particularity requirement.6
6 To be sure, this warrant is not an ideal specimen. As even the government admitted during oral argument, the First Warrant was “sparse.” The more particular a warrant, the
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But Mr. Salas advances a new argument. He contends that the First Warrant was
only sufficiently particular to authorize the seizure of his iPhone, but not so particular as to
authorize the search of it. Essentially, Mr. Salas argues that cellphones must be understood
as not only “effects” (things) under the Fourth Amendment, but also as “places,” and that
to lawfully search a cellphone’s data, a warrant must independently identify and authorize
that cellphone as a “place” to be searched. Simply listing “electronically stored records” in
a warrant, as was done in the First Warrant here, does not, Mr. Salas contends, authorize
officers to search a cellphone even if they properly seized it. In that case, i.e., if a warrant
does not list the seized cellphone as a discrete “place,” then the police must get another
warrant before searching it.
To support his claim, Mr. Salas points us to two cases: the Supreme Court’s
decision in Riley v. California, 573 U.S. 373 (2014), and our decision in United States v.
Russian. We find neither particularly persuasive. Riley concerned “the reasonableness of a
warrantless search [of an individual’s cellphone] incident” to the lawful arrest of that
individual and the Court ultimately held that “officers must generally secure a warrant
before conducting such a search.” Riley, 573 U.S. at 382, 386 (emphasis added).7 This is
better. However, that a better warrant could have been issued does not make this one legally insufficient. The First Warrant’s particularity meets the bar set under our caselaw. That is enough. 7 To illustrate the dissimilarities, both the combined cases in Riley concerned individuals arrested by officers while in their automobiles; officers then conducted warrantless searches of the phones seized when those individuals were arrested. Riley, 573 U.S. at 378– 81. Here, Mr. Salas was arrested in, and his phone was seized from, his home by officers who then searched his phone pursuant to a valid warrant.
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not analogous to Mr. Salas’s case, which deals with the particularity of a warranted search
in which his cellphone was properly seized. To apply Riley to Mr. Salas’s case would be to
cherry-pick and graft a holding from an independent area of Fourth Amendment law. We
do not conflate legal doctrines so casually.
In Russian, two phones were seized incident to Russian’s arrest, and a warrant was
sought and issued to search his residence and seize any additional phones. Russian, 848
F.3d at 1242–43. Police used this warrant to then search the two already-seized phones. Id.
We found the warrant failed particularity because it “did not identify either of the phones
that were already in [the police’s] custody, nor did it specify what material . . . law
enforcement was authorized to seize.” Id. at 1245. Mr. Salas argues that Russian thus
stands for the proposition “that mobile digital storage devices, like cellphones . . .
constitute not only evidence to be seized, but co-extensively are places to be searched.”
Aplt. Br. at 26. This reads Russian too broadly. We found Russian’s warrant insufficiently
particular to justify the search of the already-seized cellphones because the warrant only
authorized the search of Russian’s apartment and any cellphones inside; it said nothing
about the already-seized phones. Russian, 848 F.3d at 1243. We never held that the two
already-seized phones were separate “places”; we simply held that they were not explicitly
included in the warrant and, as such, the warrant did not authorize their search. Id. at 1245
(“Although the [affidavit] requested authorization to search the two Samsung cell phones
law enforcement had seized at the time of Russian’s arrest . . . the warrant itself merely
authorized a search of Russian’s residence and seizure of any cell phones found inside. The
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warrant did not identify either of the phones that were already in law enforcement's custody
. . . .”).
We decline Mr. Salas’s invitation to establish a new legal rule that every search of a
cellphone requires a discrete authorization via warrant. Rather, per our caselaw, we hold
that the First Warrant contained sufficient limiting principles to satisfy the Fourth
Amendment’s particularity requirement.
2.
“[O]btaining a sufficiently particular warrant is just the first step to conducting a
reasonable search. The officers tasked with executing a sufficiently particular warrant must
conduct their search ‘strictly within the bounds set by the warrant.’” Loera, 923 F.3d at 916
(quoting Bivens v. Six Unknown Named Agents of Fed. Bureau of Narcotics, 403 U.S. 388,
395 n.7 (1971)). “If the scope of the search exceeds that permitted by the terms of a validly
issued warrant . . . the subsequent seizure [of evidence] is unconstitutional without more.”
Horton v. California, 496 U.S. 128, 140 (1990). This is “an exercise in reasonableness
assessed on a case-by-case basis.” Loera, 923 F.3d at 916.
We recognize the general rule that “investigators executing a [sufficiently
particular] warrant can look anywhere where evidence described in the warrant might
conceivably be located.” Id. Even so, we have cautioned that this traditional analysis of a
warrant’s physical scope is “less effective in the electronic-search context.” Id. This is so
“[g]iven the enormous amount of data that computers can store and the infinite places
within a computer that electronic evidence might conceivably be located.” Id. As such, our
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circuit’s reasonableness analysis for electronic searches has trended away from focusing on
the “what” permitted under a search warrant; instead, “we have focused on ‘how’ the
agents carried out the search, that is, the reasonableness of the search method the
government employed.” Id. at 916–17 (emphasis added). The key question is “whether the
forensic steps of the search process were reasonably directed at uncovering the evidence
specified in the search warrant.” Id. at 917.
Here, because the actual procedure used to search Mr. Salas’s iPhone was done
pursuant to the ultimately invalid Second Warrant, we are forced to wade into hypothetical
waters. The appropriate inquiry is, if the Second Warrant was never issued, would the
search process officers conducted been “reasonable”? We conclude that it would have
been.
During the suppression hearing, the analyst who conducted the electronic search of
Mr. Salas’s devices, Computer Forensic Analyst Caleb Forness, described the procedure he
would have used for searching a phone only suspected of containing electronic drug
records.8 Forness testified he would have first opened the iPhone’s “Settings” application
to identify the user, and he then would have “more than likely” opened the “Photos”
application. Rec., vol. IV at 157. This described process appears “reasonably directed” at
8 We note that before any electronic search, the data on Mr. Salas’s devices was first forensically extracted. We upheld similar “extraction and search” methods (by which agents “make a byte-for-byte copy” of all of a cellphone’s files) in Burgess and Palms. See Burgess, 576 F.3d at 1084; Palms, 21 F.4th at 701. Such methods preserve, without alteration, data from electronic devices to both make that data easier to forensically search and to protect against remote wipes.
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finding the “evidence specified in the search warrant.” Loera, 923 F.3d at 917. The First
Warrant authorized the police to search for “records and/or receipts, written or
electronically stored” related to “use and delivery” of drugs. Rec., vol. III at 87. This might
have included receipts of sales, records of pay-owe sheets, or drug “trophy photos.” Such
evidence is often found on cellphones generally, as Officer Andrea Husted testified, see
Rec., vol. IV at 60 (“In 2022, most people are keeping [receipts] on their cellphones instead
of notebooks and sheets of paper.”), and in photos specifically, as the district court
observed, see id. at 177 (“I guess what I would say is I’m . . . thinking electronic receipts
could include photographs of pay/owe sheets, photographs of—I mean, in my experience,
I’ve seen photographs of drugs. I’ve seen photographs of pay/owe sheets.”). Of course, a
phone has many “areas” to search, but Forness’s instinct to search Mr. Salas’s Photo app
conforms with our “conceivably located” standard. Loera, 923 F.3d at 916. It is certainly
conceivable that records of drug transactions, perhaps photos of physical receipts,
screenshots of electronic deposits, or drug “trophy photos,” as examples, might have been
saved in an iPhone and in its Photo application. See Burgess, 576 F.3d at 1078. Given that
Forness’s hypothetical search would have been limited, at least initially, to only the photos
on Mr. Salas’s iPhone, we hold that the process described would have been reasonable.
3.
Our final inquiry is whether, acting pursuant to a properly particular warrant and a
reasonable search, officers would have inevitably discovered evidence of child
pornography. The district court so held and we agree.
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The record demonstrates by a preponderance of the evidence that the police would
have inevitably discovered the child pornography on Mr. Salas’s iPhone through lawful
means independent from the invalid Second Warrant. As we held above, the police
lawfully seized and were authorized to search Mr. Salas’s iPhone pursuant to the valid First
Warrant. On March 8, 2021, Caleb Forness digitally searched Mr. Salas’s devices,
including his iPhone, for evidence of drug transactions (under the First Warrant) and child
pornography (under the Second Warrant). Had the constitutionally “impermissible conduct
not taken place” here, i.e., had the Second Warrant never been issued, Forness would have
still discovered the child pornography on Mr. Salas’s iPhone. Nix, 467 U.S. at 447. Forness
testified he would have used the same methodology when searching Mr. Salas’s iPhone for
evidence of drug transactions as he would when searching for child pornography:
“Settings” first, “Photos” second. Rec., vol. IV at 157. There would have been no
difference between the process Forness used in the search he did perform acting under the
Second Warrant and the search he would have performed had he only been acting under the
First Warrant. Rec., vol. IV at 157. This is further buttressed by Forness’s testimony that
whether he had forensically or manually reviewed the iPhone’s photos, he would have
inevitably stumbled upon Mr. Salas’s child pornography. Id. at 150–51. Mr. Salas’s child
pornography was near the top of his iPhone’s camera roll and, as Forness testified, he
“almost immediately” found it as he began scrolling downward. Id.
Moreover, although the iPhone was initially locked, Forness testified that it would
have been “just a matter of time” before he could “brute-force” his way in. Id. at 151. He
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ultimately did not have to do so because, by happenstance, the iPhone’s passcode was
found on another of Mr. Salas’s devices, his Sony laptop. However, because it is unclear
whether that laptop was seized pursuant to the (valid) First or (invalid) Second Warrant,
our analysis is whether, absent that laptop, Forness could have accessed the iPhone.
Ostensibly that answer is yes, Forness would have eventually broken through the iPhone’s
lock and accessed its contents. Thus, Mr. Salas’s child pornography would not have
indefinitely stayed hidden behind his iPhone’s locked passcode. It would have inevitably
been discovered.
Finally, although the district court did not make a factual finding on the issue, the
record indicates the regular practice of the police was to apply for and obtain so-called
“piggyback warrants” when officers discovered evidence of a second crime while
investigating. Detective Shannon Daley’s testimony suggested this was a commonplace
practice in the department. Moreover, Daley was able to provide a relatively detailed
description of piggyback warrants, articulate their application process, and even describe
established, informal practices the police used when applying for them. This all suggests
that the police would have applied for another warrant upon Forness’s discovery of Mr.
Salas’s child pornography.
Thus, all the necessary prerequisites of the inevitable discovery doctrine were
satisfied here. The First Warrant was particular enough to authorize the police to seize and
search Mr. Salas’s iPhone. The hypothetical search procedure the police would have used
to search Mr. Salas’s iPhone for evidence of drugs and drug transactions was reasonable.
18 Appellate Case: 23-8027 Document: 010111074573 Date Filed: 07/03/2024 Page: 19
And the search methodology would have rendered discovery of Mr. Salas’s child
pornography inevitable. The district court was right to so hold.
B.
One last issue remains for us to resolve: whether Mr. Salas’s incriminating March
31 statements should be suppressed. Mr. Salas argues that, assuming his first motion to
suppress is reversed, his statements given during his March 31 interrogation should be
similarly suppressed under the fruit-of-the-poisonous-tree doctrine. He relies on a
statement given by the district court during the suppression hearing:
To me, the confession is tied to the motion to suppress. If the affidavit or the search of the phone is valid, the motion to suppress Mr. Salas’ statements would be denied . . . . Conversely, however, if the Court were to find that the motion to suppress the items seized from the second search warrant, then I think under the fruit-of-the- poisonous-tree doctrine, the statement would have to be suppressed because the statement that he made and the questions he was asked were derived from the officer having viewed the cellphone. Rec., vol. IV at 173. The court’s statement tracks well-worn law. As we noted above, if the
exclusionary rule applies because of a Fourth Amendment violation, then the rule’s ambit
is “broad[,] and witnesses and evidence (including confessions), no matter how probative,
discovered only as a result of a Fourth Amendment violation, must be excluded.” United
States v. Pettigrew, 468 F.3d 626, 634 (10th Cir. 2006). The defendant bears the burden of
establishing the “causal connection between an illegal seizure and the evidence he seeks to
suppress” or, said otherwise, that “the incriminating evidence ‘would not have come to
light but for the illegal [seizure].’” United States v. Shrum, 908 F.3d 1219, 1233 (10th Cir.
2018) (quoting Wong Sun v. United States, 371 U.S. 471 (1963)). The government can then
19 Appellate Case: 23-8027 Document: 010111074573 Date Filed: 07/03/2024 Page: 20
rebut this ‘but for’ causation by proving inevitable discovery. Id. at 1235. Both the
government and Mr. Salas agree that “[a] confession cannot be ‘fruit of the poisonous tree’
if the tree itself is not poisonous.” Colorado v. Spring, 479 U.S. 564, 571–72 (1987). See
Aple. Br. at 41; Reply at 21–22. As such, Mr. Salas concedes that the “inevitable discovery
issues [] are determinative of this issue.” Reply at 22. We agree.
The district court found that Mr. Salas’s confession on March 31 to the production
and possession of the child pornography was the fruit of the search of his iPhone on March
8. This is a factual finding that we may only reverse if we find it is clearly erroneous.
Palms, 21 F.4th at 697. We do not find any such error based on our own review of the
record. If the child pornography found on Mr. Salas’s iPhone would have been inevitably
discovered absent the Second Warrant, then Mr. Salas’s statement could not be suppressed.
As we have determined, the child pornography on Mr. Salas’s iPhone would have been
inevitably discovered pursuant to the First Warrant. As was the case with Mr. Salas’s
motion to suppress the child pornography, the district court was correct in denying Mr.
Salas’s motion to suppress his March 31 statements.
We affirm.