FILED NOT FOR PUBLICATION FEB 20 2025 UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, No. 23-4306
Plaintiff - Appellee, D.C. No. 1:22-cr-00002-RVM-1 v.
BONIFACIO VITUG SAGANA, AKA MEMORANDUM* Boni,
Defendant - Appellant.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of the Northern Mariana Islands Ramona V. Manglona, Chief District Judge, Presiding
Argued and Submitted February 12, 2025 Honolulu, Hawaii
Before: S.R. THOMAS, BRESS, and DE ALBA, Circuit Judges.
Bonifacio Sagana appeals his conviction and sentence for conspiring to
produce an identification document without lawful authority, in violation of 18
U.S.C. § 1028(a)(1), (f). We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291 and 48
U.S.C. § 1824(b). Because the parties are familiar with the history of this case, we
* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. need not recount it here. We affirm.
I
There was sufficient evidence to sustain the convictions. Sufficiency of the
evidence challenges to criminal convictions “require[] a court of appeals to
determine whether ‘after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the
prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the
crime beyond a reasonable doubt.’” United States v. Nevils, 598 F.3d 1158,
1163–64 (9th Cir. 2010) (en banc) (quoting Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319
(1979)). This standard of review also applies to sufficiency of the evidence
challenges of jurisdictional elements. United States v. Morgan, 238 F.3d 1180,
1185–86 (9th Cir. 2001).
There was sufficient evidence to conclude the driver’s license was produced
“without lawful authority.” 18 U.S.C. § 1028(a)(1). An identification document is
produced “without lawful authority” if the applicant provides false information to
meet a requirement for obtaining the document. See United States v. Turchin, 21
F.4th 1192, 1197 (9th Cir. 2022). Multiple witnesses testified that a valid
immigration status is required to obtain a Northern Mariana Islands driver’s
license. Sagana produced Zata’s license “without lawful authority” because he
forged her immigration document to falsely show that she had one of the
2 immigration statuses required for a driver’s license when she did not have a valid
status.
There was also sufficient evidence that the production of the license affected
interstate commerce. “Any charge of unlawful production of an identity document
under § 1028(a)(1) requires a showing of a federal nexus,” which can be satisfied
by showing that “the prohibited production ‘is in or affects interstate or foreign
commerce.’” Turchin, 21 F.4th at 1198 (citing 18 U.S.C. §§ 1028(c)(1), (3)(A),
(B)). “[W]hen Congress chooses to use the words ‘affecting interstate commerce,’
it intends ‘to regulate to the outer limits of its Commerce Clause authority[.]’”
United States v. Tuan Ngoc Luong, 965 F.3d 973, 981 (9th Cir. 2020) (second
alteration in original) (quoting United States v. Brown, 785 F.3d 1337, 1351 (9th
Cir. 2015)). There is a sufficient federal nexus even when the connection to
interstate commerce is “potentially modest and indirect.” Turchin, 21 F.4th at
1203.
Here, the interstate commerce element is supported by substantial evidence
because a driver’s license allows Zata to drive, and thus to affect interstate
commerce by purchasing imported gasoline. After Sagana helped Zata renew her
license, she used her license to drive, and consequently purchased gasoline. That
gasoline must have been imported, because all gasoline on the Northern Mariana
3 Islands is imported. By buying imported gasoline, she either participated directly in
interstate commerce, or at the very least indirectly increased the demand for
imported gasoline, and thus her actions had at least a “modest and indirect” effect
on interstate commerce. See id.
II
The district court did not err in denying the motion for a new trial based on
pretrial publicity. “Perhaps to the misfortune of everyone involved in the judicial
process, no precise rule prescribes the type of voir dire examination which is
necessary to protect against prejudicial pretrial publicity.” United States v. Giese,
597 F.2d 1170, 1183 (9th Cir. 1979). “The appropriate scope and detail of the voir
dire depend on the level of pretrial publicity and the discretion of the district
court.” Id. “[A] district court is in a far better position to gauge the impact of
adverse publicity on a jury than [the circuit court is].” United States v. Waters, 627
F.3d 345, 363 (9th Cir. 2010). “Unless a trial judge clearly has erred in his
estimation of the action needed to uncover and prevent prejudice from pretrial
publicity, an appellate court should not intervene and impose its estimate.” United
States v. Polizzi, 500 F.2d 856, 880 (9th Cir. 1974).
In cases with great pretrial publicity, the district court must take greater
precautions. See Giese, 597 F.2d at 1183. In cases with less pretrial publicity, the
4 district court may conduct a less rigorous voir dire. Id. But regardless of the level
of pretrial publicity, the crux is whether the district court’s procedures did enough
to determine if potential jurors were biased by the publicity. See id.; see also
Silverthorne v. United States, 400 F.2d 627, 631 (9th Cir. 1968) (“We are not
concerned with the fact of publicity but with the assessment of its nature.”).
Here, the voir dire was adequate, because the district court’s questioning did
enough to determine that potential jurors were unbiased by media coverage. Just
like in Giese, where the court determined that most potential jurors had little to no
knowledge of the case by asking half of the jury pool about media exposure, 597
F.2d at 1184, here the court determined through questioning all three panels that
few potential jurors—five total —had any media exposure to the case. Just like in
Polizzi, where the potential jurors’ answers to questions about media exposure
gave little indication of possible bias, 500 F.2d at 879–80, here the trial judge
individually questioned the five potential jurors who did have media exposure,
finding that all had little memory of the media coverage and no resulting bias.
These procedures make the voir dire here unlike that in Waters. There, the
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FILED NOT FOR PUBLICATION FEB 20 2025 UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, No. 23-4306
Plaintiff - Appellee, D.C. No. 1:22-cr-00002-RVM-1 v.
BONIFACIO VITUG SAGANA, AKA MEMORANDUM* Boni,
Defendant - Appellant.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of the Northern Mariana Islands Ramona V. Manglona, Chief District Judge, Presiding
Argued and Submitted February 12, 2025 Honolulu, Hawaii
Before: S.R. THOMAS, BRESS, and DE ALBA, Circuit Judges.
Bonifacio Sagana appeals his conviction and sentence for conspiring to
produce an identification document without lawful authority, in violation of 18
U.S.C. § 1028(a)(1), (f). We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291 and 48
U.S.C. § 1824(b). Because the parties are familiar with the history of this case, we
* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. need not recount it here. We affirm.
I
There was sufficient evidence to sustain the convictions. Sufficiency of the
evidence challenges to criminal convictions “require[] a court of appeals to
determine whether ‘after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the
prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the
crime beyond a reasonable doubt.’” United States v. Nevils, 598 F.3d 1158,
1163–64 (9th Cir. 2010) (en banc) (quoting Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319
(1979)). This standard of review also applies to sufficiency of the evidence
challenges of jurisdictional elements. United States v. Morgan, 238 F.3d 1180,
1185–86 (9th Cir. 2001).
There was sufficient evidence to conclude the driver’s license was produced
“without lawful authority.” 18 U.S.C. § 1028(a)(1). An identification document is
produced “without lawful authority” if the applicant provides false information to
meet a requirement for obtaining the document. See United States v. Turchin, 21
F.4th 1192, 1197 (9th Cir. 2022). Multiple witnesses testified that a valid
immigration status is required to obtain a Northern Mariana Islands driver’s
license. Sagana produced Zata’s license “without lawful authority” because he
forged her immigration document to falsely show that she had one of the
2 immigration statuses required for a driver’s license when she did not have a valid
status.
There was also sufficient evidence that the production of the license affected
interstate commerce. “Any charge of unlawful production of an identity document
under § 1028(a)(1) requires a showing of a federal nexus,” which can be satisfied
by showing that “the prohibited production ‘is in or affects interstate or foreign
commerce.’” Turchin, 21 F.4th at 1198 (citing 18 U.S.C. §§ 1028(c)(1), (3)(A),
(B)). “[W]hen Congress chooses to use the words ‘affecting interstate commerce,’
it intends ‘to regulate to the outer limits of its Commerce Clause authority[.]’”
United States v. Tuan Ngoc Luong, 965 F.3d 973, 981 (9th Cir. 2020) (second
alteration in original) (quoting United States v. Brown, 785 F.3d 1337, 1351 (9th
Cir. 2015)). There is a sufficient federal nexus even when the connection to
interstate commerce is “potentially modest and indirect.” Turchin, 21 F.4th at
1203.
Here, the interstate commerce element is supported by substantial evidence
because a driver’s license allows Zata to drive, and thus to affect interstate
commerce by purchasing imported gasoline. After Sagana helped Zata renew her
license, she used her license to drive, and consequently purchased gasoline. That
gasoline must have been imported, because all gasoline on the Northern Mariana
3 Islands is imported. By buying imported gasoline, she either participated directly in
interstate commerce, or at the very least indirectly increased the demand for
imported gasoline, and thus her actions had at least a “modest and indirect” effect
on interstate commerce. See id.
II
The district court did not err in denying the motion for a new trial based on
pretrial publicity. “Perhaps to the misfortune of everyone involved in the judicial
process, no precise rule prescribes the type of voir dire examination which is
necessary to protect against prejudicial pretrial publicity.” United States v. Giese,
597 F.2d 1170, 1183 (9th Cir. 1979). “The appropriate scope and detail of the voir
dire depend on the level of pretrial publicity and the discretion of the district
court.” Id. “[A] district court is in a far better position to gauge the impact of
adverse publicity on a jury than [the circuit court is].” United States v. Waters, 627
F.3d 345, 363 (9th Cir. 2010). “Unless a trial judge clearly has erred in his
estimation of the action needed to uncover and prevent prejudice from pretrial
publicity, an appellate court should not intervene and impose its estimate.” United
States v. Polizzi, 500 F.2d 856, 880 (9th Cir. 1974).
In cases with great pretrial publicity, the district court must take greater
precautions. See Giese, 597 F.2d at 1183. In cases with less pretrial publicity, the
4 district court may conduct a less rigorous voir dire. Id. But regardless of the level
of pretrial publicity, the crux is whether the district court’s procedures did enough
to determine if potential jurors were biased by the publicity. See id.; see also
Silverthorne v. United States, 400 F.2d 627, 631 (9th Cir. 1968) (“We are not
concerned with the fact of publicity but with the assessment of its nature.”).
Here, the voir dire was adequate, because the district court’s questioning did
enough to determine that potential jurors were unbiased by media coverage. Just
like in Giese, where the court determined that most potential jurors had little to no
knowledge of the case by asking half of the jury pool about media exposure, 597
F.2d at 1184, here the court determined through questioning all three panels that
few potential jurors—five total —had any media exposure to the case. Just like in
Polizzi, where the potential jurors’ answers to questions about media exposure
gave little indication of possible bias, 500 F.2d at 879–80, here the trial judge
individually questioned the five potential jurors who did have media exposure,
finding that all had little memory of the media coverage and no resulting bias.
These procedures make the voir dire here unlike that in Waters. There, the
trial judge asked only a “general, compound” question to the whole jury pool, and
did not follow up with any individual jurors. See 627 F.3d at 364. Here, the trial
judge asked each jury panel separately, and followed up with individual jurors who
5 reported possible media exposure. And here, the trial judge even asked jurors
about media exposure a second time after reviewing the indictment with them.
Because the voir dire was adequate, it was not an abuse of discretion to deny
the motion for a new trial.
III
The district court did not commit reversible error in applying a two-level
“organizer” sentencing enhancement. U.S.S.G. § 3B1.1(c) applies a two-level
enhancement to criminal sentences if there is “evidence that the defendant [1]
exercised some control over others involved in the commission of the offense or
[2] was responsible for organizing others for the purpose of carrying out the
crime.” United States v. Vinge, 85 F.4th 1285, 1288 (9th Cir. 2023) (alterations in
original) (quoting United States v. Doe, 778 F.3d 814, 823 (9th Cir. 2015)). A
defendant is “responsible for organizing others for the purpose of carrying out the
crime” when he has “the necessary influence and ability to coordinate the behavior
of others so as to achieve the desired criminal result,” even if he did not supervise
others. Doe, 778 F.3d at 825–26. Thus, a defendant must have “organizational
authority” but need not have “supervisory control.” Vinge, 85 F.4th at 1288,
1289–90.
Organizing logistics for multiple participants is organizational authority.
6 See, e.g., id. at 1290 (finding organizational authority where the defendant
“gathered up everybody’s money, placed the order with his contact on the
mainland, followed the tracking, picked up the packages, gave the drugs to the
people on the island, and collected the proceeds”) (simplified); Doe, 778 F.3d at
826 (finding organizational authority where defendant “coordinate[d] ‘the
procurement and distribution of drugs from numerous suppliers,’ and . . .
‘coordinat[ed] the activities of the other participants’”) (quoting United States v.
Varela, 993 F.2d 686, 691–92 (9th Cir. 1993)); United States v. Kabir, 51 F.4th
820, 826–27 (9th Cir. 2022) (finding organizational authority where defendant
“told his co-conspirators what to pack, how to pack, how to train, what guns to use
when practicing, [and] what sorts of physical training to undertake,” and thus
“instructed [his co-conspirators] in all aspects of their conspiracy to commit
terrorist acts abroad, and he made concrete arrangements for them to travel to
Afghanistan to fight against American soldiers”) (first alteration in original), cert.
denied, 143 S. Ct. 838 (2023).
Here, it was not an abuse of discretion to apply the “organizer”
enhancement, because Sagana coordinated the logistics of Zata’s participation in
7 the crime.1 Sagana told Zata to meet him at the courthouse, and to bring payment
and her expiring driver’s license. Sagana instructed Zata to wait for him while he
was in the courthouse. He later instructed Zata to follow him to the Bureau of
Motor Vehicles, where Zata waited for her picture to be taken. That is
coordinating Zata’s participation.
IV
In sum, we affirm the district court’s judgment of conviction, denial of
motion for a new trial, and sentence.
AFFIRMED.
1 Sagana likely had no supervisory control over Zata because Zata freely approached Sagana about the crime, not the other way around.